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Midterm review-->Exam Review

Terms in this set (295)

The study of the function of the body and body parts is called?
Physiology
Which of the following systems is matched most accurately to the life function it provides:
nervous-excretion
integ.-movement
nervous-responsiveness
resp.-digestion
muscular-maintaining boundaries
Nervous-responsiveness
Which element of a control system detects a change?
Receptor
What is anatomical position?
The body is erect with the feet parallel and the arms hanging at the sides with the palms facing forward
The lungs and heart are in what body cavity?
Thoracic
A section that divides the body on the longitudinal plane into equal right and left parts is called?
Median (midsagittal)
Which type of section could be used to separate the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity?
Transverse
The simplest atom-containing one proton, one electron, and no neutrons-is?
Hydrogen
The sugar found in DNA is?
Deoxyribose
What does the lymphatic system do?
Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to the blood
The system that takes in oxygen and releases carbon dioxide to the exterior is the?
Respiratory System
The system that controls and coordinates the body through hormones is?
Endocrine System
The ovary is part of what two systems?
Reproductive and Endocrine
Which system covers the external surface of the body and manufactures vitamin D?
Integumentary System
Which of the following is NOT a necessary life function?
maintaining boundaries
movement
responsiveness
nutrients
metabolism
Nutrients
Which of these is NOT a survival need?
water
oxygen
reproduction
body temperature
nutrient
Reproduction
Positive feedback systems:
Operate in such a way that the initial stimulus is enhanced and increases
Which of the following orientation terms have opposite meanings?
distal and proximal
superficial and proximal
medial and anterior
medial and distal
posterior and intermediate
Distal and proximal
The dorsal body cavity houses the?
Spinal cord and brain
The stomach, liver, intestines, bladder, rectum, and reproductive organs are housed in the?
Abdominopelvic cavity
96% of the human body is composed of what elements?
Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen
The most abundant element in the human body is?
Oxygen
What element composes bone?
Calcium
What is the electrical charge of subatomic particles?
Protons are positive, electrons are negative, and neutrons are neutral
Which of these examples is a compound?
CH^4
2H
N^2
H^2
O^2
CH^4
The reaction A+B=AB is?
Synthesis reaction
A solution with a pH of 7 is?
Is neutral
Glucose and starch are example of?
Carbohydrates
The organic compounds that function in building tissues and acting as enzymes are the?
Proteins
Which of the following substances below is matched with its correct organic group?
steroids-carbs
DNA-lipids
glycerol-proteins
monosaccharides-nucleic acids
enzymes-proteins
Enzymes-proteins
The nucleotide chains of DNA are held together by?
Hydrogen bonds
Glycogen is the storage form of what in animals?
Glucose
What are the levels of structural organization of the human body in order?
Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
What is the correct order of elements in a control system?
Stimulus, receptor, afferent pathway, control center, efferent pathway, effector, response
In order to break a disaccharide down into simple sugar units?
Water molecules must be added to each bond
Water is useful in body processes because:
It is a good solvent
Which of the following solutions is the weakest acid?
8.6
5.2
2.4
10.1
6.4
6.4
Which of the following is an example of an inorganic molecule?
RNA
amino acid
fatty acid
cholesterol
sodium chloride
Sodium Chloride
Saturated fats:
Exist as solids at room temperature
Which of the following activities does not represent an anatomical study?
viewing muscle tissue through a microscope
making a section through the heart to observe its interior
studying how the nerves conduct electrical impulses
Studying how the nerves conduct electrical impulses
Excretion is the process of removing wastes from the body. T/F
True
Water is the single most abundant inorganic compound in the human body. T/F
True
Most homeostatic control mechanisms are negative feedback reactions. T/F
True
Proximal means farther from the origin of a body part. T/F
False
Lateral
Toward the side
Dorsal
Behind
Inferior
Below
Deep
Away from the body surface
Building blocks of these organic compounds are amino acids
Proteins
Glycogen, glucose, and lactose are examples of what organic compound?
Carbohydrates
Triglycerides, steroids, and fat-soluble vitamins are types of these organic compounds
Lipids
Nucleotides form the building blocks of these organic compounds
Nucleic acids
The site where ribosomes assemble prior to their migration into the cytoplasm is the?
Nucleolus
The tissue that is usually well vascularized and has an extensive extracellular matrix is called?
Connective tissue
The phase of cell division during which the chromatids are pulled apart and move to the opposite ends of the cell is?
Anaphase
The molecule that carries an amino acid to the ribosome for incorporation into a protein is?
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
The molecule that is made during transcription is?
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Which of the following is a connective tissue membrane?
mucous membrane
serous membrane
pleural membrane
cutaneous membrane
synovial membrane
Synovial membrane
The only dry membrane is the?
Cutaneous membrane
The hypodermis consists of?
Adipose tissue
The "tanning" effect (darkening of the skin) that occurs when a person is exposed to the sun is due to?
Melanin
Nutrients reach the surface of the skin (epidermis) through the process of?
Diffusion
Nails are composed of?
Keratin
Which of the following is an indication of melanoma?
symmetrical mole
pigmented spot that contains areas of different colors
pigmented spot that has smooth borders
spot on the skin that is smaller than the size of a pencil eraser
pigmented spot that is black
Pigmented spot that contains areas of different colors
What is a vital function of the skin?
It converts modified epidermal cholesterol to vitamin D
The tiny finger-like projections that increase the surface are the cell for quicker absorption are called?
Microvilli
The 3 major components of the cytoplasm are the?
Cytosol, organelles, inclusions
Which organelle uses molecular oxygen to convert and detoxify harmful substances such as alcohol and free radicals?
Peroxisomes
A cell would plump with water and possibly lyse in what solution?
Hypotonic
Which cell structure forms an internal framework inside the cell and is made of microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments?
Cytoskeleton
A cell ingests bacteria. What type of transport is likely responsible for this process?
Endocytosis
The evens of prophases seem to be the opposite of those that occur during?
Telophase
Facilitated diffusion requires the use of?
Protein channels or molecules
The epithelial tissue found in areas subject to considerable friction and abuse, such as the esophagus, is?
Stratified squamous epithelium
Fat is?
Adipose tissue
What are the characteristics of cardiac muscle tissue?
Movement is involuntary and cells posses striations
The type of muscle found in the walls of hollow organs, such as the stomach, and in the walls of blood vessels is?
Smooth muscle
What is the correct order of the cell cycle?
Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
DNA replication takes place during?
Interphase
What are the correct base-pairing rules for DNA?
Adenine bonds to thymine and guanine bonds to cytosine
Which type of tissue conducts electrochemical impulses?
Nervous Tissue
Which of the following is NOT connective tissue?
bone
skeletal muscle
blood
cartilage
adipose
Skeletal muscle
Cells that are specialized to fight disease are called?
Macrophages
Two types of endocytosis are?
Phagocytosis and pinocytosis
A cell whose job is to detoxify harmful or poisonous substances such as alcohol would have many?
Peroxisomes
The categories of epithelial tissue membranes are?
Mucous, cutaneous, and serous membranes
The epidermis is composed of?
Stratified squamous epithelium
The uppermost layer of skin is?
Full of keratin
In order to warm the body up when cold..?
The arrector pili muscles contract to stand hairs upright
The secretions of the sweat glands are?
99% water, sodium chloride, and trace amounts of wastes, lactic acid, and vitamin C
Inflammation of the hair follicles and sebaceous glands is called?
Boils
What is the first threat to life from a massive 3rd-degree burn?
Dehydration
What homeostatic imbalances is caused by skin exposure to chemicals?
Contact dermatitis
The molecules in the cell membrane that serve as receptors or binding sites for hormones or other chemical messengers are the?
Proteins
Two types of passive transport are?
Diffusion and filtration
What type of tissue is found in lymph nodes, the spleen, and bone marrow?
Reticular connective tissue
If the sequence of nitrogenous bases in one strand of DNA is GTA-GCA, the sequence of bases on its complementary DNA stand would be?
CAT-CGT
Which of the following is NOT an active transport process?
pinocytosis
facilitated diffusion
phagocytosis
endocytosis
exocytosis
Facilitated diffusion
A splinter penetrates to the deepest later of the epidermis on your foot. This layer is?
Stratum basale
The secretion of sweat is stimulated?
Both by high temperatures and by hormones, especially male hormones
A needle would pierce the epidermal layers of the forearm in what order?
Stratum corneum, stratum granulosum,stratum spinosum, stratum basale
The most important minerals stored in bones are?
Calcium and phosphorus
The tailbone is the?
Coccyx
The hyoid bone is unique because?
It is the only bone of the body that does not articulate with any other bone
What bone category is composed of two layers of compact bone sandwiching a layer of spongy bone between them?
Flat bone
What kind of tissue is the forerunner of long bones in the embryo?
Hyaline cartilage
During skeletal muscle contraction, myosin cross bridges attach to active sites of what?
Actin filaments
A muscle located on the ventral (anterior) side of the body is called?
Pectoralis major
A nursing infant develops a powerful sucking muscle that adults also use for whistling or blowing a trumpet is called the?
Buccinator
A muscle group that works with and assists the action of a prime mover is?
Synergist
What muscles adduct the thigh?
Adductor muscles
While doing "jumping jacks" during an exercise class, your arms and legs move laterally away from the midline of your body. This motion is called?
Abduction
The condition of skeletal muscle fatigue can be best described by?
Insufficient intracellular quantities of ATP due to excessive consumption
Which one of the following muscle actions would NOT be classified as an ISOTONIC contraction?
writing a letter
lifting a glass of water to your mouth
throwing a ball
pushing against a stationary wall
tying your shoe
Pushing against a stationary wall
Acetylcholine is?
A neurotransmitter that stimulates skeletal muscle
An elaborate and specialized network of membranes in skeletal muscle cells that function in calcium storage is the?
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
The factors that determine where bone matrix is to be remodeled is?
Stresses of gravity and muscle pull on the skeleton
Which of these bones is NOT associated with the foot?
metatarsals
calcaneus
metacarpals
talus
tarsals
Metacarpals
How many vertebrae are in the neck region?
Seven cervical
Fingers and toes are referred to as?
Phalanges
Which of the following is NOT a long bone found in the leg?
femur
tibia
metatarsals
patella
fibula
Patella
Bone formation can be referred to as?
Ossification
What is the correct order of ribs, from superior to inferior?
True, false, floating
A compound fracture can be described as when?
The broken bone is exposed to the outside
The axial skeleton contains?
Skull, ribs and sternum, vertebrae
Which of the following groups of bones in the human body, categorized according to shape, is correct?
wrist and ankle bones-long
coxal bones-irregular
cranium-sesamoid
skull bones-flat
Coxal bones-irregular
The presence of an epiphyseal plate indicates that?
Bone length is increasing
What are bone-forming cells?
Osteoblasts
Muscle tissue that has involuntary regulation of contraction is?
Cardiac and smooth muscle
The mechanical force of contraction is generated by?
A sliding of thin filaments past thick ones
The insertion of the gluteus maximus is the?
Femur
What muscle is involved in abduction of the arm at the shoulder joint?
Deltoid
What muscle closes the jaw?
The masseter and the temporalis
The striations that give skeletal muscle its characteristic striped appearance are produced, for the most part, by?
The arrangements of myofilaments
Creatine phosphate functions within the muscle cells by?
Storing energy that will be transferred to ADP to resynthesize ATP as needed
The gap between the axon terminal of a motor neuron and the sarcolemma of a skeletal muscle cell is called the?
Synaptic cleft
Neurotransmitters are released upon stimulation from a nerve impulse by the?
Axon terminals of the motor neuron
The muscle tissue type that consist of single, very long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells with very obvious striations is?
Skeletal muscle
A sarcomere is?
The contractile unit between between two Z discs
What is composed of myosin protein?
Thick filaments
Which of the following is correct of the female pelvis when comparing it with the male pelvis?
female iliac bones are less flared
distance between the female ischial spines is greater
female pelvis is deeper, the bones are heavier and thicker
angle of the female pubic arch is smaller
Distance between the female ischial spines is greater
In adults, the function of the yellow marrow is to?
Store adipose tissue
Anaerobic glycolysis occurs without?
Oxygen
Which of the following muscles are antagonists?
biceps and triceps
vastus medialis and vastus lateralis
gastrocnemius and soleus
masseter and temporalis
biceps femoris and biceps brachii
Biceps brachii and triceps brachii
A skeletal muscle twitch is different from a tetanic contraction in that?
The muscle twitch is a brief and "jerky" movement, while the tetanic contraction is prolonged and continous
The plasma membrane of a muscle cell is called the?
Sarcolemma
The axon terminals of a nerve cell and the sarcolemma of a skeletal muscle cell join at the?
Neuromuscular junction
Shoulder joint
Ball and socket joint
Elbow joint
Hinge
Joint between atlas and axis
Pivot joint
The term central nervous system refers to the:
Brain and spinal cord
The Schwann cell forms a myelin sheath around the:
Axon
The neuron processes that normally receive incoming stimuli are called:
Dendrites
The ability to respond to a stimulus is termed:
Irritability
The substance that is released at axonal endings to propagate a nervous impulse is called:
A neurotransmitter
The vital centers for the control of visceral activities such as heart rate, breathing, blood pressure, swallowing, and vomiting are located in the:
Medulla oblongata
The peripheral nervous system consists of:
The spinal and cranial nerves
The gland that produces tears in the eye is called the:
Lacrimal gland
The fibrous outermost tunic seen anteriorly as the "white of the eye" is the:
Sclera
Sound waves entering the external auditory canal hit the eardrum, also known as the:
Tympanic membrane
Which one of the following is NOT a primary taste sensation:
salty
sour
pungent
sweet
bitter
Pungent
Which one of the following is NOT one of the major processes controlled by hormones:
maintain electrolyte balance
regulating cellular metabolism
mobilizing body defenses against stressors
growth and development
body coordination
Body coordination
The chemical messengers of the endocrine system are known as:
Hormones
The transparent central anterior portion of the sclera through which light enters the eye is called:
Cornea
The thyroid gland is located:
Below the Adam's apple
White matter refers to the myelinated fibers in the:
CNS
Impulse conduction is fastest in neurons that are:
Myelinated
An action potential:
Is essential for nerve impulse propagation
Immediately after an action potential is propagated, which one of the following ions rapidly diffuses out of the cell into the tissue fluid:
Potassium
An action potential is caused by an influx of these ions into the cell:
Sodium
The diffusion of potassium ions out of the neuron causes it to experience:
Repolarization
The gap between two communicating neurons is termed:
Synaptic cleft
The midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata are housed in the:
Brain stem
Lobe that contains the primary motor area that enables voluntary control of skeletal muscle movements:
Frontal lobe
The pituitary gland is most closely associated with the:
Hypothalamus
Control of temperature, endocrine activity, metabolism, and thirst are functions associated with the:
Hypothalamus
The function of the olfactory nerve concerns:
Smell
Equilibrium receptors are located in the:
Inner ear
Which layer of the eye contains rods and cones:
Retina
The pigmented portion of the eye that has a rounded opening through which light passes is the:
Iris
What structure of the eye focuses light on the retina:
Lens
The body's major metabolic hormone is called:
Thyroid hormone
Loss of muscle coordination results from damage to the:
Cerebellum
An ear infection following an illness such as a cold has passed from the throat through the auditory tube to the:
Middle ear
Stimulation of sour receptors occurs in response to:
Lemons
Growth hormone:
Promotes growth in long bones and skeletal muscles
What area of the brain deals with visual?
Occipital
What area of the brain deals with motor speech?
Temporal lobe
What area of the brain deals with auditory?
Midbrain
Which formed elements is the most abundant:
Erythrocytes
Which of the following is NOT true of WBCs:
they initiate the clotting process
they account for less than 1% of total blood volume
they move by ameboid motion
they use diapedesis to move in and out of blood vessels
they locate areas of tissue damage through chemotaxis
They initiate the clotting process
The type of leukocytes that would increase rapidly during allergy attacks and infections of parasitic worms are:
Eosinophils
The most numerous WBCs are:
Neutrophils
Blood cell formation is called ____ and occurs in red bone marrow.
Hematopoiesis
The series of reactions that stop blood flow following a cut is called:
Hemostasis
What is the proper sequence of hemostasis?
Vascular spasm, platelet plug formations, coagulation
Which one of the following is a blood clotting disorder:
Hemophilia
A substance that stimulates the immune system to release antibodies:
Antigen
Which antigen(s) does type AB blood contain:
A and B antigens
The universal recipient has blood type O receive:
Blood type O
Which blood type carry no antigens:
Blood type O
The thick layer of the heart wall that contains contractile muscle tissue is the:
Myocardium
Which area of the heart receives blood from the systemic veins:
Right atrium
The right AV valve is known as the:
Tricuspid valve
Pulmonary veins:
Transport oxygenated blood to the heart
What structure divides the left from the right ventricle:
Interventricular septum
The superior vena cava empties:
Deoxygenated blood into the right atrium
The sinoatrial node is located in the:
Right atrium
The mitral valve is normally closed:
When the ventricle is in systole
The volume of blood pumped out by each ventricle with each beat of the heart is called the:
Stroke volume
The path of blood flow within the systemic vascular system is:
Arteries, arterioles, capillary beds, venules, veins
Veins:
Often have valves to prevent the backflow of blood
What pathway correctly traces blood as it travels from the aortic arch to the left arm:
Aortic arch, left subclavian artery, left brachial artery
The carotid artery is located in the:
Neck
Blood travels to the stomach by way of the branch of the celiac trunk called the:
Left gastric artery
The right and left renal veins empty blood from the:
Inferior vena cava
The brachial vein:
Drains blood from the radial and ulnar veins, then empties that blood into the axillary vein
In which of the following blood vessels is blood pressure the highest:
Arteries
When the left ventricles contract, the bicuspid valve prevents blood from flowing from the:
Left ventricle to the left atrium
What is the correct path for the transmission of an impulse in the intrinsic conductions system of the heart:
SA node, AV node, AV bundle, right and left bundle branches, purkinje fibers
A heart rate over 100 beats per minute is called:
Tachycardia
A person with a heart rate of 75 beats per minute and a stroke volume of 60 mL per beat has a cardiac output of:
4500 mL/minute
Which of the following reduces heart rate:
High blood pressure
Which one of the following is caused by a decrease in venous return to the heart:
A decrease in stroke volume and cardiac output
Lymph flows:
Away from the heart only
Which one of the following is NOT one of the four most common indicators of the inflammatory response:
Fever
The study of immunity is called:
Immunology
Which one of the following is NOT on the antibody classes:
IgB
The respiratory conducting passageways perform all of the following functions EXCEPT:
Exchange gases
Which one of the following is NOT true of the lungs:
the narrower portion of each lung is the apex
the right lung has three lobes
the left lung has two lobes
the bases rest on the diaphragm
both lungs have two lobes
Both lungs have two lobes
Exchange of both oxygen and carbon dioxide through the respiratory membrane occurs by:
Simple diffusion
Air moving in and out of the lungs is called:
Pulmonary ventilation
Hypoventilation dramatically increases carbonic acid concentration and involves:
Extremely slow breathing
Which lymphatic organ's major job is to destroy worn-out red blood cells and return some of the products to the liver:
Spleen
Which lymphoid tissues trap and remove bacteria entering the throat:
Tonsils
Which one of the following is NOT a type of lymphoid organ:
thymus
appendix
spleen
peyer's patches
tonsils
Appendix
The lymph organ that programs T cells and functions at peak levels only during youth is the:
Thymus
The body's first line of defense against the invasion of disease-causing microorganisms is:
Skin and mucous membranes
Which of the following is NOT one of the nonspecific body defenses:
Antibody production
Which of the following substances is NOT typically perceived as an antigen:
Self-antigens
Vaccines are NOT for:
Snake bites
The process by which antibodies bind to specific sites on bacterial exotoxins (toxic chemicals secreted by bacteria) to block their harmful effects is called:
Neutralization
What is the role of mucus in the nasal cavity:
Trap incoming bacteria and other foreign debris
The nasal cavity is separated from the oral cavity by:
Both the hard and soft palate
The flag of elastic cartilage that protects food from entering the larynx when swallowing is the:
Epiglottis
The gas exchange that occurs between blood and tissue cells at systemic capillaries is called:
Internal respiration
In order to inspire:
The intrapulmonary volume must increase
The respiratory movement representing the total amount of exchangeable air is the:
Vital capacity
Which one of the following is NOT a feature of COPD:
dyspnea becomes progressively more severe
most COPD victims are hypoxic
most pts have a genetic predisposition to COPD
most pts have a hx of smoking
frequent pulmonary infections are common
Most patients have a genetic predisposition to COPD
The respiratory rate in adults is:
12-18 respirations per minute
The inflammatory process begins with release of chemicals, which do all of the following EXCEPT:
attract phagocytes to the area
stimulate release of lysozyme
cause capillaries to become leaky
dilate blood vessels
activate pain receptors
Stimulate release of lysozyme
Following the removal of the larynx, a person would be unable to:
Speak
When oxygen enters the respiratory system, what is the next structure to which it travels immediately upon leaving the trachea:
Main (primary) bronchi
T/F: Antibodies are also referred to as immunoglobulins.
True
T/F: The larynx serves as a passageway for both food and air.
False
T/F: The daughter cells of B cells, called plasma cells, release antibodies.
True
T/F: Natural killers are unique phagocytic defense cells that can kill cancer cells and virus-infected body cells well before the immune system is activated.
True
T/F: The superior portion of the lung is called the base.
False
T/F: The respiratory membrane is the air-blood barrier, where gases are exchanged.
True
T/F: The amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled over the tidal volume is about 2100-3200 mL.
True
T/F: Memory cells are descendants of an activated B or T cell.
True
T/F: Inspiration results when the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax.
False
T/F: Expiration occurs when then thoracic and intrapulmonary volumes decrease and the intrapulmonary pressure increases.
True
Which one of the following is NOT an organ of the alimentary canal:
Teeth
Which one of the following represents the correct order through which food passes in the alimentary canal:
Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
What is the middle section of the small intestine:
Jejunum
The primary function of the small intestine is:
Absorption of nutrients
Which of the following is NOT a subdivision of the large intestine:
Duodenum
The opening of the large intestine is called the:
Anus
Proteins are digested to their building blocks which are called:
Amino acids
Which one of the following alimentary segments has no digestive functions:
Esophagus
The energy value of foods commonly counted by dieters in units is called:
Kilocalories
Which one of the following is NOT a main role of the liver:
To add ammonia to the blood
Which of the following is NOT an organ found in the urinary system:
Pancreas
The kidneys are aided in the excretion of fluids by the:
Lungs and skin
The enlarged, cup-shaped closed end of the renal tubule that completely surrounds the glomerulus is called the:
Bowman's capsule
Starting from the glomerular capsule, the correct order of the renal tubule regions is:
Proximal convoluted tubule, loop of henle, distal convoluted tubule
The release of food from the stomach into the small intestine is regulated by the:
Pyloric sphincter
Protein digestion begins in the:
Stomach
The organ responsible for drying out indigestible food residue through water absorption and the elimination of feces is the:
Large intestine
Amylase is an enzyme that is only able to digest:
Starch
The propulsive process that moves food from one organ to the next is called:
Peristalsis
The first nutrient to be chemically digested is:
Starch
The nonselective, passive process performed by the glomerulus that forms blood plasma without blood proteins is called:
Filtration
Uric acid, a nitrogenous waste product, results from the metabolism of:
Nucleic acids
Which one of the following is NOT, a substance typically reabsorbed by the tubules under normal healthy conditions:
Urea
Which one of the following substances is normally found in urine:
Creatinine
Which one of the following is NOT true of urine under normal healthy conditions:
It is slightly alkaline
Urine is transported from the bladder to the outside of the body by the:
Urethra
The average adult bladder is moderately full with ____ of urine within it.
500 mL
The voluntarily controlled sphincter fashioned by skeletal muscle at the point where the urethra passes through the pelvic floor is called the:
External urethral sphincter
The chemical buffer systems of the blood function to:
Maintain pH of the blood
The accessory digestive organ that produces enzymes that break down all food groups is the:
Pancreas
Bile is produced by the ____ but stored in the ____.
Liver; gallbladder
As venous blood is drained from the kidney, which path does it follow:
Cortical radiate veins, arcuate veins, interlobar veins, renal vein
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