Chapter 16

1) The kind of therapy that involves talking things out with a professional is called
A) interpersonal therapy.
B) physical therapy.
C) biomedical therapy.
D) psychotherapy.
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1) The kind of therapy that involves talking things out with a professional is called
A) interpersonal therapy.
B) physical therapy.
C) biomedical therapy.
D) psychotherapy.
D) psychotherapy.
2) Psychotherapy is an intervention designed to help people to deal with and manage
A) interpersonal problems.
B) emotional problems.
C) behavioural problems.
D) all of the above.
D) all of the above.
3) What predicts whether a particular ethnic group has a positive attitude toward psychotherapy and would be more likely to seek help?
A) Higher intelligence
B) Prior positive therapy experiences
C) Culturally sensitive therapists
D) Perceived access
D) Perceived access
4) Females benefit ________ males when receiving psychotherapy for their emotional or mental difficulties.
A) equally as much as
B) more than
C) less than
D) substantially more than
A) equally as much as
5) Which of the following persons is most likely to seek help for his or her mental health difficulty?
A) Marie, a 45-year-old Caucasian female
B) Byron, a recently naturalized U.S. citizen from South Africa
C) Julia, who entered the United States illegally from Venezuela
D) Ralph, a 65-year-old postal worker
A) Marie, a 45-year-old Caucasian female
6) One study showed that therapists used to prefer treating particular clients, namely under the category of YAVIS. What does the "I" stand for in this model?
A) Intelligent
B) Independent
C) Irate
D) Institutionalized
A) Intelligent
7) One study showed that therapists used to prefer treating particular clients, namely under the category of YAVIS. What does the "S" stand for in this model?
A) Successful
B) Sexy
C) Sensationalistic
D) Serious
A) Successful
8) One study showed that therapists used to prefer treating particular clients, namely under the category of YAVIS. What does the "V" stand for in this model?
A) Verbal
B) Visual
C) Venerable
D) Visceral
A) Verbal
9) One study showed that therapists used to prefer treating particular clients, namely under the category of YAVIS. What does the "A" stand for in this model?
A) Attractive
B) Affluent
C) Agreeable
D) Amicable
A) Attractive
10) Which of the following professionals is trained as a medical doctor and may be found working in either private practice or in a hospital setting?
A) Psychiatrist
B) Clinical social worker
C) Mental health counsellor
D) Clinical psychologist
A) Psychiatrist
11) Which of the following professionals works at university clinics and mental health centres; they often treat people with less severe psychological problems. A) Counselling psychologist B) Clinical social worker C) Mental health counsellor D) Clinical psychologistA) Counselling psychologist12) Which of the following professionals works in hospitals, community health centres, primary care facilities, and outpatient mental health clinics; they often have an associate's degree, and can manage medications? A) Psychiatric nurse B) Clinical social worker C) Mental health counsellor D) Clinical psychologistA) Psychiatric nurse13) _________________ are persons who work in the helping field and provide mental health services, but have no formal professional training. A) School psychologists B) Paraprofessionals C) Mental health counsellors D) Mental health counselorsB) Paraprofessionals14) Which of the following professionals offers counselling and support in spiritual context (mainly through wellness programs) to groups, families, and couples? A) Pastoral counsellor B) Clinical social worker C) Mental health counsellor D) Clinical psychologistA) Pastoral counsellor15) When it comes to the success of psychotherapy, the choice of __________ may often matter more than the choice of __________. A) therapy; therapist B) treatment; duration C) therapist; therapy D) duration; treatmentC) therapist; therapy16) A therapist is more likely to be effective when they have all of the following characteristics EXCEPT A) they are warm and direct. B) they establish a positive working relationship with patients. C) they contradict patients to challenge their thought patterns. D) they match their approach to the needs of the patient.C) they contradict patients to challenge their thought patterns.17) The major goal of insight therapies is to give people A) feedback from their biologically controlled responses. B) clearer understanding of their feelings, motivations, and actions. C) basic training in observational learning and practice. D) help in understanding perceptual processes.B) clearer understanding of their feelings, motivations, and actions.18) A therapist is interested in helping her client get a clearer understanding of his motives and actions. This therapist is most likely to be a(n) A) behavioural therapist. B) insight therapist. C) action therapist. D) cognitive therapist.B) insight therapist.19) In what brand of psychotherapy would a clinical psychologist attempt to uncover the underlying unconscious conflicts and impulses that are the cause of one's psychological difficulties? A) Psychoanalytic/psychodynamic B) Humanistic-existential C) Cognitive-behavioural D) BehaviouralA) Psychoanalytic/psychodynamic20) Dr. Shedrika uses a form of therapy that emphasizes revealing his clients' unconscious conflicts, urges, and desires, which he believes are the cause of his clients' disordered emotions and behaviour. This therapist is most likely using A) psychoanalytic/psychodynamic therapy. B) humanistic-existential therapy. C) cognitive-behavioural therapy. D) behavioural therapy.A) psychoanalytic/psychodynamic therapy.21) A client lies on a couch with the therapist sitting out of sight behind her. The therapist gets to know the client's problems through free association and positive and negative transference. This is an example of ______ therapy. A) psychoanalytic/psychodynamic B) humanistic-existential C) cognitive-behavioural D) behaviouralA) psychoanalytic/psychodynamic22) _______________ formed a large part of Freud's psychoanalytic method. A) Dream interpretation B) Empathy C) Reflection D) Unconditional positive regardA) Dream interpretation23) Which of the following is a key component of Freud's theory of psychoanalysis? A) Dream interpretation B) Cognitive analysis C) Empathy D) Behavioural analysisA) Dream interpretation24) What category of therapy is most concerned with improving a client's awareness of the underlying causes of his or her difficulties? A) Behavioural B) Insight C) Cognitive D) BiologicalB) Insight25) Therapies aimed mainly at understanding one's motives and actions are referred to as A) Behavioural B) Insight C) Cognitive D) BiologicalB) Insight26) In Freudian psychoanalysis, what person was responsible for obtaining the insight into the client's psychological problem? A) The therapist B) The client C) A member of the client's family D) The client's closest friendA) The therapist27) Carlita has just come from her first therapy session. To better understand Carlita's generalized anxiety, the therapist asked her to talk about her childhood experiences and interactions with her parents and has asked her to keep a dream journal for the next several weeks. With which orientation is this therapy most consistent? A) Humanistic-existential B) Psychoanalytic/psychodynamic C) Behavioural D) EclecticB) Psychoanalytic/psychodynamic28) Which of the following approaches is NOT used by psychoanalytic therapists? A) Dream analysis B) Phenomenology C) Resistance D) TransferenceB) Phenomenology29) Meagan has been undergoing psychoanalysis for a few months. At a session several weeks ago, her therapist confronted her about her underlying need for attention and love that is unfulfilled and suggested this as the reason for her sexual promiscuity. This made her uncomfortable to talk about and she tried to redirect the topic on to other issues in her life. Since that session, she has cancelled three more sessions with her therapist. What process would the therapist say is occurring? A) Transference B) Working through C) Conditions of worth D) ResistanceD) Resistance30) Jung is to ____________ as Freud is to _____________. A) collective unconscious; amplification B) individuation; transference C) latent content; prognostic dreams D) resistance; archetypesB) individuation; transference31) Bart is asked by his psychotherapist to close his eyes. After a few minutes of relaxing, the therapist asks Bart to discuss whatever comes to mind and to continue without censoring any of the ideas or thoughts he experiences. Bart is experiencing the therapeutic technique of A) systematic desensitization. B) active confrontation. C) free association. D) empathy.C) free association.32) According to Sigmund Freud, when you awaken in the morning and remember a dream, you recall the dream's A) deep content. B) surface content. C) manifest content. D) latent content.C) manifest content.33) According to Freud, the ___________ of the dream refers to the client's memory of the things, people, and events in the dream. A) deep content B) surface content C) manifest content D) latent contentC) manifest content34) In interpreting a dream, a psychoanalyst would attempt to discover the dream's A) deep content. B) surface content. C) manifest content. D) latent content.D) latent content.35) George begins to project his anxieties and unresolved feelings about his mother onto his therapist. This is what Sigmund Freud would have called A) free association. B) transference. C) working through. D) resistance.B) transference.36) Steve is 21 years old and has never gone on a date. His parents are concerned and take him to see a therapist. The therapist tells Steve to lie down on the couch and relax. The therapist sits behind Steve and asks him to say whatever comes into his head. Steve eventually talks about his fear of women, which leads him to think about his early experiences with women: his mother, her friends, his teachers, and so on. Steve is using A) free association. B) transference. C) working through. D) resistance.A) free association37) As Celine begins to reveal more and more of her innermost thoughts and feelings to her therapist, she begins to feel good about him as well as accepted by him. She develops a sense of trust, particularly because he does not criticize her. What process is occurring? A) free association. B) transference. C) working through. D) resistance.B) transference.38) During free association, a patient may become unwilling to talk about certain topics. What term would a psychoanalyst use to describe this change in the patient's willingness to verbalize? A) free association. B) transference. C) working through. D) resistance.d) resistance39) Joe has been undergoing psychoanalysis for several months. Over the past few weeks, he has become unwilling to talk about his relationship with his father and becomes uncomfortable when thoughts of him enter his mind during therapy. What process would the therapist say is occurring? A) free association. B) transference. C) working through. D) resistance.D) resistance.40) The Freudian idea of working through was most important ________ insight had been achieved. A) exactly as B) immediately before C) long before D) afterD) after41) The neo-Freudians would have been LEAST likely to emphasize the importance of conscious ________ impulses and needs in a therapeutic setting. A) sexual B) social C) dependence D) statusA) sexual42) The neo-Freudians differ from traditional Freudian psychoanalysts in that they focus on the ______ as a motivating force of behaviour, and they favour ______ their patients. A) ego; face-to-face discussions with B) id; face-to-face discussions with C) ego; sitting behind and passively listening to D) id; sitting behind and passively listening toA) ego; face-to-face discussions with43) According to interpersonal therapy, the analyst should assume the role of A) the problem. B) the teacher. C) the participant observer. D) the observer.C) the participant observer.44) What did Jung believe was the goal of psychotherapy? A) Amplification B) Uncovering unconscious impulses C) Dealing with the inferiority complex D) IndividuationD) Individuation45) Research suggests that ______________ is more important than insight in psychotherapeutic change and improvement. A) individuation B) working through C) amplification D) free associationB) working through46) What type of therapist is most likely to analyze his or her client's trust through an attachment to important people in his or her life? A) Humanistic B) Psychoanalytic C) Object relations D) AnalyticalC) Object relations47) Carmelo is giving a report to his graduate seminar on research on the effectiveness of psychodynamic therapies. Which point would you be most likely to hear him make if you were in that seminar? A) Practising new, adaptive behaviours is more important than gaining insight into one's unconscious conflicts. B) Active confrontation of irrational thinking and the display of empathy are two important psychodynamic therapeutic techniques. C) Unconscious motives clearly impact our daily behaviour in many different and important ways. D) Claims of repressed traumatic memories are a growing problem and there is strong research to support the validity of such claims.A) Practising new, adaptive behaviours is more important than gaining insight into one's unconscious conflicts.48) Dr. Johnson tells her students not to think of a white rabbit during the lecture. Within a few seconds, many students report that they have already thought of a white rabbit. Along with research from cognitive and clinical psychology, this casts doubt on A) all claims made by the psychoanalytic or psychodynamic therapies. B) the usefulness of active listening as a therapeutic technique. C) the importance of insight as a therapeutic goal. D) the existence of repressed memories from traumatic events.D) the existence of repressed memories from traumatic events.49) What type of therapy would be LEAST effective for psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia? A) Cognitive-behavioural therapy B) Biological treatments C) Psychodynamic therapy D) Electroconvulsive shock therapyC) Psychodynamic therapy50) Humanistic-existential psychotherapists would be most likely to work with their clients to focus their attention to the ________ rather than to the ________. A) present; past B) present; future C) past; present D) future; pastC) past; present51) Using a _____________ approach means that therapists encounter patients in terms of the subjective thoughts or feelings they experience at the present moment. A) psychoanalytic B) phenomenological C) logotherapeutic D) behaviouralB) phenomenological52) Person-centred therapy is a type of ______ therapy. A) insight B) behavioural C) cognitive D) realityA) insight53) The main difference between the humanistic-existentialist and other therapies is the A) importance of gaining insight into one's difficulties. B) importance of the present over the past. C) importance of positive self-fulfillment in guiding one's behaviour and thoughts. D) importance of the client-therapist relationship.C) importance of positive self-fulfillment in guiding one's behaviour and thoughts.54) Humanistic and existential theorists differ in their beliefs regarding A) the importance of focusing on the present rather than the past. B) the ease with which one can attain personal fulfillment. C) people's desire to find meaning and fulfillment in their lives. D) the need for a person to be authentic, loving, and responsible in daily life.B) the ease with which one can attain personal fulfillment.55) Lionel has been in therapy for four weeks now. At the first meeting with his therapist, the therapist waited for Lionel to begin discussing why he was there and what he hoped to gain from the session. The therapist also reminds Lionel that he is responsible for solving his own problems. Lionel's therapist is making use of A) Frankl's logotherapy. B) Jung's analytic therapy. C) Beck's cognitive therapy. D) Rogers's person-centred therapy.D) Rogers's person-centred therapy.56) Carl Rogers asserts that an effective psychotherapist will A) provide unconditional positive regard and display empathy toward his or her client. B) interpret important transference and resistance behaviours for his or her client. C) actively confront and challenge his or her client's erroneous beliefs. D) seek to identify how negative reinforcement is promoting maladaptive behaviours, feelings, and/or thoughts for an individual.A) provide unconditional positive regard and display empathy toward his or her client.57) What is the primary goal of the therapist in person-centred therapy? A) To provide unconditional positive regard B) To facilitate transference C) To eliminate undesirable behaviours D) To help the client become more aware of his or her own feelingsA) To provide unconditional positive regard58) Dr. Graham listens to Maria's statements and then restates what he feels is Maria's message and describes her emotions. What type of therapy is Dr. Graham practising? A) Person-centred B) Cognitive C) Behavioural D) PsychoanalyticA) Person-centred59) The person-centred therapist has to be able to acknowledge and understand what the client is feeling and experiencing. This process is referred to as A) empathy. B) unconditional positive regard. C) conditions of worth. D) reflection.A) empathy.60) Judy's therapist listens to her without interruption and judgment. She provides Judy with warmth and respect, without any conditions attached. Her therapist is demonstrating A) unconditional positive regard. B) genuineness. C) reflection. D) nondirective counter-transference.A) unconditional positive regard.61) The therapist's feeling of respect and affection for the client that exists without any strings attached, no matter what the client may say or do, is called A) unconditional positive regard. B) genuineness. C) reflection. D) conditions of worth.A) unconditional positive regard.62) Positive outcomes are attained in person-centred therapy when the therapist satisfied each of the following conditions EXCEPT A) the therapist must be willing to utilize directive listening to guide the patient's interpretations. B) the therapist must be an authentic, genuine person who reveals their own reactions. C) the therapist must express unconditional positive regard for the feelings of the patient. D) the therapist must relate to the patients with empathic understanding.A) the therapist must be willing to utilize directive listening to guide the patient's interpretations.63) The ultimate goal of humanistic-existential psychotherapy is for a person to A) uncover the hidden motivations that impact their conscious thoughts and behaviours. B) gain insight and move forward in their seeking of their ultimate potential. C) change their maladaptive behaviours and reactions to challenging situations. D) change their maladaptive thoughts about themselves and their life circumstances.B) gain insight and move forward in their seeking of their ultimate potential.64) Kennedy meets with a therapist who is trying to merge her "quiet expert" with her "risk taker" so that she'll become a complete "risky expert." This would be an example of A) Perl's gestalt therapy. B) Rogers's person-centred therapy. C) Frankl's logotherapy. D) Ellis's rational emotive behaviour therapy.A) Perl's gestalt therapy.65) Gestalt therapy is an outgrowth of the work of ______. A) Fritz Perls B) Carl Rogers C) Victor Frankl D) Albert EllisA) Fritz Perls66) What is a major goal of the Gestalt therapist? A) To facilitate transference B) To eliminate undesirable behaviours C) To provide unconditional positive regard D) To help clients become more aware of their own feelingsD) To help clients become more aware of their own feelings67) Gestalt therapy was the first of many _______ therapies that emphasized the importance of awareness, acceptance, and expression of feelings. A) experiential B) person-centred C) logical D) rational emotiveA) experiential68) Gestalt therapy's _______ technique aims to integrate opposing aspects of the client's personality, such as the "good boy" and the "spoiled brat." A) two-chair B) role-playing C) logical analysis D) dream analysisA) two-chair69) A person's search for meaning in the midst of stressful or painful circumstances would be of greatest interest to A) Victor Frankl. B) Joseph Wolpe. C) Fritz Perls. D) Sigmund Freud.A) Victor Frankl.70) Researchers developed a computer therapist called _______, based on Rogers' person-centred therapy. A) Eliza B) Ziggy C) Frazier D) Dr. PhilA) Eliza71) Victor Frankl devised what therapeutic technique based on 'therapy through meaning?' A) Logotherapy B) Rational emotive therapy C) Person-centred therapy D) Experiential therapyA) Logotherapy72) The two-chair technique is to __________ as individuation is to _________. A) Gestalt therapy; Jungian analytic therapy B) person-centred therapy; implosive therapy C) logotherapy; the phenomenological approach D) behavioural therapy; psychodynamic therapyA) Gestalt therapy; Jungian analytic therapy73) The ideas of authentic and self-actualization suffer from not being easily A) falsified. B) correlated. C) parsimonious. D) replicated.A) falsified.74) A key criticism of many forms of humanistic-existential therapy is that A) little research has been done to replicate early studies that documented the effectiveness of such approaches. B) person-centred therapy is no more effective than receiving no treatment at all. C) few non-anecdotal or non-case study designs have examined their effectiveness. D) a strong therapeutic relationship is a better predictor of success in therapy than the use of a specific therapeutic technique.C) few non-anecdotal or non-case study designs have examined their effectiveness.75) What type of therapy is associated with the best methods of evaluating treatment effectiveness? A) In psychodynamic therapy, treatment success occurs when the patient stops displaying signs of physical symptoms that are brought on by unconscious psychological impulses. B) In behavioural therapy, success is measurable because treatment goals are defined according to changes in specific behaviours. C) In experiential therapies, success is defined as when a patient recognizes the importance of awareness, acceptance, and expression of their feelings. D) In group therapies (such as Alcoholics Anonymous), success is when participants move from step to step in the 12-step program.B) In behavioural therapy, success is measurable because treatment goals are defined according to changes in specific behaviours.76) A behavioural therapist is most likely to focus on A) the past and specific behaviours. B) the past and broad traits. C) the present and specific behaviours. D) the present and broad traits.C) the present and specific behaviours.77) What is the core assumption of a functional analysis in behaviour therapy? A) The patient's problem behaviours have arisen through observation. B) The patient's problematic behaviours are maintained by reinforcement. C) Problem behaviours serve an adaptive function for the patient that must be uncovered. D) Patient's need to achieve a healthy proportion of adaptive to maladaptive behaviours.B) The patient's problematic behaviours are maintained by reinforcement.78) Techniques used in systematic desensitization are based on which of the following principles? A) Anxiety hierarchies B) Reciprocal inhibition C) Observational learning D) FloodingB) Reciprocal inhibition79) Phobias are to _______________ as depression is to ______________. A) psychodynamic therapy; existential therapy B) systematic desensitization; cognitive-behavioural therapy C) pharmacotherapy; structural family therapy D) object relations therapy; person-centred therapyB) systematic desensitization; cognitive-behavioural therapy80) What do behaviour therapists see as the cause of abnormal or undesirable behaviours? A) Discrepancies between real and ideal selves B) Distortions in thinking C) Learning D) Unconscious processesC) Learning81) Which method of treating phobias involves progressive relaxation and exposure to the feared object? A) Token economy B) Punishment C) Extinction D) Systematic desensitizationD) Systematic desensitization82) Julie has a fear of riding in elevators. She is seeing a therapist who asks her to construct a hierarchy of her fears related to riding in elevators. In addition, her therapist is teaching her to relax while imagining each fear in the hierarchy. Julie's therapist is using A) person-centred therapy. B) rational emotive therapy. C) cognitive consistency. D) systematic desensitization.D) systematic desensitization.83) For which of these problems would systematic desensitization most likely be used? A) Joe has been depressed for two years. B) Ben is sexually attracted to young children. C) As a result of schizophrenia, David does not interact with members of his family. D) A fear of heights restricts Alice's enrollment to classes that meet on the first floor.D) A fear of heights restricts Alice's enrollment to classes that meet on the first floor.84) Systematic desensitization is based on A) spontaneous recovery. B) classical conditioning. C) operant conditioning. D) counter conditioning.D) counter conditioning.85) Systematic desensitization is specifically designed to help a person to deal with his or her A) psychopathic personality. B) dissociative identity disorder. C) depression. D) phobia.D) phobia.86) Svetlana is afraid of flying and has sought out therapeutic help to help her overcome her fear. The therapist has Svetlana imagine that she is in an airplane while the therapist taps specific points on her body in a predetermined order, and has Svetlana hum the Canadian national anthem. What type of therapeutic technique is Svetlana's therapist using? A) Assertion training B) Thought field therapy (TFT) C) Response prevention D) Implosive therapyB) Thought field therapy (TFT)87) Herman begins his systematic desensitization treatment for his claustrophobia by first A) learning how to relax. B) being exposed to tight spaces with no means of escape. C) trying to recall how he developed this fear as a child. D) constructing an anxiety hierarchy.D) constructing an anxiety hierarchy.88) Trina attempts to overcome her fear of clowns by learning how to shift from a feeling of tension to one of calm and relaxation. Next she is asked to imagine different situations, each more anxiety-provoking than the previous. She only proceeds to the next situation if she can maintain her feeling of relaxation. Trina's therapist is using ________ to remove her fear A) exposure therapy B) systematic desensitization C) person-centred therapy D) modellingB) systematic desensitization89) Dismantling helps to ________________ the effective mechanisms of systematic desensitization and other treatments. A) demonstrate the falsifiability of B) rule out rival hypotheses about C) establish causal factors rather than correlations about D) show the replicability ofB) rule out rival hypotheses about90) In systematic desensitization, patients are exposed to the situations in their anxiety hierarchy starting from _________ anxiety provoking to _________ anxiety provoking. A) the least; most B) not at all; most C) the most; the least D) the least; not at allA) the least; most91) In flooding, patients are exposed to the situations in their anxiety hierarchy starting from _________ anxiety provoking to _________ anxiety provoking. A) the least; most B) not at all; most C) the most; the least D) the least; not at allC) the most; the least92) Behavioural therapists who utilize ______________ believe that unconscious repressed memories and conflicts contribute to anxiety and fears. A) flooding B) implosive therapy C) systematic desensitization D) thought field therapyB) implosive therapy93) In order for flooding to be effective, therapists must apply ______________ techniques. A) in vivo B) thought field therapy C) response prevention D) virtual realityC) response prevention94) Behaviour therapists can evaluate many therapeutic procedures by isolating the effects of each component and comparing these effects with that of the full treatment package, an approach called A) Decoupling B) Dismantling C) Extraction D) ModellingB) Dismantling95) Flooding and other forms of exposure therapy are used to allow one's fear to be A) exacerbated. B) extinguished. C) challenged. D) inhibited.B) extinguished.96) A technique for treating phobias and other stress disorders in which the person is suddenly exposed to the fear-provoking situation or object in an intense way and is prevented from making the usual avoidance or escape response is called A) systematic desensitization. B) flooding. C) paradoxical intent. D) aversive therapy.B) flooding.97) Iram is afraid of snakes. In an effort to help him overcome his fear, his therapist has him enter a room where there are dozens of snakes and has him hold them. Iram is not permitted to leave the room until the therapy session is completed. Iram's therapist is using3 A) aversive therapy. B) flooding. C) a token economy. D) systematic desensitization.B) flooding.98) Due to new computer technology that involves having the client wear a headset that can project realistic anxiety-provoking images, therapists can now conduct ________ through virtual reality exposure in their offices. A) aversive therapy B) flooding C) token economy D) systematic desensitizationB) flooding99) ________ allows psychotherapists to place persons in situations to confront and eliminate their fears that would either be infeasible or difficult to do in real life. A) Virtual reality exposure therapy B) Exposure therapy C) Implosive therapy D) Eye movement desensitization and reprocessingA) Virtual reality exposure therapy100) According to the authors, behavioural therapists have been diligent in making only those claims that fit with the data about the effectiveness of their therapeutic techniques. A critical thinker would recognize this as what is required by the critical thinking principle of A) extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence. B) falsifiability. C) replication. D) parsimony.A) extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence.101) Because the negative reinforcement of avoidance behaviour often maintains many phobias and other anxiety-related disorders, exposure therapy often involves A) response prevention. B) social skills training. C) modelling. D) relaxation training.A) response prevention.102) ________ has been used successfully in helping children who have a fear of going to the dentist, social withdrawal, obsessive-compulsive behaviours, and phobias. A) Aversion therapy B) Modelling C) Operant conditioning D) Token economyB) Modelling103) Estella is afraid of cats. To help her overcome her fear, her mother calmly pets and strokes a cat while Estella is watching. Her mother encourages her to imitate her behaviour. Estella's mother is using A) reinforcement. B) modelling. C) extinction. D) token economy.B) modelling.104) Hiram has learned to seek attention by engaging in inappropriate behaviours by watching his brother receive attention for hitting and biting and then imitating his behaviour. Hiram has learned to seek attention by engaging in inappropriate behaviours by using which of the following techniques? A) Reinforcement B) Modelling C) Extinction D) Token economyB) Modelling105) According to dismantling and meta-analytic studies, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) techniques are A) no more effective than standard exposure therapies and are not closely linked to treatment effectiveness. B) highly effective for all types of anxiety disorders, as well as depression and schizophrenia. C) of limited effectiveness because they are only successful for specific types of disorders, such as posttraumatic stress disorder and panic disorder. D) less effective than many standardized treatments and can cause patients physiological harm by overstimulation of lateral eye movements.A) no more effective than standard exposure therapies and are not closely linked to treatment effectiveness.106) Juan is so afraid of germs that he wears gloves when opening doors. He is encouraged by his therapist to imitate a person in a video who demonstrates opening a door, step-by-step, without wearing gloves. Which technique is his therapist using? A) Aversion therapy B) Participant modelling C) Operant conditioning D) Token economyB) Participant modelling107) The process of learning through the observation and imitation of others is called7 A) aversion therapy. B) modelling. C) operant conditioning. D) token economy.B) modelling.108) Someone who suffers from social anxiety would MOST likely benefit from what type of therapy? A) Assertion training B) Experiential therapy C) Aversion therapy D) EMDRA) Assertion training109) Sonya is working in a residential group home with clients that have severe learning disabilities and difficulties with displaying appropriate social skills. When her clients complete regular tasks they are assigned (such as working with another person to bake a cake), she gives them a gold star on a calendar. After the clients have collected 7 stars in a row, Sonya gives them their favourite chocolate treat. When they achieve a month of gold stars, she takes the clients on an outing that they enjoy. What type of therapeutic technique is Sonya using with her clients? A) Exposure therapy B) Reverse aversion therapy C) Token economies D) Experiential therapyC) Token economies110) Larry has a substance dependence on alcohol, and his therapist is trying to help him eliminate his addition by giving him a medication called Antabuse that makes him sick every time he drinks alcohol. What type of therapy is Larry undergoing? A) Pharmacotherapy B) Flooding C) Systematic desensitization D) Aversion therapyD) Aversion therapy111) The form of behavioural therapy in which an undesirable behaviour is paired with an unpleasant stimulus to reduce the frequency of the behaviour is called A) aversion therapy. B) participant modelling. C) operant conditioning. D) token economy.A) aversion therapy.112) Which of the following is a therapy based on the principles of operant conditioning A) Aversion therapy B) Flooding C) Systematic desensitization D) Token economyD) Token economy113) Which of the following techniques would be most appropriate for treating overdrinking or smoking? A) Aversion therapy B) Participant modeling C) Operant conditioning D) Token economyA) Aversion therapy114) Every time Jarrad opens his cigarette case or uses his lighter, he gets a painful electric shock. Jarrad's friends and family have been asked not to give him any cigarettes or light any cigarettes for him, so he must use his own lighter if he wants to smoke. Eventually, Jarrad loses his desire to smoke, thanks to A) aversion therapy. B) participant modelling. C) operant conditioning. D) token economy.A) aversion therapy.115) Cognitive-behavioural therapists would argue that anxiety and mood disorders are largely the result of A) conditional positive regard. B) maladaptive cognitions. C) maladaptive behaviours. D) unresolved childhood issues.B) maladaptive cognitions.116) Cognitive-behavioural therapies share all of the following core assumptions EXCEPT A) cognitions are key players in both healthy and unhealthy psychological functioning. B) some irrational beliefs are necessarily to help us cope with stressful experiences. C) cognitions can be identified and measured. D) irrational beliefs can be replaced by more rational and adaptive cognitions.B) some irrational beliefs are necessarily to help us cope with stressful experiences.117) Therapies that focus on the present and assume that people observe the world and the people around them, make assumptions and inferences based on these observations, and then decide how to respond is called A) gestalt therapy. B) person-centred therapy. C) cognitive-behavioural therapy. D) behaviour therapy.C) cognitive-behavioural therapy.118) A therapist challenges what she sees as her client's irrational and self-defeating thoughts. Her goal is to help her client change these thoughts into more rational, helpful, positive thoughts. In addition, she wants to help her client develop strategies that can be used to cope with future problems. She is probably a ______________ therapist. A) gestalt B) person-centred C) cognitive-behavioural therapy D) behaviourC) cognitive-behavioural therapy119) A key component of Ellis's rational emotive behaviour therapy is the psychotherapist's A) concern with helping a client to reach a point of self-actualization. B) use of social skills training to improve patient functioning. C) helping a client search for meaning in difficult and stressful life events. D) active disputing and challenging of the client's assumptions.D) active disputing and challenging of the client's assumptions.120) Which approach assumes that disorders come from illogical, irrational cognitions and that changing the thinking patterns to more rational, logical ones will relieve the symptoms of the disorder? A) Behaviour therapy B) Psychoanalysis C) Gestalt therapy D) Cognitive behavioural therapyD) Cognitive behavioural therapy121) A key component of Ellis's rational emotive behaviour therapy is the psychotherapist's A) concern with helping a client to reach a point of self-actualization. B) use of social skills training to improve patient functioning. C) helping a client search for meaning in difficult and stressful life events. D) active disputing and challenging of the client's assumptions.D) active disputing and challenging of the client's assumptions.122) Rational-emotive therapy is a type of ______ therapy. A) Insight B) Cognitive-behavioural C) Gestalt D) PsychoanalyticB) Cognitive-behavioural123) In which form of therapy does the therapist take a directive role, challenging clients when they make "my way or nothing" statements? A) Behaviour therapy B) Insight C) Person-centred D) Rational-emotive therapyD) Rational-emotive therapy124) Sigmund Freud arrives for a therapy session with Albert Ellis. Freud's main complaint is depression; it seems that Freud's writings have not received the kind of response he had hoped for and expected. What is Ellis most likely to say during the therapy session? A) "Let's explore your dreams in search of the real reason for your depression." B) "You are upset about the reaction that your work has been receiving." C) "I want to do some tests to find the neurological cause of your distress." D) "Why do you expect all your work to be well received, and what difference does it make if some people don't like your ideas?"D) "Why do you expect all your work to be well received, and what difference does it make if some people don't like your ideas?"125) A therapist challenges what she sees as her client's irrational and self-defeating beliefs. She uses persuasion, confrontation, arguments, and even homework assignments to challenge those beliefs. She is probably a ______ therapist. A) gestalt B) behavioural C) person-centred D) rational-emotiveD) rational-emotive126) According to Albert Ellis, many psychological problems result from A) an unintegrated set of gestalts. B) catastrophic thinking about oneself or one's life conditions. C) unconscious motivational conflicts. D) conditions of worth that are imposed on us by others.B) catastrophic thinking about oneself or one's life conditions.127) According to Albert Ellis, we become unhappy and depressed about events because o A) our behaviours. B) our irrational beliefs. C) the events that happen to us. D) other people's irrational expectations.B) our irrational beliefs.128) Aaron Beck and Albert Ellis were especially concerned with helping a patient A) understand his or her past shortcomings in the context of the present. B) identify and modify distorted thoughts about him- or herself, others, and/or the world. C) to discontinue maladaptive negative reinforcement that led to avoidance of certain people or situations. D) to gain better insight into the underlying cause of one's psychological difficulties.B) identify and modify distorted thoughts about him- or herself, others, and/or the world.129) Which of the following is a basic goal of cognitive-behavioural therapy? A) To help clients complete unfinished business and become whole B) To help clients change irrational thoughts to rational thoughts C) To help clients develop a closer match between real and ideal selves D) To help clients uncover unconscious conflicts and sexual urgesB) To help clients change irrational thoughts to rational thoughts130) Which of the following components is NOT part of Ellis's ABCDE scheme? A) Behavioural consequences B) Unpleasant activating event C) Active avoidance of irrantional beliefs D) Belief systems determine responsesC) Active avoidance of irrantional beliefs131) Dedric is being asked to anticipate an upcoming tennis match against a highly ranked opponent. He is to imagine falling behind by one set, in a best two of three sets match, and what he would say to himself in such a scenario. This example illustrates what Meichenbaum would call A) stress inoculation training. B) person-centred therapy. C) rational-emotive behaviour therapy. D) systematic desensitization.A) stress inoculation training.132) Cognitive-behavioural therapies have been found to be especially helpful in the treatment of ________ disorders. A) mood B) dissociative C) impulse control D) personalityA) mood133) ____________ therapies have had considerable success in treating many types of disorders, including depression, stress disorders, anxiety disorders, and even some of the behavioural symptoms of schizophrenia. A) Psychoanalytic B) Behavioural C) Humanistic D) Cognitive and cognitive-behaviouralD) Cognitive and cognitive-behavioural134) All of the following are eclectic forms of psychotherapy EXCEPT A) acceptance and commitment therapy. B) dialectical behaviour therapy. C) cyclical psychodynamic therapy. D) rational emotive behaviour therapy.D) rational emotive behaviour therapy.135) The most frequently endorsed label for the type of therapy one practices as a psychologist, psychiatrist, or social worker is A) psychodynamic. B) cognitive-behavioural. C) person-centred. D) eclectic.D) eclectic.136) The use of eclectic forms of therapy make it difficult for a critical thinker to A) establish correlation. B) evaluate and eliminate rival hypotheses. C) replicate individual therapeutic outcomes with other patients. D) identify falsifiable theories about why a treatment works.B) evaluate and eliminate rival hypotheses.137) Which person might benefit the MOST from a group therapy environment? A) Suzanne, who has schizophrenia B) Richard, who is withdrawn C) Jasmine, who is uncomfortable in social settings D) Elena, who is very sociableD) Elena, who is very sociable138) According to relapse prevention (RP) treatment, when an alcoholic experiences a lapse, it may become a relapse (resumed drinking) if they feel ashamed, guilty, or discouraged. This is known as the _______________. A) third step in the twelve step program. B) abstinence violation effect. C) thought suppression and rebound effect. D) dialectical behaviour effect.B) abstinence violation effect.139) Psychologists find group therapy to be an effective approach to treatment because A) it is more effective at producing lasting changes than the individual treatments. B) they can make more money. C) it allows participants to practise new skills in a safe environment. D) they interact less with each individual patient.C) it allows participants to practise new skills in a safe environment.140) A type of therapy in which clients meet regularly in a group setting and discuss problems under the guidance of a single therapist is called ______ therapy. A) self-help B) organic C) group D) informalC) group141) Group therapy is often preferred to individual treatment methods because A) it allows patients to realize that they are not alone in their problems and troubles. B) it allow patients to receive social support from others. C) it is an efficient use of patient and therapist time. D) all of the above.D) all of the above.142) A concern with nearly all 12-step approaches, such as Alcoholics Anonymous, to dealing with various problems with living is that A) no research evidence exists for the effectiveness of these approaches. B) relapse is unavoidable. C) they promote feelings of helplessness to control and change one's behaviour. D) physical diseases are never cured but rather go into remission.A) no research evidence exists for the effectiveness of these approaches.143) According to the authors, the claims of Alcoholics Anonymous's success A) have largely gone unrecognized by the scientific community. B) can be applied to other problems of impulse control. C) is supported by the available data. D) is not supported by the available data.D) is not supported by the available data.144) _______ refers to a lapse in sobriety that can lead to continued drinking if people feel ashamed, guilty, or discouraged when they lapse. A) Relapse prevention B) Counterintuitive relapse C) Counterproductive relapse D) The abstinence violation effectD) The abstinence violation effect145) The family therapy approach designed to remove barriers to effective communication is called A) structural family therapy. B) structural family intervention. C) strategic group intervention. D) strategic family interventionD) strategic family intervention146) _______ refers to a treatment in which therapists deeply involve themselves in family activities to change how family members arrange and organize interactions. A) Structural family therapy B) Structural family intervention C) Strategic group intervention D) Strategic family interventionA) Structural family therapy147) In family therapy, a therapist seeks to understand A) why some families seem to experience more problems than others. B) how family members can help someone with a psychological disorder live a productive life. C) how family member interactions lead to personal problems and difficulties. D) how a person's psychological disorder creates stress for those who love him or her.C) how family member interactions lead to personal problems and difficulties.148) Family counselling is a form of ______ therapy A) informal B) insight C) group D) organicC) group149) John and his wife are having trouble communicating and getting along with one another. Which type of therapy is most likely to help them with their problems? A) Organic B) Self-help group C) Family D) IndividualC) Family150) Saleem has been seeing a therapist because she cannot adjust to her new husband's children from a previous marriage. Although she dearly loves her husband, she feels awkward and embarrassed in front of the children. The therapist suggests that she bring her husband and his children with her to the next session so she can see them interact. Saleem is probably seeing a A) psychoanalyst. B) behavioural specialist. C) family therapist. D) gestalt therapist.C) family therapist.151) A goal of family therapy is to A) change the needs of individual family members. B) improve family communication and interaction. C) identify and treat the person in the family who is the source of the majority of the family's problems. D) teach family members to remain neutral on sensitive issues.B) improve family communication and interaction.152) Most family therapists who work with couples concentrate on A) exploring the marital partners' childhoods to understand the source of the current conflicts. B) desensitization techniques to help the marital partners become more tolerant of each other. C) changing the behaviour of the person in the marriage who is the source of the couple's problems. D) improving the couple's patterns of communication so they can find better ways of solving their problems.C) changing the behaviour of the person in the marriage who is the source of the couple's problems.153) Someone who is conducting family therapy would be most likely to attempt to understand A) family communication patterns. B) why family history makes some people more or less vulnerable to psychological problems. C) an individual's thoughts and feelings about their family. D) parental impacts on children's adaptive or maladaptive functioning.A) family communication patterns.154) Research on the effectiveness of the different methods of psychotherapy suggests A) person-centered therapy is always a better treatment option than any other form of psychotherapy. B) psychodynamic therapy is always a better treatment option than any other form of psychotherapy. C) behavioural and cognitive therapies are always better treatment options than any other form of psychotherapy. D) behavioural, psychodynamic, and person-centred approaches are more helpful for patients than receiving no treatment.D) behavioural, psychodynamic, and person-centred approaches are more helpful for patients than receiving no treatment.155) What percent of treated people have better outcomes than the average untreated person? A) 25% B) 43% C) 67% D) 80%D) 80%156) Suppose a friend asks you for advice about entering psychotherapy for his or her anxiety disorder. Which of the following recommendations should you make? A) Behavioural or cognitive-behavioural therapies are most effective for this category of disorders. B) Avoid psychotherapy because 5-10% of patients get worse with this form of treatment. C) Psychodynamic therapies are most effective for this category of disorders. D) Humanistic-existential therapies are most effective for this category of disorders.A) Behavioural or cognitive-behavioural therapies are most effective for this category of disorders.157) Behavioural and cognitive-behavioural therapies consistently outperform other types of psychotherapies for what type of disorder? A) Mood disorders B) Anxiety disorders C) Schizophrenia D) Dissociative disordersB) Anxiety disorders158) Research has suggested that certain types of psychotherapies can be harmful for some individuals. Which of the following type of psychotherapy would NOT be considered potentially harmful? A) Critical incident stress debriefing B) Scared Straight programs C) Flooding therapy D) Rebirthing therapyC) Flooding therapy159) Which therapeutic technique is associated with the potential for a heightened risk of posttraumatic stress symptoms? A) Critical incident stress debriefing B) Recovered memory techniques C) Rage reduction therapy D) Facilitated communicationA) Critical incident stress debriefing160) What is the general message about the effectiveness of psychotherapy in treating one's behaviour or emotional problems? A) Insight therapies are superior to those which do not address the underlying cause of one's problems such as behavioural and cognitive therapies. B) Behavioural and cognitive forms of therapy are superior to those that attempt to identify the underlying causes of one's problems such as insight therapies. C) A large portion of people improve without receiving any formal type of therapy, so psychotherapy is often unnecessary. D) Most therapies discussed in the text are equally effective in reducing one's problems and they are equally effective.D) Most therapies discussed in the text are equally effective in reducing one's problems and they are equally effective.161) Which of the following is a common factor across the many forms of effective treatments? A) Therapist directives for change B) Critical thinking C) Hope D) Challenging irrational thought patternsC) Hope162) Regardless of theoretical orientation, all of the forms of therapy discussed in the text provide a client or patient with A) a resolve to uncover the causes from the past of one's current troubles. B) direct exposure to troubling events from one's past. C) a push to completely change everything about oneself. D) a clear rationale for the treatment one receives.D) a clear rationale for the treatment one receives.163) Research suggests that there is ________ between one's race and the outcome of therapy. A) a positive relationship B) little or no relationship C) a curvilinear relationship D) a negative relationshipB) little or no relationship164) Most psychologists agree that ________ are important to the outcomes of psychotherapy. A) common factors only B) neither common nor specific factors C) specific factors only D) both common and specific factorsD) both common and specific factors165) Empirically supported treatments refer to A) treatments that are effective for all psychological disorders and this effectiveness has been established through rigorous scientific testing. B) treatments that are effective for specific disorders and this effectiveness has been established through rigorous scientific testing. C) treatments for which only anecdotal evidence of effectiveness are available. D) a method for differentiating between effective and ineffective forms of psychotherapy treatments.B) treatments that are effective for specific disorders and this effectiveness has been established through rigorous scientific testing.166) Proponents of empirically supported treatments believe that A) clinicians should make treatment decisions without regard to scientific evidence. B) science should inform a clinician's decision making about the most appropriate therapeutic practices. C) too little research has been done to appropriately inform clinicians about the best treatments for specific disorders. D) only cognitive-behavioural techniques should be used to treat psychological problems.B) science should inform a clinician's decision making about the most appropriate therapeutic practices.167) Which of the following is the correctly matched effective treatment and disorder according to the list of empirically supported treatments? A) Interpersonal therapy - phobias B) Psychodynamic therapy - depression C) Dialectical behaviour therapy - borderline personality disorder D) Systematic desensitization - schizophreniaC) Dialectical behaviour therapy - borderline personality disorder168) Critics of empirically supported treatments are concerned that A) psychiatrists and psychologists will eventually be forced to only treat mental health problems via pharmacotherapy. B) insufficient data exist for appropriately distinguishing between superior and inferior forms of psychotherapeutic treatments. C) the scientific method is not the best approach to take for establishing what best treatment practices are for the various psychological disorders. D) cognitive-behavioural therapy will be used at the expense of more effective treatments because it is cheaper.B) insufficient data exist for appropriately distinguishing between superior and inferior forms of psychotherapeutic treatments.169) Holly has recently entered therapy for her major depressive disorder at an important "down" period in her life. Her therapist suggests that she and Holly will work together to identify and change Holly's irrational thinking. After six weeks, Holly feels less depressed. Suppose, however, that the change resulted not from the therapy but rather from the normal "ups and downs" that people experience. This suggests that clinicians need to consider the impact of ________ on therapeutic outcomes. A) self-serving biases B) spontaneous remission C) the placebo effect D) retrospective rewriting of the pastB) spontaneous remission170) What treatment for schizophrenia was once considered effective, but is no longer accepted in the therapeutic community as a viable type of psychotherapy? A) Electroconvulsive shock therapy B) Direct analysis C) Psychodynamic therapy D) Exposure therapyB) Direct analysis171) Bella had been very sad and fatigued, and when she first started treatment, she scored very highly on a measure of depression. A few months later, her therapist gave her the same test again and reported that the therapy must be working because Bella's scores were lower, even though she does not feel much different. What is the BEST alternate explanation for this outcome? A) Retrospective rewriting B) Spontaneous remission C) Regression to the mean D) Self-serving biasC) Regression to the mean172) One reason that nearly any type of credible treatment may produce strong beneficial effects, is that people hope it will and want it to work. This idea is referred to a A) the self-serving bias. B) spontaneous remission. C) the placebo effect. D) regression to the mean.C) the placebo effect.173) People who have gone through therapy often recall their therapy adjustment as much worse than it actually was. This often leads them to ________ how much improvement resulted from their psychotherapy experience. A) accurately estimate B) subjectively estimate C) overestimate D) underestimateC) overestimate174) Statisticians will often describe how extreme performances, both good and bad, tend to be followed by more average levels of performance. This ________ might be one explanation for why many psychotherapy patients improve regardless of the type of therapy received. A) placebo effect B) self-serving bias C) regression to the mean D) retrospective rewritingC) regression to the mean175) The reliance on self-help books for treatment of problem behaviours or psychological concerns is referred to as ________________. A) logotherapy. B) journalling. C) bibliotherapy. D) facilitated communication.C) bibliotherapy.176) A major concern with using self-help books rather than seeking out professional guidance and assistance is that A) self-help authors are just writing them to make money rather than help people. B) few clinicians would ever recommend such materials to their clients. C) self-help books tend to challenge conventional wisdom and are more effective than seeing a psychiatrist or clinical psychologist. D) the claims made in most self-help books have never been scientifically tested.D) the claims made in most self-help books have never been scientifically tested.177) An important criticism of self-help materials is that they frequently make far-fetched promises. This is similar to the pseudoscience sin of A) psychobabble. B) overreliance on anecdotes. C) the absence of connectivity. D) exaggerated claims.D) exaggerated claims.178) Self-help materials sometimes backfire when users fail to see the kinds of changes touted by the programs. This often leads the users of self-help materials to A) be more likely to seek professional help for their problems. B) be less likely to seek professional help for their problems. C) warn their friends about the downside of anecdotal evidence. D) demand more rigorous evidence of self-help program effectiveness in the future.B) be less likely to seek professional help for their problems.179) Which form of biological therapy would a psychiatrist be most likely to suggest for a client? A) Vagus nerve stimulation therapy B) Electroconvulsive therapy C) Psychosurgery D) PharmacotherapyD) Pharmacotherapy180) The most frequently encountered treatment for schizophrenia today comes from a form of A) electroconvulsive therapy. B) vagus nerve stimulation therapy. C) psychosurgery. D) pharmacotherapy.D) pharmacotherapy.181) A frequently prescribed drug therapy for managing one's depression is A) Adderall. B) Lithium. C) Thorazine. D) Prozac.D) Prozac.182) Thorazine, Haldol, Risperdal, and Seroquel are all examples of what class of drugs? A) Antipsychotics B) Mood stabilizers C) Antidepressants D) PsychostimulantsA) Antipsychotics183) Elavil, Parnate, Tofranil, Zoloft, and Nardil are all examples of what class of drugs? A) Antipsychotics B) Mood stabilizers C) Antidepressants D) PsychostimulantsC) Antidepressants184) Lithium, Tegretol, Lamictal, and Depakote are all examples of what class of drugs? A) Antipsychotics B) Mood stabilizers C) Antidepressants D) PsychostimulantsB) Mood stabilizers185) Many pharmacological drugs claim to restore the chemical balance in the brain by altering the levels of various neurotransmitters. However, many medications may exert their effects largely by affecting the __________ of receptors rather than neurotransmitter levels. A) blockage B) sensitivity C) number D) structureB) sensitivity186) Which of the following type of disorder and class of drug is INCORRECTLY matched? A) Psychotic conditions - neuroleptics B) Anxiety disorders - anxiolytics C) Depression - mood stabilizers D) Attention problems - psychostimulantsC) Depression - mood stabilizers187) A frequently prescribed medication for managing one's attention problems is A) Thorazine. B) Ritalin. C) Lithium. D) Prozac.B) Ritalin.188) Antianxiety, antidepressant, or antipsychotic medications are most frequently prescribed by A) clinical social workers. B) clinical psychologists. C) pastoral counsellors. D) psychiatrists.D) psychiatrists.189) What is one reason that many critics argue that psychologists should not be given the right to directly prescribe medications to their psychotherapy clients? A) Psychologists' training does not provide the knowledge for appropriately understanding the drug's potential effects. B) Psychiatrists already have that privilege and therefore to give these privileges to psychologists would be redundant. C) Drug companies will provide free samples that will get into the hands of drug addicts if we allow psychologists to prescribe directly. D) Pharmacotherapy has not proven to be as effective as the various psychotherapies.A) Psychologists' training does not provide the knowledge for appropriately understanding the drug's potential effects.190) Structural family therapy is intended to ________________ whereas strategic family interventions are designed to ________________. A) identify the scapegoat and structure all of the family's complaints; focus all complaints around the problems of one individual. B) treat the family as a group unit that needs help; provide treatment for each family member individually. C) make changes in how the family interacts; remove barriers to effective communication within a family. D) examine how problems arise due to hierarchies in a family; help families cope specifically with addictions issues.C) make changes in how the family interacts; remove barriers to effective communication within a family.191) The research on psychotherapy and the brain suggests that A) both drug therapies and psychotherapies impact the same neural pathways. B) only drug therapies should be used to treat people's behavioural or emotional problems. C) both drug therapies and psychotherapies produce documentable changes in brain activity. D) only drug therapies produce documentable changes in brain activity.C) both drug therapies and psychotherapies produce documentable changes in brain activity.192) _________________ involves grotesque involuntary movements of the facial muscles and mouth and twitching of the neck, arms, and legs, and is a serious side effect of some antipsychotic medications. A) Parkinson's disease B) Tardive dyskinesia C) Metabolic binding D) Neurotransmitter receptor destructionB) Tardive dyskinesia193) A major criticism of the use of medication for treating a child's ADHD is that A) doctors are overprescribing medications for children with ADHD rather than using effective strategies to increase the child's attention. B) parents and teachers are often allowed little input in whether a child must begin pharmacotherapy for his or her ADHD. C) pharmacotherapy leads to an increased risk for suicide in patients diagnosed with ADHD. D) there is no scientific evidence that pharmacotherapy is useful is reducing the symptoms for children with ADHD.A) doctors are overprescribing medications for children with ADHD rather than using effective strategies to increase the child's attention.194) Concerns about the use of medications to treat psychological disorders have focused on all of the following EXCEPT A) increases in suicidal thoughts in children and adolescents who are prescribed SSRIs. B) overprescription of psychostimulant drugs over other forms of psychotherapy. C) problems with rates of compliance to a medication regime once immediate symptoms decrease. D) high levels of polypharmacy where many medications are prescribed at the same time.C) problems with rates of compliance to a medication regime once immediate symptoms decrease.195) Electroconvulsive therapy is often A) used as a last resort for persons who suffer from severe depression or schizophrenia. B) used to treat people who are phobic, suffer from anxiety disorders, or experience sleep disorders. C) used to control people's behaviour rather than serving as any form of useful treatment for psychological disorders. D) the first step in a longer biomedical treatment management of mood and schizophrenic disorders.A) used as a last resort for persons who suffer from severe depression or schizophrenia.196) Electroconvulsive shock therapy is only recommended for individuals with serious A) depression. B) bipolar disorder. C) schizophrenia. D) all of the above.D) all of the above.197) We must be cautious about accepting patients' statements about the effectiveness of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) because they may be motivated to justify their experience or because they believed the treatment would work before starting. This reminds the critical thinker of the importance of A) falsifiable research questions. B) the principle of parsimony/Occam's razor. C) ruling out rival hypotheses. D) supporting extraordinary claims with extraordinary evidence.C) ruling out rival hypotheses.198) What new biological procedure has been approved for treatment of severe depression? A) Psychosurgery B) Electroconvulsive therapy C) Vagus nerve stimulation D) Rebirthing therapyC) Vagus nerve stimulation199) In order to protect patient interests, research ethics boards (REBs) must approve each psychosurgical operation to ensure A) the patient has consented to the operation. B) the patient has received an appropriate preoperative and postoperative evaluation. C) there is a clear rationale for the operation. D) all of the above are concerns that the REB evaluates before approving psychosurgeries.D) all of the above are concerns that the REB evaluates before approving psychosurgeries200) In modern day, psychosurgery would be performed as an absolute last resort for patients that suffer severely from which of the following disorders? A) Obsessive-compulsive disorder B) Borderline personality disorder C) Dissociative identity disorder D) Somotoform disordersA) Obsessive-compulsive disorder201) An important consideration before undergoing psychosurgery is that A) the costs may be greater than the actual benefits received. B) it is the least controversial of the biological forms of treatment. C) it is now illegal to perform this treatment in Canada. D) it was hailed as an important medical innovation back in the 1930s and 1940s.A) the costs may be greater than the actual benefits received.