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AP Psychology Chapter 6 Terms Weiten

Terms in this set (36)

Learning
Any relatively durable change in behavior or knowledge that is due to experience
Conditioning
Involves learning connections between events tat occur in an organism's environment
Classical conditioning
A type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus
Unconditioned stimulus (US)
A stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning
Unconditioned response (UR)
An unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning
Conditioned stimulus (CS)
A previously neutral stimulus that has, through conditioning, acquired the capacity to evoke a conditioned response
Conditioned response (CR)
A learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of previous conditioning
Acquistion
Refers to the initial stage of learning something
Extinction
The gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response tendency
Spontaneous recovery
The reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of nonexposure to the conditioned response
Stimulus generalization
Occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus responds in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus
Stimulus discrimination
Occurs when an organism that has a learned response to a specific stimulus does not respond in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus
Higher-order condioning
A conditioned stimulus functions as if it were an unconditioned stimulus. The less similar new are to the original CS, the greater the likelihood (and ease) or discrimination
Operant conditioning
A form of learning in which responses come to be controlled by their consequences
Reinforcement
Occurs when an event following a response increases an organism's tendency to make a response
Operant chamber or Skinner Box
A small enclosure in which an animal can make a specific response that is recorded while the consequences of the response are systematically controlled
Primary reinforcers
Events that are inherently reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs
Secondary or conditioned reinforcers
Events that acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers
Shaping
Which consists of repeatedly reinforcing closer and closer approximations of a desired response until the desired response is achieved
Resistance to extinction
Occurs when an organism continues to make a response after delivery of the reinforcer has been terminated
Generalization
Responding to new stimulus as if it were the original
Schedule of reinforcement
Determines which occurrences of a specific response result in the presentation of a reinforcer
Continuous reinforcement
Occurs when every instance of a designated response is reinforced
Intermittent or partial reinforcement
Occurs when a designated response is reinofrced only some of the time
Fixed-ratio (FR) schedule
The reinforcer is given after a fixed number of nonreinforced responses
Variable-ratio (VR) schedul
The reinforcer is given after a variable number of nonreinforced responses
Fixed-interval (FI) schedule
The reinforcer is given for the first response after a fixed time interval has elapsed
Variable-interval (VI) schedule
The reinforcer is given for the first response after a variable time interval has elapsed
Positive reinforcement
Occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the presentaiton of a rewarding stimulus
Negative reinforcement
Occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the removal of an aversive (unpleasant) stimulus
Escape learning
An organism acquires a response that decreases or ends some aversive stimulation
Avoidance learning
An organism acquires a response that prevents some aversive stimulation from occuring
Punishment
Occurs when an event following a response weakens the tendency to make that response
Latent learning
Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs
Observational learning
Occurs when an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models
Behavior modification
A systematic approach to changing behavior through the application of the principles of conditioning
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