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Staar Review 8th grade U.S. History

Terms in this set (221)

First permanent colony was founded in 1607
Jamestown VA
The arrival of the Pilgrims (Separatists) on the Mayflower in 1620 at _______ colony.
Plymouth, Massachusetts
An agreement that established the idea of self-government and majority rule. (Massachusetts, 1620)
Mayflower Compact
The Economic theory that a country's strength is measured by the amount of gold it has, that a country should sell more than it buys and that the colonies exist for the benefit of the Mother Country.
Mercantilism
Started in the British West Indies to provide a labor force for the sugar plantations. The triangular trade developed between the Colonies, England and West Indies and slaves were traded in the colonies for other goods (including the cash crops slaves would help cultivate)
Transatlantic Slave Trade
Religious Movement/Salvation for all/ encourages the ideas of equality/right to challenge authority. Churches welcomed groups of women, African Americans, and Native Americans and inspired colonists to help others. It contributes to the revolutionary idea of independence from Britain years later.
The First Great Awakening
Reasons for _________- Religion/Wealth/Fame/National pride/Curiosity/Faster, cheaper trade routes to Asia
Exploration
Reasons for __________-Religious freedom/Political freedom/Economic opportunity (mercantilism)/Social mobility/A better way of life
Colonization
Shipbuilding and manufacturing region/Ports/Rivers/ high population density/larger urban areas/ long winters, rocky soil, and forests/ Subsistence farming, shipbuilding, fishing
New England Colonies (Northern Colonies)
Agriculture and cattle producing/Ports/Rivers/ high population density/larger urban areas/ shorter winters, fertile soil, good ports, and natural resources/ farming ("breadbasket"), trade, large immigrant population
Middle Colonies
Cash-crop agricultural (Agrarian) area (cotton, indigo, tobacco)/ low population density/ warm Climate and good soil/plantation system (rice, indigo, cotton, tobacco) and large slave
Southern Colonies
Proximity to Atlantic coastline determined where settlements/colonies were created
Physical geographical features
Removal of the Native Americans, disease and conflict (C E)
Human geographical features
Because the colonies were so far a way they needed to self govern to keep order this began the growth of ________ government.
Representative
First written constitution in the colonies.
The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1638)
The first representative assembly in the American colonies
The Virginia House of Burgesses (1619)
Separatists/Pilgrims/Puritans (Religious Reason)
Massachusetts
Quakers (Religious Reason)/William Penn/Religious Tolerance (Equal)
Pennsylvania
Catholics (Religious Reason)
Maryland
Dutch (Economic Reasons)
New York
Swedes (Economic Reasons)
Delaware
Economic Reasons (Tobacco)
Virginia
Roger Williams was the founder of this colony and the separated Church.
Rhode Island
Thomas Hooker was the founder
Connecticut
The Jamestown colony of 1607 was founded here.
Virginia
Buffer between the other British colonies and Spanish Florida
Georgia
-Reverend and leader of a group of Boston Puritans that migrated to Hartford, Connecticut
-Gave a sermon in 1638 that influenced the writing of the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut .
Thomas Hooker
-Expanded on Locke's beliefs
-Added the judiciary to Locke's executive and legislature
-Wrote of the separation of powers
-Believed that in a republic
-Education is an absolute necessity
Charles de Montesquieu
-European Enlightenment philosopher
-Believed that personal liberty could coexist with political order
-Consent is the basis for government and fixes its limits
-Government is a social contract with limited powers and has obligations to its creators
-Government can be modified by its creators at any time (heavily influenced Thomas Jefferson and the writing of the Declaration of Independence)
John Locke
-An English judge, jurist and professor who wrote the historical and analytical treatise on common law (Commentaries on the Laws of England)
-Considered as the definitive pre-Revolutionary War source of common law
-Believed strongly in religious tolerance
-Supported the idea of self-defense (later became the 2nd Amendment)
-Wrote about "natural rights" which included life and liberty
William Blackstone
He founded a colony in present day Pennsylvania where Quakers could live according to their religious beliefs and make political decision according to those beliefs.
William Penn
The refusal to obey a government law or laws as a means of passive resistance because of one's moral conviction or belief.
Civil Disobedience
Fundamental rights or natural rights guaranteed to people naturally instead of by the law. Examples in the Declaration of Independence- Life, liberty, pursuit of happiness.
Unalienable Rights
War between Great Britain and France in North America/Caused Britain a lot of debt which they tax the colonists to pay it off.
French and Indian War
Colonists were forbidden to settle west of the Appalachian Mountains, Britain wanted a buffer zone between the colonists and the Native Americans (reduce threat of violence) but the colonists wanted to settle the fertile Ohio River Valley
The Proclamation of 1763
Wrongs, as perceived by the colonists that were committed by the King George III toward the colonists. Twenty-seven grievances are listed in the Declaration of Independence.
Colonial Grievances
The colonists did not have direct representation in Britain's law-making body (Parliament); Britain argued that the colonies had/virtual representation
Lack of representation in Parliament
Placed a tax on molasses in the colonies.
The Sugar Act (1764)
Required stamps to be purchased and placed on newspapers, almanacs, pamphlets, legal documents, and playing cards.
The Stamp Act (1765)
Taxes on glass, lead, paint, paper, and tea
The Townshend Act (1767)
Permitted the British East India Tea Comp. to sell tea at a lower price than colonial tea companies.
Tea Act (1773)
A protest against the Tea Act of 1773. The Tea Act let the British East India Tea Company bypass tea merchants and sells directly to colonist dressed as Indians and dumped British tea into Boston harbor
Boston Tea Party
March 5, 1770 Encounter between British troops and citizens of Boston/Patriots antagonized British troops, who were quartered in Boston to discourage demonstrations against the Townshend Acts. British troops fired on the Patriots, killing 5 people.
The Boston Massacre
The Boston Tea Party made British leaders Intolerant. In 1774, Parliament passed a group of lays to punish the Massachusetts colony. The laws were so harsh that the colonists called then the Intolerable Acts.
The Intolerable Acts (1774)
Required the colonist to provide shelter and supplies to British troops (One of the Intolerable Acts)
Quartering Act (1774)
July 4, 1776. Americans Declared Independence from Great Britain. Written By Thomas Jefferson
Declaration of Independence
Persuaded Americans to join the Patriot cause for Independence/Written by Thomas Paine
Common Sense
Occurred at the Second Continental Congress (1776) was the first American constitution. It was a very weak document that limited the power of the Congress by giving states the final authority over all decisions.
Articles of Confederation
-1st battles of the war
- "The shot heard 'round the world"
-Paul Revere's ride
The Battles of Lexington and Concord
Turning point of the war; France joined the colonists after this victory, tipping the scale. (1777)
Battle of Saratoga
After suffering several defeats, Washington took his army to this place for the winter of 1777, there the men were trained and became more of a professional army (rather than militias), the winter was harsh and men suffered from starvation and frostbite.
Winter at Valley Forge
Surrender of Cornwallis General of the British brought end of war. (October 19, 1781)
Battle of Yorktown
-Recognized our Independence
-Boundaries extended to Canada in the North, the Mississippi River in the West, and Florida in the South.
Treaty of Paris 1783
Wife of John Adams, served as his confident and support while he served in the Continental Congress,when John and others were considering a declaration of independence, She reminded him to take care of the women, who would not hold themselves bound by laws in which they had no voice
"Remember the ladies"
Abigail Adams
Lawyer and politician, defended British soldiers after the Boston Massacre, a member of the Continental Congress (representing Massachusetts) and strong supporter of independence.
John Adams
African American Patriot, like Paul Revere he made an all-night ride back from Boston to warn his community of the impending British invasion, served in the army and fought at the Battle of Saratoga
Wentworth Cheswell
Played a role in many of the events which contributed to the Revolution including organized opposition to the Stamp Act, protests waged by the Sons of Liberty, and the Boston Massacre
Samuel Adams
Wife of a Massachusetts Patriot, anonymously wrote several propaganda pieces supporting the Patriot cause
Mercy Otis Warren
Slave in Virginia, Marquis de Lafayette recruited him as a spy for the Continental Army. Posing as a double agent, forger and servant at British headquarters, he moved freely between the lines with vital information on British troop movements for Lafayette, contributed to the American victory at Yorktown
James Armistead
A member of the committee which wrote the Declaration of Independence but spent most of the period of the American Revolution in France. He represented the colonies as the American envoy starting in 1776 and remained until 1785. He negotiated the alliance with France and then the Treaty of Paris which ended the war.
Benjamin Franklin
Spanish nobleman who became governor of the Spanish province of Louisiana (January 1777), protected American ships in the port of New Orleans and helped transport war supplies, and took up arms and fought to protect Louisiana
Bernardo de Gálvez
A black man, became the first casualty of the American Revolution when he was shot and killed in what became known as the Boston Massacre
Crispus Attucks
Feared that the loss of one group of colonies would lead to the loss of others and the eventual decline of the empire. To prevent this, the Crown maintained an aggressive policy against colonial resistance. George III struggled to enforce royal authority throughout his reign.
King George III
A Polish-born Jewish immigrant to America who played an important role in financing the Revolution, arrested by the British as a spy, used by the British as an interpreter with their German troops, helped British prisoners escape and encouraged German soldiers to desert the British army, became a broker to the French consul and paymaster to French troops in America
Haym Salomon
A French aristocrat who played a leading role in revolutions in France and in the American Revolution.
Marquis de Lafayette
A resident of Virginia, he was a surveyor, a planter, a soldier in the French and Indian War, a delegate to the First and Second Continental Congresses, commander-in-chief of the Continental
George Washington
Occurred in Philadelphia/Called to address the problems with the Articles of Confederation/Constitution was written and adopted/Written in 1787/Ratiftified in 1789
The Constitutional Convention
It was a large state plan that proposed representation based on population size/plan called for a two-house legislature, a chief executive chosen by the legislature, and a court system.
The Virginia Plan
It was a small state plan that proposed equal representation among all states.
New Jersey Plan
Constitution resulted in a two-house legislature (Bi-Cameral) with House of Representatives based on population and the Senate maintaining equal representation from all states. The issue was how slaves should be counted regarding population and taxation.
Great Compromise
Three-Fifths of the slave population would be counted when setting direct taxes on the states and three-fifths ratio would also be used to determine representation in the legislature. This was to count each enslaved person as three-fifths of a free person for both taxation and representation.
Three-Fifths Compromise
Argued for a stronger national government because under the Articles of Confederation, the weak national government set the United States up for failure. Federalists were for the Constitution.
Federalists
A leader of the Federalists, first Treasurer of the United States, creator of the Bank of the U.S., and killed in a duel by the Vice President of the United States, Aaron Burr.
Alexander Hamilton
Known as the Father of the Constitution, Helped to write the Federalist Papers with John Jay and Alexander Hamilton. Authored the first 10 Amendments (the Bill of Rights) to compromise with the Anti-Federalists
James Madison
Argued that states' rights should remain powerful over key issues. Remained of the opinion that we fought the Revolution to get away from strong central government; had great desire for individual liberties. Anti-federalists were against the Constitution.
Anti-federalists
Was so opposed to the idea of a stronger national government that he refused to attend the Philadelphia Convention because he smelled a rat. (influential leader from the Colonists' protest against England with his Give me Liberty or Give me Death speech)
Patrick Henry
Leader of the anti-federalists. Believed in the need to restrict governmental power and supported protection of individual rights. Served as a delegate from Virginia at the Constitutional Convention.
George Mason
Support ratification of the Constitution with a focus on the need for a strong central government with restricted powers.
Federalist Papers
Anti-Federalists opposed the Constitution because it lacked protection of individual rights/Wanted a Bill of Rights
Anti-Federalist writings
(1215) Limited the power of the King (Constitution limits the power of the central government)
Magna Carta
Listed individual rights (model for the Bill of Rights in the Constitution, first 10 Amendments)
English Bill of Rights
The government's right to rule comes from the people.
Popular Sovereignty
The government has only the powers that the Constitution gives it.
Limited Government
The Constitution divides the government into three branches.
Separation of powers
Each branch of government has the power to check or limit the actions of the other two
Checks and Balances
Division of power between the federal government and the states
Federalism
Citizens elect representatives to carry out their will
Republicanism
The Constitution protects individual rights such as freedom of speech, freedom religion etc.
Individual rights
Makes laws
Legislative Branch
Carries out the laws
Executive branch
Explains and interprets the laws
Judicial branch
The 10 amendments added to the Constitution that state US citizens' unalienable rights.
The Bill of Rights
This amendment states that "Congress shall make no law" restricting freedom of speech, religion, press, assembly, and petition.
The First Amendment
This amendment guarantees the right of states to organize militias, or armies, and the right of individuals to bear arms.
The Second Amendment
This amendment forbids the government to order private citizens to allow soldiers to live in their homes.
The Third Amendment
This amendment requires that warrants be issued if property is to be searched or seized (taken) by the government.
The Fourth Amendment
This amendment protects an accused person from having to testify against him or herself (self-incrimination); bans double jeopardy, and guarantees that no person will suffer the loss of life, liberty, or property without due process of law.
The Fifth Amendment
This Amendment guarantees the right to a speedy public trial by an impartial jury; the right to a lawyer; the right to cross examine witnesses; and the right to force witnesses at a trial to testify.
The Sixth Amendment
This amendment guarantees the right to a jury trial in civil suits.
The Seventh Amendment
This Amendment prohibits cruel and unusual punishment and excessive bail or fines
The Eighth Amendment
This amendment states that the people have rights other than those specifically mentioned in the Constitution.
The Ninth Amendment
This amendment states that powers not given to the federal government belong to the states.
The Tenth Amendment
A court case in 1803 that set the precedent of judicial review and gave the Supreme Court the power to declare laws unconstitutional. John Marshall was the Judge.
Marbury vs. Madison
-Served as Commander and Chief of the Continental Army
-Served as President of the Philadelphia Convention
-1st President in 1789
-Set the precedent for future Presidents
George Washington
A law that designed the federal court system
Federal Judiciary Act 1789
Farmers in western Pennsylvania staged a rebellion against a government tax on whiskey and the grain it was made from.Washington sent out federal troops to put down the uprising. The rebels fled
Whiskey Rebellion
Alexander Hamilton Based it on a loose interpretation of the elastic clause of the Constitution the bank was "necessary and proper" to carry out the government's duties. Declared neutrality-when the British and French went to war against each other. He believed that the United States must remain a neutral third party in order to survive.
National Bank
-Told nation to be neutral and not to get into permanent alliances with any country of the foreign world
-Recognized the dangers of political parties and warned that attacks by political parties could weaken the nation
-His advice guides U.S. foreign policy even to today.
Washington's Farwell Address
-1st Vice President
-2nd Pesident
-Federalists
-Avoided war with France though many disagreed with him
John Adams
Three anonymous French trouble makers brought France and the U.S. to the brink of war.
XYZ Affair
Four acts that made it difficult to become citizens and declared restrictions against citizens who criticized the government during war time
Alien and Sedition Acts
-Strong national government
-Loose construction of the Constitution
-Favored national bank and tariffs
-Manufacturing and shipping based economy
Federalists
-Limited national government
-Strict construction of the Constitution
-Opposed national bank and tariffs
-Agricultural economy
Democratic-Republicans
-Republican
-3rd President
-Wrote the Declaration of Independence
-Made the Louisiana purchase
Thomas Jefferson
4-30-1803 Jefferson paid France $15 million for this territory. This doubled the size of the United States.
The Louisiana Purchase
Lewis and Clark Explored this Territory in 1803-1806 with their guide Sacajawea.
Louisiana Territory
This Prohibited American from trading with foreign nations
Embargo Act 1807
-4th President
-Farther of the Constitution
-Was the President during the War of 1812 which ended the complications between Britain and the United States
James Madison
-5th President
-The last of the Virginia Dynasty
James Monroe
-Proclaimed that European powers should no longer colonize or interfere with the affairs of the nations of the Americas. The U.S. saw itself as a world power and a protector of Latin America
-Florida ceded by Spain to the United States in exchange for the U.S. to pay off Spanish debt
Monroe Doctrine
These describe what event?

Causes:
-Impressments of U.S. sailors
-Shipping interference
-British supported American Indian resistance against Americans
-War Hawks
Effects:
-Increased American Patriotism
-Weakened Native American Resistance
-U.S. Manufacturing Grew
Events:
-Attack on Washington D.C.
-Fort McHenry
-Battle of New Orleans
-Treaty of Ghent
War of 1812
-For the Common Man
-Democratic Party
-Government by the People
Andrew Jackson
-South Carolina Congressman
-Senator who spoke for the South before and during the Civil War.
John C. Calhoun
-Powerful Kentucky Congressman
-Senator who proposed the American System and the Compromise of 1850.
Henry Clay
States wanted to declare some federal laws unconstitutional.
In 1828 the Tariff of Abominations was passed resulting in a higher tariff.
In 1832, a lower tariff was passed but this still angered Southerners.
SC. declared the federal tariff unconstitutional.
Delegates to a special convention told the state legislature to take military action and to secede from the union if the federal government did it again.
To prevent a civil war, Henry Clay proposed the Compromise Tariff of 1833. Government lowers tariff and backs down.
The Nullification Crisis
The Bank of the United States was extremely powerful and it controlled the nation's money supply. Jackson viewed this bank as a bank made up of elitists run by private wealthy bankers. When Jackson was given the option to sign a renewed charter bank bill, he decided to veto it instead.
Banking System
Reasons For Removal And Resettlement of _______________-
The United States expanded into the lower South, white settlers thought the Indians were a obstacle. These Indian nations were thought to be standing in the way of The US progress. They wanted land to raise cotton so the settlers pressured the federal government to acquire Indian Territory.
Cherokee Indians
This act gave the president power to negotiate removal treaties with Indian tribes living east of the Mississippi. Under these treaties, the Indians were to give up their lands east of the Mississippi in exchange for lands to the west.The Indian Territory was an area in Oklahoma.
Indian Removal Act
In 1836, the Cherokee were given two years to move off there land. 16,000 moved, 4,000 died from the long trip. They were forced to move by soldiers.
Trail of Tears
(1832) the court ruled in favor of Worcester. President Andrew Jackson responded by enforcing the Indian Removal Act. He also responded by siding with Georgia and chose not to enforce the Supreme Court ruling.
Worcester v. Georgia
(1819)- Issue- Maryland wanted to tax its branch of the national bank/Decision- States cannot claim to have power over the federal government/Significance- Federal government is upheld as the supreme law of the land.
McCulloch v. Maryland
(1824)- Issue- Steamship operators fought over shipping rights on Hudson River in both New York and New Jersey/Decision- Only the federal government has power to regulate interstate commerce/Significance- Federal government's power reinforced.
Gibbons v. Ogden
The U.S. government and its citizens believed that the nation's destiny or fate was to expand Westward from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. (Coast to Coast) Many settlers wanted to start a new life.
Manifest Destiny
(1787) This established principals and procedures for orderly expansion of the United States/Orderly procedure for established territories and applying for statehood.
The Northwest Ordinance
Territory gained by the Adams-Onis Treaty
The Oregon Country
Territories Received by The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo after the Mexican War.
New Mexico, Arizona, California, and Texas was added later
The strip of land along the present day states of Arizona and New Mexico. This was important because it made an easier route to California. With this purchase the United States mainland reached its present size. U.S. paid Mexico 10 Million for this.
Gadsden Purchase
War with ________-
Causes:
-President Polk wanted to expand the United States
-Border Dispute concerning the southern boundary of Texas (Rio Grande was claimed by Texas and disputed by Mexico)
-U.S. soldiers patrolled a disputed region that Mexico considered its own territory.
Effects: Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, Mexican Cession, and Gadsden Purchase
War with Mexico
___________________-
-Settlers came to California, pushed many American Indians off their lands, population of California quickly rises to the amount required for statehood
-California's proximity to Pacific Ocean led to an increase of immigration from Asian nations.
-Rocky Mountains' location between eastern and western parts of the United States; resulted in need for Gadsden Purchase to put in railroad for train transport of goods from East to West
California Gold Rush
The era in which a change from household industries to factory production using powered machinery took place.
Industrial Revolution
The freedom of private businesses to operate competitively for profit with minimal government regulation.
Free Enterprise
Industrialization led to new jobs in cities and this led to urbanization and growth of cities.
North economics
They have a warm climate and fertile soil so they had plantation system, slave system, and sustained cash crop economy
Southern Economics
Invented by Eli Whitney/made the cotton-cleaning process more efficient and quicker thus the need arose for a larger work force (drastic rise in the number of slaves in the South). It enabled cotton farmers to move west.
Invention of the Cotton Gin
Robert Fulton/Increased factory production and led to the growth of cities like New Orleans and St. Louis because it could move goods and people faster up and down rivers.
Steamboat
Parts for devices were made to be nearly identical so that they could fit into any device of the same type, this allows easy assembly of new devices and efficient repair of existing devices/drastically increased productivity and efficiency of production and repair)
Interchangeable parts
The first inexpensive industrial process for the massproduction of steel. It decreased the cost which allowed increase in steel production and work force.
Bessemer steel process
Increased farm productivity
Mechanical Reaper
Man-made waterways used for travel and/or shipping (The Erie
______ 1825).
Canals
By the 1890s, the United States was becoming an urban nation, and this invention supplied cities and towns with food, fuel, building materials, and access to markets; this invention (completed in 1869) created a nation-wide transportation it allowed for the transportation of larger quantities of goods over longer distances.
Railroads
(Samuel Morse) transmitted electric signals over wires from location to a location that translated it into a message; many telegraph lines followed railroads; enhanced communication
Telegraph
A person who wanted to end slavery in the United States.
Abolitionist
A Leading African-American abolitionist, he spoke and wrote about his early life as a slave. Newspaper Editor for the North Starr.
Frederick Douglass
Slave that helped other slaves escapes via the underground railroad. The Underground Railroad was a series of escape routes from the South to the North. Slaves would travel by foot. They also took wagons, boats, and trains.
Harriet Tubman
Uncle Toms Cabin. Play that showed slavery was wrong.
Harriet Beecher Stowe
He published the abolitionist newspaper, The Liberator, in Boston
William Lloyd Garrison
She was a key spokesperson for the 19th century women's suffrage movement
Susan B. Anthony
She was a leader of the 19th century women's suffrage movement ,called for the first convention of women's movement in Seneca Falls, wrote the "Declaration of Sentiments" which was approved at the Seneca Falls Convention
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
It spawned many of the humanitarian reform movements.
Examples:
prison, women's rights, temperance, and abolition of slavery. It contributed to the motivations of reformers, but heightened class and regional differences
Second Great Awakening
This idea was to open public schools primarily in the North as well as private grade schools and colleges by churches and other groups (Horace Mann)
Public education
Organized societies that worked at trying to stop the drinking of alcohol. Some states passed laws that made it illegal to sell alcohol
Temperance
A Campaign to stop the drinking of alcohol. This Caused Violence/Will cause Violence. Several women joined this movement.
Temperance/Prohibition Laws
Well organized groups that fought for better working conditions for women. Were able to pass a federal law that ordered a 10 hour working day. Reform efforts did not achieve voting rights, but did shorten the workday.
Women's rights
Pushed for separate jails for women, men, and children and called for the mission of prisons was to rehabilitate
Prison reform
Building of new hospitals for the mentally ill, deaf and blind. (Dorothea Dix)
Care of the disabled
A tax on goods brought into a country.
Tariff
A tax placed on goods from another country to protect the home industry.
Protective tariff
A strong sense of loyalty to a state or section instead of to the whole country.
Sectionalism
Name the colony.

-Illegal since the Revolution
-Abolitionist societies and newspapers and Underground Railroad
-Many were ambivalent to the plight of slaves
-free blacks
North
Name the colony.

-Economic factor: Slaves viewed and property and labor supply
-Maintain way of life
-Considered a state's right issue
-Fugitive Slave Law
South
Name the colony.

-Fight over whether or not to extend slavery into the territories
-Maintain balance of free v. slave state in the senate
West
Allowed for Missouri to enter the Union as a slave state and Maine as a free state, this maintained the balance of power in the Senate (Slave and Free States).
Missouri Compromise
Allowed for California to enter the Union as a free state (pleased the North); the rest of the Southwest was left open to slavery, depending on a vote of the people (popular sovereignty) who settled there (pleased the South); ended the slave trade in Washington, D.C., put allowed those owning slaves to keep them (pleased both sides)
Compromise of 1850
Required the return of escaped slaves to their owners (pleased the South, angered the North because they felt it was immoral) Some new states allowed slavery, while some did not.
Fugitive Slave Act
An agreement where each side gains some of their demands by giving up some of their demands
Compromise
Allowed for Kansas and Nebraska organize on the basis of popular sovereignty (they would vote themselves to decide if they would be Free or Slave states)
Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)
After the Kansas-Nebraska act the people of Kansas were able to vote for or against slavery. The people of Missouri wanted them to be pro-slavery so they came down and voted for their own cause. Well this caused some violence.
Bleeding(bloody) Kansas
This event was a landmark Supreme Court case in 1857 which confirmed the status of slaves as property rather than citizens.
Dred Scott v. Sanford decision (1857)
Cause of the Civil War

The North, South, and West felt separate rather than being one complete nation.
Sectionalism
Cause of the Civil War

Only the South agreed and had this.
Slavery
Cause of the Civil War

The South turned to this argument to try and protect slavery
States' Rights
President of the Confederate States of America (South)
Jefferson Davis
Commander of the Union army; was the General of the Union Army and was responsible for winning the Civil War for the North.
Ulysses S. Grant
He was the General of the Confederate Army
Robert E. Lee
He was the 16th President of the United States who successfully put the Union back together only to be assassinated 5 days after the Civil War ended.
Abraham Lincoln
He was a Congressional Medal of Honor recipient (May 23 1900), served with the 54th Massachusetts Regiment (Union) during the Civil War, he was the first black soldier to receive the award
William Carney
He was a Confederate General in the Civil War, earned his name "Stonewall" at the Battle of Bull Run, gifted tactical commander lead troops in the 1st and 2nd Battles of Bull Run (Manassas) and Antietam.
Stonewall Jackson
This speech stated that, "no state...can lawfully get out of the Union", but pledged there would be no war unless the South started it. This was what the speaker thought about nullification and seceding.
Lincoln's First Inaugural Address
The speaker claimed that secession was " a necessity, not a choice, we have resorted to the remedy of separation, and henceforth our energies must be directed to the conduct of our own affairs, and the perpetuity of the Confederacy which we have formed."
Jefferson Davis's Inaugural Address
First battle of the Civil War. A federal fort in Charleston Harbor, was fired upon by rebel forces to begin the Civil war (April 1861)
Battle of Fort Sumter
1862:This battle was the bloodiest single-day battle of the war, occurred in Maryland on September 17, 1862. Lincoln issued his Emancipation Proclamation on September 23, followings the Union's victory.
Battle of Antietam
This proclaimation changes the nature of the war from that of preserving the Union to freeing the slaves. The proclamation freed only the slaves in the rebelling territories, the South (announced in September 1862, signed the order in January 1863)
Emancipation Proclamation
This battle was the turning point in the Civil War for the North. Confederate troops were forced to retreat and never invaded the North again
Battle of Gettysburg
This Address was a short speech given by Abraham Lincoln to dedicate a cemetery for soldiers who died at the Battle of Gettysburg. It is considered to be a profound statement of American ideals.
Gettysburg Address
The North in this battle,captured this strong hold to gain control of the Mississippi River and divided the Southern states. (May-July 1863)
Siege of Vicksburg
Lincoln's __________ Inaugural Address was meant to help heal and restore the country after four years of Civil War.
Lincoln's 2nd inaugural Address
Lincoln is shot by John Wilkes Booth, a southern sympathizer (April 1865) The loss of his leadership made overcoming the challenges the nation faced more difficult.
Assassination of Lincoln
This Court House is the small town in Virginia where Robert E. Lee surrendered the Confederate Army to Ulysses S. Grant ending the Civil War.
Appomattox Court House
Process of restoring, reorganizing, or repairing.
Reconstruction
Rights to personal liberty.
Civil rights
After the assassination of Lincoln, his Vice President took Office (________), this man let Southern States back into the Union after they swore an oath of loyalty to the Union. They had to denounce slavery and ratify the 13th Amendment.
Andrew Johnson
This amendment abolished slavery.
Thirteenth Amendment
This amendment says that All persons born in the United States (except Native Americans) were citizens and all citizens were entitled to equal rights regardless of their race, and their rights were protected by due process of the law
Fourteenth Amendment
This amendment gave all MEN suffrage
Fifteenth Amendment
This act granted adult heads of families 160 acres of surveyed publicland for a minimal filing fee. The impact was that it accelerated the settlement of the western territory.
Homestead Act (May, 1862)
This act made it possible for new western states to establish colleges for their citizens. This act founded major Universities: University of Texas, Texas A
Morrill Act (July, 1862)
Their group supervised all relief and educational activities relating to refugees and freedmen, including suing rations, clothing and medicine.
Freedman Bureau
This act Granted citizenship to persons born in the United States except Native Americans.
Civil Rights Act of 1866
This act retracted Military occupation of the former confederate states, strict guidelines on representation and requirements for readmission to Union.
Reconstruction Act of 1867
This compromise occurred after the Presidential Election of 1876; included measures to appease the south (removal of all federal troops from the southern states, appointment of at least on Southern Democrat to Hayes's Administration, construction of a second transcontinental railroad in the South, and legislation enacted to help industrialize the South)
Compromise of 1877
This act allowed for the President to break up reservation land, which was held in common by the members of a tribe, into small allotments to be parceled out to individuals. The land allotted to the Indians included desert or near-desert lands unsuitable for farming
Dawes Act (February, 1887)
Laws passed in the South during Reconstruction to limit the opportunities for blacks.
Black Codes
These laws passed to bypass laws created by the Radical Republicans and any other federal law that Southerners did not agree with concerning African-Americans. African-Americans were not always able to participate in government or exercise their rights.
Jim Crow Laws
This secret society that gained support in 1868 and sought to destroy the Republican Party in the South; used harsh intimidation tactics on African Americans and other groups that helped African Americans.
Ku Klux Klan
Reconstruction of the South-was led by ___________ _________ that favored harsh treatment of the South, quick incorporation of the freemen into citizenship with full privileges including voting rights and the push for the seizure of land from planters
Radical Republicans
_______ wanted a easier admission of southerners back into the Union (except generals and prison guards).
Lincoln
Southerners who worked with the Republicans and were viewed as traitors by the southerners.
Scalawags
Northerners who went to the South and became involved in the new state politics. They were called this because of the luggage they carried. They were not trusted by Southerners and many took advantage of the Southerners' situation.
Carpetbaggers
Impact of __________:
- Southerners finding ways to go around the federal laws put in place to protect freed slaves
- Freed slaves - were guaranteed rights by the federal government but had to follow laws passed by the states that they lived in which limited their opportunities
- White Southerners - the Radical Republicans removed any type of compromise that the Southerners were willing to make and were able to find political ways to keep blacks still enslaved to them.
Reconstruction
Reconstruction of the _______:
-Radical Republicans - after Reconstruction was over, Republicans did not have any political power in the South for over 100 years.
-Transitioning slaves to citizens
-Freed slaves - some were able to take advantage of the opportunities given to them by the government but most organizations created to help freed slaves were under funded and most freed slaves ended up working on plantations or sharecropping much like they had before.
South
This person was elected as the first African-American Senator. As a senator, Revels won notice for speaking out against racial segregation. The twenty-two African American men elected to the United States Congress from the end of the Civil War to the turn of the twentieth century.
Hiram Rhodes Revels
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