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Digestive system

Terms in this set (25)

Mouth
Enzymes:
-salivary amylase
Digests:
-starch~ maltose
Stomach (hcl)
Enzymes:
-pepsin
-renin
Digests:
-proteins~ peptides
-milk proteins
Pancreatic enzymes (duodenum)
Enzymes:
-pancreatic
-amylase
-trypsin
-lipase
-nucleases
-bicarbonate
Digests:
-starch~maltose
-proteins~ peptides
-fats~ fatty acid+ glycerol
-nucleic acid~ nucleotides
-neutralizes
Gallbladder (duodenum)
Enzymes:
-bile juice (made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder)
Digests:
-fats
small intestine (duodenum)
Enzymes:
-maltase
-sucrase
-lactase
Digests:
-maltose~ 2 glucose
-sucrose~ glucose + fructose
- lactose~ glucose + galactose
large intestine
Resident bacteria:
-digest remaining nutrients
-produce some vitamin K and B
-release gases
main goal/ function of digestion system
1. breakdown of ingested food
2. absorption of nutrients into the blood
organs of the alimentary canal (GI tract)
1. mouth
2. pharynx
3. esophagus
4. stomach
5. small intestine
- duodenum
- jejunum
-ileum
6. large intestine
- cecum
- appendix
- colon (ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid)
- rectum
-anal canal
accessory digestive organs
1. salivary glands
2. teeth
3. pancreas
4. liver
5. gall bladder
sphincters
1. cardiac (cardioesophageal/ lower esophageal)- between the esophagus and stomach
2. pyloric- stomach and small intestine
3. ileocecal valve- between the small and large intestine
4. internal anal sphincter- involuntary
5. external anal sphincter- voluntary
functions of the stomach
- storage tank for food
- chemical breakdown of proteins begins
-delivers chyme (processed food) to the small intestine
-located on the left side of the abdominal cavity
regions of the stomach
1a. cardioesopageal sphincter: b/w esphagus & stomach
1. cardiac region: near the heart
2. fundus
3. body
4. pylorus: funnel-shaped terminal end
4b. pyloric sphincter: b/w stomach & small intestine
surface epithelium (specialized cells of the gastric pits in stomach)
function:
stomach lining
mucous neck cells (specialized cells of the gastric pits in stomach)
function:
sticky alkaline mucus
gastric glands (specialized cells of the gastric pits in stomach)
function:
gastric juice
chief cells (specialized cells of the gastric pits in stomach)
Function:
pepsinogen (protein digesting enzyme)
parietal cells (specialized cells of the gastric pits in stomach)
function:
hydrochloric acid
endocrine cells (G cells) (specialized cells of the gastric pits in stomach)
function:
gastrin
small intestine
location: suspended from the posterior abdominal wall by the mesentery
-pyloric sphincter
1. duodenum
2. jejunum
3. ileum
-ileocecal valve
function of the small intestine:
- nutrient absorption into the blood
-pancreatic juices enter
-bile enters from the gall bladder (or directly from the liver if your gall bladder was removed)
-villi (folds) and microvilli (on absorption cells in the folds) increase the surface area for absorption (size of tennis court)
-blood capillaries are close to absorptive cells to take in nutrients
-lacteals (specialized lymphatic capillaries)
- the submucosa has Peyer's patches (collections of lymphatic tissue)
function of the large intestine
-absorption of water
- eliminates indigestible food from the body as feces
-does not participate in digestion of food
- goblet cells produce mucus to act as a lubricant
A. cecum: saclike first part of the large intestine
B. appendix:
--accumulation of lymphatic tissue that sometimes becomes inflamed (appendicitis)
-- hangs form cecum
C. colon (ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid s-shaped)
D. rectum
E. anus: external body opening
pancreas
-secretes digestive enzymes into the duodenum
-alkaline fluid neutralizes acidic chyme
-also has an endocrine function (insulin+glucagon)
liver
-located on the right side of the body under the diaphragm
-has 4 lobes suspended from the diaphragm and abdominal wall
-connected to the gall bladder via the common hepatic duct
bile
-produce by liver cells
- bile salts
- bile pigment (mostly bilirubin {yellow/ jaundice} from the breakdown of hemoglobin)
-cholesterol
-phospholipids
-electrolytes
gallbladder
-stores bile from the liver by way of the cystic duct
-bile is introduced into the duodenum in the presence of fatty food
-gallstones can cause blockages
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