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Social Psychology final exam ch. 11-13 unit 4 Matthew Timmins MSU

Terms in this set (78)

prosocial behavior
any act performed with the goal of benefiting another person
empathy
ability to experience the events and emotions the way another person experiences them (put yourself in their shoes)
Catharsis
idea that engaging in aggression reduces future aggression
simpatia
range of social and emotional traits, including being friendly, polite, good-natured, pleasant, and helpful toward others
social distance
a person's reluctance to get "too close" to another group
aggression
intentional behavior aimed at causing physical harm or psychological pain to another person (against that person's will)
Discrimination
unjustified negative or harmful action toward the members of a group simply because of their membership in that group
Microaggressions
"slights," indignities, and put-downs that many minorities routinely encounter
social identity threat
threat elicited when people perceive that others are evaluating them as a member of their group instead of as an individual
parasocial contact
emotional connection and investment with characters or celebrities of other social groups
empathy-altruism hypothesis
hypothesis associated with helping behavior and empathy for a classmate in Toi and Batson (1982)
video games
form of media found to increase prosocial and aggressive behavior
Bandura's Bobo Doll Experiment
when children observed adults being aggressive in this experiment, the children also behaved aggressively
self-fulfilling prophecy
when treated as though they are inferior, white participants performed worse supporting this phenomenon
urban overload hypothesis
hypothesis that explains why urban dwellers are less likely to engage in prosocial behavior; can occur rapidly
social exchange theory
we determine if we will help others based on costs, benefits, and reciprocity
contact hypothesis
The view that social groups will reduce prejudice
frustration-aggression theory
idea that frustration (perception that you are being prevented from attaining a goal) increases the probability of an aggressive response
dual hormone hypothesis
testosterone relates to dominance - seeking bx only when stress hormone, cortisol is not elevated.
What is the first step in determining whether or not to help in an emergency?
notice the event
jigsaw classroom
classroom designed to decrease prejudice through making small, diverse groups of students rely on each other to learn the material
prejudice
realistic conflict hypothesis suggest that these increase when resources are scarce
what are the 3 requirements for an effective apology?
be genuine; take full responsibility; reassure the person you will not do it again
What is the I(3) theory of aggression?
Instigation, Impellance, Inhibition
the use of this substance and expectation of its effects increase the likelihood of aggression what is this substance?
Alcohol
What did Darwin realize was wrong with the evolutionary theory?
How can it explain altruism?
If people's overriding goal is to ensure their own survival, why would they help others at a cost to themselves?
Genes promoting selfish bx should be more likely to be passed on
Kin Selection
idea that behaviors that help a genetic relative are favored by natural selection
________ chances ___________ will be passed along by ensuring that genetic relatives have children
Increase; genes
Natural selection should favor_________ directed toward __________
altruistic acts ; genetic relatives
Some research supports the idea of
kin selection
People are more likely to help a _________ in a life-or-death situation than a ____________
genetic relative ; non-relative
_________ from emergency responders also supports kin selection
Anecdotal evidence
Reciprocity Norm
expectation that helping others will increase the likelihood that they will help us in the future
Some researchers suggest the feeling of ________ evolved to help regulate reciprocity
gratitude
____________ is the group-level extension of _____________
Group selection ; natural selection
__________ favors those who kept their groups alive
natural selection
_____________ says people decide how to interact with one another based on personal costs and benefits
social exchange theory
We pay a cost now expecting help later ________
(reciprocity norms)
_______ is an investment in our future
Helping
Relief of
bystander distress
Gain
social approval
Increase
feelings of self-worth
We become less likely to help when it may be costly; examples include:
Physical danger
Pain
Embarrassment
Time
Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis
the idea that when we feel empathy for a person, we will attempt to help that person for purely altruistic reasons, regardless of what we have to gain
When we are ____ on empathy, social exchange _____
low; plays a role
Toi & Batson (1982)
Listen to radio recording (supposedly randomly selected)
Story of "Carol" who was in an accident and is failing, especially intro psych, from the accident
Toi & Benson: Consider it from her (Carol) perspective
(high empathy)
Toi & Benson: Consider it from an objective perspective
(low empathy)
Toi and Batson 1982
* Researcher gives you a letter Carol agreed to write asking for help in intro psych
* She's in your class, may see her later (high cost for not helping)
* She's not in your class, won't see her later (low cost for not helping)
* What would you do?
Altruistic Personality
the qualities that cause an individual to help others in a wide variety of situations
Individual differences
in personality alone don't predict helping
What are some other critical factors when it comes to altruistic personality?
Situational pressures
Gender
Culture
Current mood
Are men or women more likely to help in the following situation?
* dramatic, heroic act like storming the cockpit of United 93 flight to fight terrorists
men more likely
Are men or women more likely to help in the following situation?
* Being involved in a long-term helping relationship, such as assisting a disabled neighbor with household chores
women more likely
In-Group
group with which an individual identifies as a member; Prosocial bx more likely to be motivated by empathy
Out-Group
any group with which an individual does not identify; Prosocial bx more likely to be motivated by social exchange
Suppose you are walking down the street one day when you see a man suddenly fall down and cry out with pain. He rolls up his pants leg, revealing a bandaged shin that is bleeding heavily. What would you do?
* Small towns:
- 50% of people who walked by stopped and offered to help the man

* Large cities:
- Only 15% of passersby stopped to help

* Similar results found in the US, Canada, Israel, Australia, Turkey, Great Britain, and Sudan
Urban Overload Hypothesis
if you put urban dwellers in a calmer, less stimulating environment, they would be as likely as anyone else to reach out to others
Oishi and colleagues (2007)
Complete a trivia competition with 4 other participants
Winner gets $10 gift card
Can help each other, but that reduces likelihood that helper will win
1 of the participants sighing and commenting that they don't know any of the trivia answers
Oishi and colleagues 2007
2 conditions:
Participants change groups after each task
Participant stays in the same group
Results:
Participants in the "stable" group were more likely to help than the "transient" group
Bystander Effect
finding that the greater the number of bystanders who observe an emergency, the less likely any one is to help.
Latané and Darley (1970)
considered why no one helped
Greitrmeyer & Osswald (2010)
Play video games for 10 minutes; Then participate in an "unrelated" study
Lemmings
take care of a small group of beings and help them find the exit (helping condition)
Tetris
classic game (neutral condition)
Greitrmeyer & Osswald 2010
"Unrelated" study provides the opportunity to help experimenter, but not what participants thought was the study:
Pick up a cup of pencils she accidentally knocked over
Volunteering to participate in future studies w/o compensation
Intervene when experimenter's ex-boyfriend comes into the lab and starts harassing her
Hostile (or Reactive) Aggression
aggression stemming from feelings of anger
Instrumental Aggression
aggression done as a means to achieve some goal other than causing pain
Who is more aggressive- males or females?
males
According to evolutionary theory
* Males bx aggressively to secure status
* Female chooses the male who offers greatest protection and resources
* Males aggress "jealousy" to ensure their paternity
Challenge Hypothesis
testosterone relates to aggression only when there are oppurtinities for reproduction
Dual-Hormone Hypothesis
testosterone relates to dominance -seeking behavior only when the stress hormone, cortisol, is not elevated
Agriculture
cooperative strategies for survival
Herding
herds vulnerable, hyperalert and respond to threat with force to decrease likelihood of theft
Culture of honor
men respond aggressively to restore status when man's reputation for toughness is on the line.
Relational Aggression
harming another person through the manipulation of relationships
Social-Cognitive Learning Theory
* people learn social bx in large part through the process of observational learning:
- observation and imitation of others
- cognitive processes such as plans, expectations, and beliefs
Frustration - Aggression Theory
* the idea that frustration (the perception that you are being prevented from attaining a goal) increases the probability of an aggressive response
* Originally developed in 1939
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