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FUNC BIO CH 20

Terms in this set (65)

plasmid and bacterial cell replication
Many identical copies of genes cloned in bacteria are produced as a result of ________.
reverse transcriptase
If mRNAs could be ligated and replicated within plasmids, what enzyme commonly used in
recombinant DNA technology would no longer be needed?
transform
If a scientist needs to put new DNA into a bacterium, she must ________ the bacterium.
Both BamHI-cut and BclI-cut DNAs would be ligated with no preference for which fragment is ligated to another.
If one sample of DNA was cut with BamHI and another with BclI, and these two samples were mixed and treated with DNA ligase, what would occur?
insertion of external DNA into a cell
How do we describe transformation in bacteria?
ssRNA
Which of the following could use reverse transcriptase to transcribe its genome?
a plasmid used to transfer DNA into a living cell
In recombinant DNA methods, the term "vector" can refer to ________.
GGCC
CCGG
Which of the following sequences in double-stranded DNA is most likely to be recognized as a cutting site for a restriction enzyme (endonuclease)?
polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
A paleontologist has recovered a bit of tissue from the 400-year-old preserved skin of an extinct dodo (a bird). To compare a specific region of the DNA from the sample with DNA from living birds, which of the following would be most useful for increasing the amount of dodo DNA available for testing?
a few modern H. sapiens with some Neanderthal sequences
A recent study compared the Homo sapiens genome with that of Neanderthals. The results of the study indicated a mixing of the two genomes at some period in evolutionary history. Additional data consistent with this hypothesis could be the discovery of ________.
PCR eliminates the need for restriction enzymes, vectors, and cells.
What is a primary difference between polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and traditional cloning procedures such as those used to clone the human growth hormone gene?
The DNA sequence of the ends of the DNA to be amplified must be known.
What information is critical to the success of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) itself?
Denature DNA; anneal primers; extend primers.
Which of the following is in the correct order for one cycle of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)?
Primers are annealing to the DNA to be amplified.
In a single polymerase chain reaction (PCR) cycle consisting of 15 seconds at 94°C, 30 seconds at 50°C, and 1 minute at 72°C, what is happening in the step run at 50°C?
PCR requires much less DNA for analysis.
In early forensic applications of DNA fingerprinting, DNA was extracted from crime scene material, digested with restriction enzymes, and then used to prepare a Southern blot. Today, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is used in the early steps of forensic DNA analysis. Which of the following is an advantage that PCR provides over the former method?
The number of repeats varies widely from person to person or animal to animal.
What characteristic of short tandem repeats (STRs) DNA makes it useful for DNA fingerprinting?
cloning fragments from many copies of an entire chromosome, sequencing the fragments, and then ordering the sequences
Which of the following most correctly describes the whole-genome shotgun technique for sequencing a genome?
expressed sequence tags
Bioinformatics can be used to scan for short sequences that specify known mRNAs, called ________.
I, III, and IV
Bioinformatics includes ________.
break genomic DNA at random sites
An early step in shotgun sequencing is to ________.
relatively small (~1000 base-pair) sequences cloned into plasmids
The bulk of the sequence data in whole-genome sequencing directly comes from ________.
bioinformatics
The best type of scientist to organize a large amount of genome sequence data would be someone who specializes in ________.
sequence a DNA fragment
A laboratory might use dideoxyribonucleotides to ________.
a sequence that is found to have a particular function in the nematode is likely to have a closely related function in vertebrates
Sequencing an entire genome, such as that of C. elegans, a nematode, is most important because ________.
identify genes and determine their functions
After finding a new medicinal plant, a pharmaceutical company decides to determine if the plant has genes similar to those of other known medicinal plants. To do this, the company annotates the genome of the new plant to ________.
by descent from a common ancestor
Biologists now routinely test for homology between genes in different species. If genes are determined to be homologous, it means that they are related ________.
there are introns
It is more difficult to identify eukaryotic genes than prokaryotic genes because in eukaryotes ________.
code for a protein
If the sequence of a cDNA has matches with DNA sequences in the genome, then this genomic DNA is likely to ________.
sequencing DNA from a group of species from the same ecosystem
What is metagenomics?
the parasite will have a smaller genome
When comparing the genomes of a bacterial parasite versus a free-living, nonparasitic bacterium, one expects to find that ________.
lateral gene transfer
Imagine that you have sequenced the genome of a human pathogenic bacterium. In the early stages of analysis, you discover a stretch of DNA that has a significantly different G-C content (the proportion of bases that are G and C). Further examination of this region shows there are roughly one dozen protein-coding regions. These are not found in the genome of a previously sequenced and related nonpathogenic bacterium. These sequences do, however, predict protein products strikingly similar to those of another bacterial pathogen that is not closely related to the organism you are studying. You immediately suspect ________.
the number of proteins expressed by the human genome is far more than the number of its genes
The comparison between the number of human genes and those of other animal species has led to many conclusions, including that ________.
genes whose sequences are very similar and that probably arose by duplication
A multigene family is composed of ________.
There should also be persons whose hemoglobin contains two copies of the series of amino acids that is deleted in hemoglobin Lepore.
Unequal crossing over during prophase I can result in one sister chromosome with a deletion and another with a duplication. A mutated form of hemoglobin, so-called hemoglobin Lepore, exists in the human population. Hemoglobin Lepore has a deleted series of amino acids. If this mutated form was caused by unequal crossing over, what would be an expected consequence?
large size of eukaryotic genomes and the large amount of eukaryotic repetitive DNA
Sequencing eukaryotic genomes is more difficult than sequencing genomes of bacteria or archaea because of the ________.
retroviruses
Because they both produce a reverse transcriptase, long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) as transposable elements may be related to ________.
the transport of mRNA from the cytoplasm to the nucleus
The mechanism for the spread of long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) involves some unique features, including ________.
duplication followed by evolutionary divergence
In nature, the major mechanism of introducing new genes into eukaryotic genomes is ________.
the human genome would likely contain many more genes
If alternative splicing did NOT occur, then ________.
transfer of bacterial genes that were predecessors to mitochondria and chloroplasts
Name two examples of lateral gene transfer to eukaryotes that involve cellular organelles.
retrovirus
A virus consisting of a single strand of RNA, which is transcribed into complementary DNA, is a ________.
retroviruses
Which viruses have single-stranded RNA that acts as a template for DNA synthesis?
It uses viral RNA as a template for DNA synthesis.
What is the function of reverse transcriptase in retroviruses?
Markers are spaced by recombination frequency on a linkage map and by number of base pairs on a physical map.
What is the difference between a linkage map and a physical map?
SNPs where one allele is found more often in persons with a particular disorder than in healthy controls
In large-scale, genome-wide association studies in humans we look for ________.
find which of the students has which alleles
They might be conducting such an experiment to ________.
electrophoresis of the fragments, followed by the use of a probe
Their next two steps, in order, should be ________.
The two students who have two fragments have one restriction site in this region.
Analysis of the data obtained shows that two students each have two fragments, two students each have three fragments, and two students each have one only. What does this demonstrate?
fluorescent labeling to determine the chromosomal location of all chromosome 22 fragments
Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) results from a translocation between human chromosomes 9 and 22. The resulting chromosome 22 is significantly shorter than usual, and it is known as a Philadelphia (Ph') chromosome. The junction at the site of the translocation causes overexpression of a receptor tyrosine kinase. A new drug (Gleevec or imatinib) has been found to inhibit the disease if the patient is treated early. Which of the following would be a reasonably efficient technique for confirming the diagnosis of CML?
large family sizes with well-known genealogies
If you are a human geneticist looking for an ideal population in which to map disease genes, which of the following characteristics would help the mapping study?
contain an SNP that may be useful for genetic mapping
Imagine that you compare two DNA sequences found in the same location on homologous chromosomes. On one of the homologs, the sequence is AACTACGA. On the other homolog, the sequence is AACTTCGA. Within a population, you discover that each of these sequences is common. These sequences ________.
recombination occurred between the nail-patella gene and marker locus in one of the parents of the exceptional individual
Imagine that you are searching for the gene associated with nail-patella syndrome, a dominant genetic disorder that causes developmental abnormalities. In a large pedigree you discover an association between nail-patella syndrome and a genetic marker that occurs in two different alleles, A and B. Fifteen individuals within this pedigree have nail-patella syndrome and are A/B heterozygotes for the marker. Thirty individuals within this pedigree don't suffer from nail-patella syndrome and are homozygous for the A marker allele. One individual within this pedigree has nail-patella syndrome and is also homozygous for the A marker allele. The most likely explanation for this exceptional individual is that ________.
can be valuable animal models of human disease
Transgenic mice are useful to human researchers because they ________.
The viral genome codes for specialized enzymes not in the host.
Viruses use the host's machinery to make copies of themselves. However, some human viruses require a type of replication that humans do not normally have. For example, humans normally do not have the ability to convert RNA into DNA. How can these types of viruses infect humans, when human cells cannot perform a particular role that the virus requires?
Transferred genes may not have appropriately controlled activity.
Which of the following is one of the technical reasons why gene therapy is problematic?
a dominant disorder
Which type of disorder is most difficult to correct by gene therapy?
knowledge and availability of the normal allele of the defective gene, an ability to introduce the normal allele into the patient, and an ability to express the introduced gene at the correct level, and time, and tissue site within the patient
Gene therapy requires ________.
DNA copies of retroviral genomes become integrated into the genome of the infected cell.
For applications in gene therapy, what is the most favorable characteristic of retroviruses?
allow the expression of many or even all of the genes in the genome to be compared at once
DNA microarrays have made a huge impact on genomic studies because they ________.
study of the full protein set encoded by a genome
Proteomics is defined as the ________.
What is the pattern of gene expression during mouse development?
Which of the following questions is asked in functional genomics research?
the set of proteins present within a cell or tissue type
What can proteomics reveal that genomics cannot?
improved product quality and increased pest and herbicide resistance
The areas that have received the greatest attention in genetically modified plants are ________.
discovery of a plasmid that could be modified to introduce genes into plants
One example of an innovation from an unexpected source comes from studies of tumor-like plant growths. What information did the study of plant tumors provide that was critical for plant genetic engineering?
The protein-coding sequence of each gene was linked to a regulatory region of DNA that directed transcription in endosperm.
The genes needed for β-carotene synthesis are not normally expressed in endosperm. In the creation of golden rice, how did researchers ensure that these genes were expressed in rice endosperm?
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