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Infant Pre-lang & Lang. Development

Terms in this set (70)

When does brain development begin? What happens to the brain and neurons by end of 2nd trimester?
within 18 days of conception
---
_sensation, perception, motor control, cognition
_lack organization
_turns brain into mind (myelination + synaptogensis)
What is sensation?
registering sensory information
Does the brain have all the cells needed at birth? If so, how are they organized?
_brain has all cells needed at birth
_unorganized
_internal brain change
What happens to sensation at birth?
big change in sensation
What is a newborns motor pattern?
reflexive bx to acting upon world
Sensation and Motor Control--

What happens at 2 months?
selective attending and habituation
What is perception?
_make sense of incoming stimuli
_look for patterns
What is key for postnatal perception?
stimulation
Postnatal Perception--

1. Newborn abilities
2. Perception within few months
1. sound duration, loudness, frequency, phonemes

2. mother's voice, frequency changes, patterns
Postnatal Perception--

Visual @ within days, 2 months, 3 months
_within few days = expressions and mom's face
_2 months = internalized concept of face
_3 months = facial differences
Postnatal Perception--

How does an infant's perception move?
What does that mean?
recognition to evocation
_increased memory
_conceptual links
---
1. multiple exposures linked to concepts
2. presence of concept elicits descriptions
3. concept is evoked without external stimulation

memory important
When is perceptual ability usually restricted by?
restricted to native language's speech sounds by 8-10 months
What is synaptogenesis?
formation of new synapses
Describe formation of auditory patterns
forms perceptual framework for learning first words
What information is embedded in speech?
_phonotactic regularities
_prosody or flow patterns
Describe 8 m/o regularities in infant-directed speech (IDS). Are they sensitive to it?
Yes, sensitive.

_phonotactic probabilities (word boundaries)
_better phonotactic representations = larger vocabulary
_patterns individual words
_frequency sequences
Describe--

Motor Control: Neonate
_reflexive
_perceptual hearing
_crying, experiences sounds, breathing efficiency
_non-crying sounds = comfort sounds = Quasi-Resonate Nuclei (QRNs)
Motor Control: Neonate--

What do infants gradually gain control over?
oral reflexes
When does gooing and cooing occur? What consonants do they use?
_2 to 6 months
_back consonants = gooing / cooing
When does babbling occur? What is it?
_2 to 6 months
_random sequences
_fully resonant nuclei (FRN)
_vowels to CV
_back consonants to labial cons.
Is there a relationship between babbling and language spoken around infant?
little direct relationship
What happens at 6-8 months? What is it?
reduplicated babbling
_long strings of repeated syllables
_hearing important
When does the echolalic period occur? What happens?
8 to 12 months
_echolalia if in repertoire
_jargon = intonation + sounds
_gestures
_variegated babbling
_phonetically consistent forms (PCFs)
Why are gestures significant?
first time child demonstrates intention to communicate
Why are speech recognition and production a problem? How is this accomplished?
_variety of speakers and contexts
_arbitrary
_no direct instruction
_closely coordinated by infant
_accomplished thru ongoing communication
What happens in cognition?
_infants puts everything together
Cognition--

How is experience filtered?
thru information processing
_attention
_discrimination
_organization
_memory
What happens during the 1st year for language growth?
demonstrate information processing abilities
_memory
_processing speed
_attention
_representational competence
Attention
_joint attention
_ability to engage, maintain, disengage, shift focus
Processing speed
_increases working memory
_keep up with speed
Organization
_form concepts
Memory
_phono. represent. forms template
_built up gradually from input
_semantic rep. form with only one exposure
What is Piaget's theory?
learning = adaptation + organization

motivation for learning = equilibrium
Piagetian--

Learning + provide example
_schemes
_adaptation to new information

--newborn sucking reflex
Schemes
representations of reality
Adaptation to new information (2)
_assimilation
_accommodation
Is motivation extrinsic? What happens?
_motivation intrinsic
_learning actively involved
What happens to newborns within a few months? (behavior-wise)
_learn signals

object (bottle) = message (eat)
What happens to newborns by 8 months?
_able to discern change of goal by another's behavior
_index
Index
action takes on meaning thru shared properties
When do symbols appear?
same time as symbolic play and representation
What happens at 18 months?
use word with referent present
Describe--

1. Vision
2. Audition (hearing)
1. 8 in + preferences
2. functioning at birth, best frequency = human voice, entrainment & preferences
Development--

3rd month
_gaze coupling
_re-vocalization
_stimulus-response bonds
_joint-action
Joint-Action
_precursor to joint reference (protoconversations)
_routines = provides scripts
_games
Development--

7th month
_comprehends one or two freq. used words by elements
_brackets word boundaries
_clusters familiar, predictable sounds together
Development--

8th month
first time child demonstrates intention

--gestures = intention
Match the following months to proper development stages

1. 0-8
2. 8-12
3. 12+
1. pre-gestural
2. gestural (show self, showing, full gestural complex)
3. speaking
What is the development of each gesture?
gesture --> gesture + vocal. --> gesture + verbalization
IDS
_short utterance length, simple syntax, small core vocab
_approp. and consistent
_strings of high redundant utterances
_joint/shared reference
_treats infant bxs as meaningful
Development of Joint Reference

I
II
III
IV
I = mastering joint attention (0-6)
II = intention to communicate (7-8)
III = gestures + vocalization (8-12)
IV = naming and topicalization (12+)
Why won't some children not obtain strong social and communicative base for language?
environmental or individual factors or both
If children do not obtain a strong social + communicative base, what is the result?
language and communication impairment
Assumptions--

When is a word a word?
_Reference principle
_Extendibility principle
_Whole object principle
_Categorical assumption
_Novel name-nameless assumption
_Conventionality assumption
What are the toddlers expressive learning strategies? (4)
_evocative = !
_hypothesis = ?
_interrogative = wassat?
_selective imitation
What is predominate until age 3?
imitation
When does substitution occur?
after age 3
What are some toddler parents' teaching strategies?
_provide good models when talking to language-learning children
_child-directed speech (CDS) = few utterances, slow with long pauses, small vocab
What should parents do in response to a child's utterance? Is it important? Why?
_imitation
_expansion
_extenstion

Important, increases likelihood of imitation or longer utterance by child
How does a child construct morphemes?
does not construct morphemes one at a time

--constructs using already learned pieces
Development--

12-18 months
_first words
_words express intentions prev. expressed in gestures
Development--

18-24 months
_vocab growth
_word combo.
What are the predominate phonemes? Why?
/m/w/b/p/h/k/g/-- bilabials, glottal, velar

bc often have fave phonemes
What are the syllable structure that predominates?
VC/CV/CVCV/CVCV-R
When do toddlers only talk about things he/she knows?
presence of referent
What are the two gesture-speech combinations?
_reinforcing
_supplemental
When do vocabulary spurts begin?
after about 100 words
How many times does a child need to learn a word?
as few as 3 times
What is word meaning based on?
_semantic features = size, shape, characteristics
_fx = use, purpose
_best examples
How else does a child understand words?
fast or initial mapping = semantic range widens as word freed from aspects of initial context
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