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Key topics and mnemonics (Finals - medicine)

Terms in this set (153)

Gram +ve cocci (mnemonic)
LOVE
L - Lactococci
O - streptOcoccus (diplococci) and staphylocOccus (cluster)
V - Viridans (strep)
E - Enterococcus
Gram +ve rods (mnemonic)
ABCLostridium
A - Actinomyces
B - Bacilus (antrax/cereus)
C - Corynebacterium diphteriae
L - Listeria monocytogenes
Clostridium (difficile, tetani..)
Gram -ve cocci (mnemonic)
"Not Many"
N - Neisseria (meningitidis, gonnorhoea)
M - Moraxella catarrhalis
Gram -ve rods (mnemonic)
"Ella went to camp on a helicopter and got very extreme diarrhoea and a probable chest infection; which was negative"
Ella - Salmonella, Klebsiella...
camp - Campylobacter Jejuni
helico - Helicobacter pylori
v - Vibrio Cholera
e - E.Coli
p - Pseudomonas Aeruginosa
h - Haemophilus Influenzae
Causative organisms of meningitis
How do we differentiate legionella from mycoplasma pneumonia? How do we manage both?
Signs of TB (mnemonic)
"Let's go to the BBARR"
B - Bone: Pott's disease, infiltration into bone
B - Brain: cerebral abscesses
A - Adrenals: Addison's disease
R - Resp. (weight loss, haemoptysis, night sweats)
R - Renal: sterile pyuria
Management of TB (mnemonic)
RIPE
R - Rifampicin (SE: hepatitis, orange or red discolouration of urine and tears)
I - Isoniazid (SE: nerve damage, psychosis, hepatitis)
P - Pyrazinamide (SE: abnormal LFTs, gout, hepatitis)
E - Ethambutol (SE: optic neuritis)

RIPE for 2 months then Rifampicin + Isoniazid for a another 4 months
Signs of life threatening asthma (mnemonic)
"CHEST 33, 92"
C - Cyanosis
H - Hypotension
E - Exhaustion
S - Silent chest
T - Tachycardia

33 - PEF ≤ 33% of estimated
92 - O2 sats < 92%

Also, PaO2 < 8 kPa
Acute management of asthma (mnemonic)
"O SHIT ME"
O - oxygen if sats <94%
S - salbutamol (neb with O2)
H - hydrocortisone (IV) or prednisolone (PO)
I - ipratropium bromide (neb)
T - theophylline (infusion)
M - magnesium sulphate
E - escalate (intubate and ventilate)
Contra-indications to thrombolysis in thrombotic stroke (mnemonic)
High BROW
High BP
B - bleeding tendency
R - recent surgery
O - over the age of 80
W - woke with symptoms
Causes of apical lung fibrosis (mnemonic)
"CHEATS"
C - Coal worker's lung
H - Histiocytosis
E - Extrinsic allergic alveolitis
A - Ankylosing spondylitis
T - Tuberculosis
S - Sarcoidosis
Causes of basal lung fibrosis (mnemonic)
"RASCO"
R - Rheumatoid arthritis
A - Asbestosis
S - Scleroderma
C - Cryptogenic
O - Other (methotrexate, nitrofurantoin, amiodarone)
How do we assess severity of pneumonia? (mnemonic)
"CURB-65"
C - Confusion
U - Urea > 7 mmol/L
R - Respiratory rate ≥ 30
B - systolic Blood pressure < 90 mmHg
65 > age
Describe types of lung cancers
Both *S*quamous and Small Cell lung cancSh *S*quamous and *S*mall Cell lung cancers are... "sentral".
Complications of MI (mnemonic)
DARTH VADER
D - death
A - arrhythmias (AF, asystole, ventricular fib, sudden death, heart block, BBB)
R - rupture (papillary muscles or septum)
T - tamponade (pulses paradoxus, JVP)
H - heart failure

V - valvular disease
A - aneurysm
D - Dressler's Syndrome (4-6 weeks pericarditis; ECG changes +/- fever and effusion. Tx: NSAIDs and colchicine)
E - VTE
R - recurrence, mitral regurgitation
Management of acute pulmonary oedema (mnemonic)
Autosomal dominant conditions (mnemonic)
4H 3M 2N
• Hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia
• Hereditary spherocytosis
• Hereditary non-polyposis colorectal carcinoma
• Huntington's disease
• Malignant hyperthermia
• Marfan's syndromes
• Myotonic dystrophy
• Neurofibromatosis
• Noonan syndrome

"Poly Raced Past Ehler to Vin the Imperfect Family Trip"
• Polycystic disease
• Retinoblastoma
• Peutz-Jeghers syndrome
• Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
• Von Willebrand's disease
• Osteogenesis imperfecta
• Familial adenomatous polyposis
• Tuberous sclerosis
Autosomal recessive conditions (mnemonic)
"Friedreich and Wilson went to Fanconni's Pizza and had Ham, *C*heese and CCriedreich* and *Wilson* went to *Fanconni's* *P*izza and had *H*am, *C*heese and *C*hilli, Gilbert thought That was Sick."
• Friedreich's ataxia
• Wilson's disease
• Fanconi anaemia
• PKU
• Haemochromatosis
• Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
• Cystic fibrosis
• Gilbert's syndrome
• Thalassaemias
• Sickle cell anaemia
X-linked dominant conditions (mnemonic)
"All ports are linked"
• Alport's syndrome
X-linked recessive condition (mnemonic)
"God Loves Humans Not Demons"
• G6PD deficiency
• Lesch-Nyhan syndrome (self mutilation in children/gout)
• Haemophilia A,B
• Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
• Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Indications for head CT following head injury (mnemonic)
Causes of acute pancreatitis (mnemonic)
Glasgow score to assess severity of pancreatitis (mnemonic)
Score to assess risk of rebleeding in upper GI bleed
Causes of microcytic anaemia (mnemonic)
"TAILS" + P
T - Thalassemias
A - Anaemia of chronic disease
I - Iron deficiency anaemia (low ferritin)
L - Lead poisoning
S - Sideroblastic (iron loading: normal or high ferritin)
also
P - Plummer-Vinson Syndrome
Causes of normocytic anaemia (mnemonic)
"ABCD"
A - Acute blood loss
B - Bone marrow failure (aplastic anaemia)
C - Chronic disease
D - Destruction
Causes of macrocytic anaemia (mnemonic)
"GIANT"
G - "greens" (Folate deficiency - megaloblastic)
I - I2 (Vit B12 deficiency - megaloblastic)
A - Alcohol (non-megaloblastic)
N - Neoplastic (Myelodysplastic Syndrome)
T - Thyroid (hypothyroidism: non-megaloblastic)
What are the 3 M's of Primary Biliary Cirrhosis?
3 M's:
- IgM
- anti-Mitochondrial antibodies
- Middle-aged women
Management of status epilepticus (mnemonic)
"Oh My Lord, Phone the Anaesthetist"
Cancers that spread to the bone (mnemonic)
Describe breast cancer screening (mnemonic)
"Big mama 4773 every 3 years"
Describe cervical cancer screening (mnemonic)
"From 25 to 64, test with a smear and have no fear, every 3 years before 50, then every 5 years"
Describe colorectal cancer screening (mnemonic)
"Flexi at 55, then blood from 60 to 74 every 2 years"
MEN Syndromes
MEN = 3P; 2P+T, 1P+T
Signs of DKA (mnemonic)
"DKA"
D - Delirium and dehydration
K - Kussmaul breathing
A - Abdo pain and vomiting
Acute Cord Compression signs
LMN @ compression level
UMN @ levels below
+ sensory and sphincter disturbance
Extra GI manifestations of IBD (mnemonic)
"A PIE SAC"
A - arthritis

P - pyoderma gangrenosum
I - I for eye: anterior uveitis
E - erythema nodosum

S - sclerosing cholangitis
A - amyloidosis
C - clubbing
Criteria for coroner referral (mnemonic)
F'd Casino
F - fortnight before haven't seen Dr
D - death's cause unkown
C - circumstances suspicious
A - accident associated with death
S - suicide
I - industrial
N - neglect
O - operation before or during death
Is it AST or ALP that is most raised in alcoholic hepatitis? (mnemonic)
Make a toast with alcohol 🍷:
Alcoholic Hepatitis: AST > ALT (>2:1)
Signs of multiple myeloma (mnemonic)
"CRRABBI"
C - Calcium is elevated
R - Renal impairment (AKI)
R - Rouleaux formation
A - Anaemia
B - Bony lesions (pain + fractures)
B - Bence-Jones protein in urine
I - Infection
Causes of an enlarged spleen (mnemonic)
"CHINA"
C - Congestion (liver cirrhosis, CHF)
H - Haematological (spherocytosis, thalassaemias)
I - Infiltration (amyloidosis, storage disease)
N - Neoplastic (leukaemia, lymphoma, metastatic disease)
A - Autoimmune (SLE, RA = Felty Syndrome: RA, splenomegaly and autoimmune neutropaenia)
What is a differential diagnosis for a massive mediastinal mass?
5 T's:
T - terrible lymphadenopathy (lymphoma)
T - thymic tumors
T - teratoma
T - thyroid mass
T - thoracic aortic aneurysm
Hand, foot and mouth disease (mnemonic)
"My child was playing with his cock(coxsackievirus A16) and got hand, foot and mouth disease..."
Mumps
...
Rubella
Varicella Zoster
...
Measles
Management of pregnant woman's exposure to chickenpox
- if doubt about the mother previously having chickenpox: check maternal blood for varicella antibodies
- if the pregnant woman is not immune: give varicella zoster immunoglobulin (VZIG) (oral acyclovir should be given if pregnant women with chickenpox present within 24 hours of onset of the rash)
Slapped cheek (mnemonic)
"I was called into the principal's office for the 5th time this week because Parvo(virus B19) got into a fight and had slapped cheek again"
Roseola infantum (mnemonic)
" Rosie(ola) got a nasty fever on her(pes) 6th birthday and then a nasty rash... we thought it was because of her new dress!"
Signs of aortic stenosis (mnemonic)
SAD
S - syncope
A - angina
D - dyspnoea on exertion
Types of hypersensitivity reactions
Management of malaria (mnemonic)
"It is true art(esunate PO/IV) when a mosquito bites you on the nose and gives you malaria..."
Croup (mnemonic)
"CRAP! (Croup!) Dex(methasone) the dog barked all night. He's between 1 and 6 years old, can't remember, and coughed so much I had to give him nebulised adrenaline to sort him out. He's got a bad influence on the other dogs on the street (parainfluenza)"
Extra-pyramidal side effects (mnemonic)
"ADAPT"
AD - acute dystonia
A - akathisia (severe restlessness)
P - parkinson's like disease
T - tardive dyskinesia
CENTOR criteria for sore throat
- presence of tonsillar exudate
- tender anterior cervical lymphadenopathy or lymphadenitis
- history of fever
- absence of cough

if 3 or more of the criteria are present likely caused by Group A beta-haemolytic Streptococcus
Tx: phenoxymethylpenicillin or erythromycin (if the patient is penicillin allergic)
Signs of lithium toxicity (mnemonic)
" 2 PACs, the rapper, was never stable and took too much lithium."
2 = coma and death
P - polyuria
A - ataxia
C - confusion
S - seizure
Indications for ECT (mnemonic)
" Please Take your CAP off for ECT"
P - psychotic depression
T - tx resistant depression
C - catatonic
A - acute mania
P - post-partum psychosis
Management of alcohol dependence
" Can't Pour A New Drink"
C - chlordiazepoxide (benzo)
P - pabrinex (thiamine)
A - acamprosate (decrease craving)
N - naltrexone
D - disulfram (hangover effects from alcohol)
Management of Crohn's disease (mnemonic)
Management of UC (mnemonic)
Management of AF (poem)
"If young with atrial fibrillation,
Go straight for cardioversion,
Otherwise some flecainide on the side,
And amiodarone to end this moan

If old with atrial fibrillation,
Forget about cardioversion.
Simply remember your alphabet,
B for Beta Blocker
C for CCB and
D for Digoxin."
Prophylaxis of AF and management of paroxysmal AF (mnemonic)
"Beat AF"

Beta-blocker
Amiodarone (if LV dysfunction)
Flecanide
Management of STEMI (mnemonic)
MONA ABCDE
M - morphine
O - oxygen only if <94%
N - nitrate
A - aspirin 300 mg

A - ACE-i
B - b-blocker
C - cholesterol (statin)
D - dual-antiplatelet therapy (aspirin + clopidogrel)
E - echo!
Causes of aortic regurgitation (mnemonic)
REALM
R - rheumatic fever
E - endocarditis
A - ank. spond
L - luetic syphilis
M - marfan's syndrome
Management of T2DM (mnemonic)
"Mate, Such Glucose will make you Pee"
M - metformin
S - sulphonylurea
G - gliptin
P - pioglitazone
Management of raised ICP (mnemonic)
"MANnnn... this headache is really taking the toll on me!" (Mannitol)
Anterior uveitis vs. scleritis
Ophtalmic arterial vs. venous
Macular degeneration
Side effects of steroids (mnemonic)
Side effects of NSAIDs (mnemonic)
Side effects of anti-HTN
Drugs that cause hyponatraemia
Drugs that alter potassium
WHO pain ladder
Drugs that cause diarrhoea (mnemonic)
"Laxatives Cause Diarrhoea, Antibiotics Must Too"
Laxatives
C - colchicine
D - digoxin
Antibiotics
M - metformin
T - thiazide diuretic
Immunosuppression post-transplant (mnemonic)
"With a new kidney, cycle (ciclosporin) to taka taka (tacrolimus)"
Signs of Alzheimer's disease
4 A's:
A - amnesia
A - aphasia
A - agnosia
A - apraxia
Signs of Pellagra
4 D's: (vitamine B3 deficiency)
D- diarrhoea
D - dermatitis
D - dementia
D - death
Features of Felty's Syndrome (mnemonic)
SANTA
S - splenomegaly
A - anaemia
N - neutropenia
T - thrombocytopenia
A - arthritis
Drugs that cause Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (mnemonic)
"Penny Scolded All Pete's Naughty Children"
P - penicillin
S - sulphonamides
A - allopurinol
P - phenytoin
N - NSAIDs
C - carbamazepine
Side effects of sodium valproate (mnemonic)
V - valproate
A - appetite increase (weight gain)
L - liver failure
P - pancreatitis
R - reversible hair loss (alopecia)
O - oedema
A - ataxia
T - teratogenic, tremor
E - enzyme inhibitor (P450)
Methotrexate vs. Misoprostol
Ectopic pregnancy: methotrexate

Incomplete miscarrage: misoprostol
What organism causes osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease (mnemonic)
"Sickle Cella Salmonella"
Management of angina (mnemonic)
"Got Bacon or Cake for your Angina. And Some Naughty Ice cream"
G - GTN
B - beta-blocker or CCB
A - aspirin
S - statin
N - nitrate
I - ivabradine
Friedrich's Ataxia vs. Subacute combined degeneration of the cord
Visual loss lesions
Investigations and management of multiple sclerosis
Features of Syringomyelia (mnemonic)
"Syringe - Go - Myalgia"... almost like an anaesthetic that you would inject to remove pain. This can help remember you lose pain and temperature in this condition.
Classification of parotid tumours
Features of parotid tumours
Categories of motor neurone disease
Features of carcinoid tumour
Features of PCOS (mnemonic)
SHOP
S - string of pearls on USS
H - hyperandrogenism (high testosterone, high LH/FSH ratio)
O - oligomenorrhoea
P - prolactin normal
Risks from having gestational diabetes (mnemonic)
SMASH
S - shoulder dystocia
M - macrosomia
A - amniotic fluid excess
S - stillbirth
H - hypertension and neonatal hypoglycaemia
Timetable of pregnancy
HTN during pregnancy
Management of eclampsia (mnemonic)
" *Ma*nage Marge's *ma*gnanimous' eclampsia seizure with *MagneMaa*nage *Ma*rge's magnanimous' eclampsia seizure with Magnesium sulphate"
Risk factors for IUGR (mnemonic)
SHITS
S - smoking
H - hypertension and preeclampsia
I - IUGR previously
T - twins
S - stillbirth previously
Management of diarrhoea in IBS (mnemonic)
"If IBS makes you feel down and have diarrhoea... that's a low. So low*... you need loperamide"
Causes of post-partum haemorrhage
4 T's of PPH
Tone - atonic uterus
Tissue - retained placenta with prolonged 3rd stage
Trauma - vaginal or cervical tear
Thrombin - associated with pre-eclampsia or DIC
Management of PPH
Features and management of endometriosis
Causes of secondary amenorrhoea
4 P's
P - pregnancy
P - prolactinoma
P - PCOS
P - premature ovarian insufficiency
Features of sarcoidosis (mnemonic)
GRUELING H:
G - granulomas
R - aRthritis
U - uveitis
E - erythema nodosum
L - lymphadenopathy
I - interstitial fibrosis
N - negative TB
G - gammaglobulinaemia
H - hypercalcaemia

Acute treatment- NSAIDSconservative
Chronic- prednisolone
Kallman's vs. Klinefelter's vs. Kartagener's
STI treatment ladder
Risk factors for ectopic pregnancy (mnemonic)
PIPPA
P - previous ectopic
I - IU device
P - PID
P - pelvic or tubal surgery
A - assisted reproduction (IVF)
Management of heavy menstrual bleeding (mnemonic)
"That's Not My normal Colour of Pee":
T -tranexamic acid
N - NSAIDs
M - mirena coil
C - COCP
P - progestogens
Features of Kawasaki's disease (mnemonic)
CLEARS
C - conjunctivitis
L - lymohadenopathy and lips
E - extremity changes (fingers)
A - aneurysms on coronary vessels
R - rash
S - strawberry tongue
Features of Rheumatic Fever
Affects LEFT sided heart valves: mitral stenosis and aortic regurgitation (think DIASTOLIC)
Management of anaphylaxis
Management of PD (mnemonic)
Features of Haemolytic Uraemic Syndrome
Features and investigations for coeliac disease (mnemonic)
"DATE JIL, she's got Coeliac":
D - dermatitis herpetiformis
A - autoimmune disorders
T - tissue transglutaminase antibodies
E - endomysial antibodies
J - jejunal biopsy (gold standard)
I - IgA
L - lymphoma of small bowel
Investigations for CF
Categories of glomerulonephritis
Drugs to stop during an AKI (mnemonic)
DAMN
D - diuretics
A - ACE-i and ARBs
M - metformin
N - NSAIDs
Differential diagnosis of a purpuric rash on a child
Differential of a childhood limp
Mechanism of action of anticoagulants
Neonatal jaundice (mechanism)
Congenital infections (mnemonic)
TORCH
T - toxoplasmosis (blindness)
O - other: HIV, measles
R - rubella (cataract)
C - cytomegalovirus (deafness)
H - herpes simplex
Management of epilepsy
Triad of Subacute degeneration of the cord
1) Upgoing plantars (Babinski)
2) Hypereflexic knee
3) Absent ankle reflex
Poem about endocrinology
"When your adrenal gland isn't in the zone,
It's called Addison's so treat with Hydrocortisone and Fludrocortisone.

Ocreotide is the drug not to avoid,
In Acromegaly and Carcinoid.

Sing in a musical tone;
"Spironolactone and Metyrapone!"
To treat the two following things:
Conn's and the famous Cushing's.

Diabetes is the next one for us, give desmopressin if insipidus.
However, if mellitus, blame your next of kin,
You can't have gin with that metformin.
Gliclazide on the side, Gliptins in some tins and remember to phone for some Pioglitazone.

With bitemporal hemianopia, you've probably got Prolactinaemia,
So take some Bromocriptine, and you vision will be clean.

In hyperthyroidism, check that anti-TSH antibody,
You might find it's the one that's being funny.
They will probably have the shits, lol,
Give some carbimazole and propranolol.

In hypothyroidism, check the thyroid peroxidase,
It's the one putting you in this daze.
Then take some levothyroxine, it will even make you lean.

We end with phaeocromocytoma, it all comes from the medulla.
I'm impressed you have been so keen, to give Phenoxybenzamine,
And learn this ridiculous poem, because you just want to show'em."
What brain lobe is affected if a patient presents with sensory inattention?
Parietal lobe (Think in Paris, people are inattentive to tourists)
What is the most sensitive investigation in diagnosing MS?
MRI head and spine is most sensitive

Could also do CSF electrophoresis for oligoclonal bands
Describes types of dementia
How do you assess need of anticoagulation for AF? (mnemonic)
Management of psoriasis (mnemonic)
"Emma has *P*soriasis that is *V*ery, *V*ery, PVmma* has *P*soriasis that is *V*ery, Very, Problematic because she Can't Dance Anymore"
E - emollient
P and V - potent corticosteroid (1xday) and vitamin D analogue (1xday) (Calcipotriol)
V - vitamin D analogue (2xday)
P - potent corticosteroid (2xday)
C - coal tar
D - dithranol
A - Acitretin (systemic oral retinoid = Vit A analogue)
- phototherapy (UVB)
- photochemotherapy: psoralen + ultraviolet A light (PUVA)
- systemic: oral methotrexate, ciclosporin, systemic retinoids, biological agents (infliximab)
How do you manage scalp psoriasis?
topical corticosteroids
Management of eczema (mnemonic)
"Eczema; *T*ry *Bandaging* That *A*nd *Bandaging*T*ry *Bandaging* That And Use Phototherapy if Severe"
E - emollients
T - topical steroids (Hydrocortisone/ Eumovate/ Betnovate/ Dermovate)
B - bandaging
T - topical immunomodulators (Tacrolimus)
A - antibiotics for secondary infection
U - urea/ salicylic acid for lichenification
P - phototherapy (UVB)
S - systemic immunosuppressants: oral ciclosporin or azathioprine
What causes seborrhoeic dermatitis? How do we manage it?
a fungus called Malassezia furfur

Mgt:
- over the counter preparations containing zinc pyrithione ('Head & Shoulders') and tar ('Neutrogena T/Gel')
- second-line agent is ketoconazole
Name several ototoxic drugs
Digoxin
Gentamicin
Furosemide
Aspirin
Quinine
Where do cholesteatoma's occur?
In the pars flaccida
Management of Meniere's disease
Acutely: prochlorperazine/cyclizine
Prophylaxis: betahistine
Radiographic features of RA (mnemonic)
SPADES
S - soft tissue swelling
P - peri-articular osteoporosis
A - absent osteophytes
D - deformity (Z thumb, Boutonnieres, Swan neck)
E - erosions
S - subluxation (palmar at the wrist)
Radiological features of OA (mnemonic)
LOSS
L - loss of joint space
O - osteophytes
S - subchondral cysts
S - subcondral sclerosis
Management of DKA (mnemonic)
PANICS
P - potassium: measure hourly
A - acidosis: check pH and ketones
N - normal saline (500 mls over 15 mins)
I - insulin infusion: fixed rate, 0.1 units/kg/hour
C - catheter and cultures, urine, blood
S - stomach aspiration if drowsy (abdo pain)
Side effects of lithium (mnemonic)
LITHIUM
L - lethargy/ weight gain
I - intention tremor
T - teratogenic
H - hypothyroidism
I - insipidus (nephrogenic)
U - urine excess (polyuria)
M - metallic taste
Causes of nephrotic syndrome (mnemonic)
"*M*ostly *F*at *D*iabetic MF*ostly *F*at Diabetic Men"
M - minimal change disease
F - focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS)
D - diabetic nephropathy
M - membranous GN
Signs of hyperkalaemia on ECG
Hepatic encephalopathy
Melanoma management
BCC vs. SCC
Basal Cell Carcinoma:
Most common
Slow growing
Rare metastasis
(rolled edges, mostly)

Squamous Cell Carcinoma:
Faster growing
Metastatic
Management of primary vs. secondary pneumothorax
TCA overdose
HAS BLED score
Acute glaucoma (mnemonic)
HALOES
H - haloes
A - acetazolamide
LO - piLOcarpine (topical)
E - eye red and acutely painful
S - semi-dilated and non-reactive pupil
How do you screen for/investigate haemochromatosis?
transferrin saturation
THIS SET IS OFTEN IN FOLDERS WITH...