Host: horses, dogs, cats, cattle, sheep, rabbits
DZ: encephalomyelitis
Endemic in Germany, Israel, Japan, Sweden, Switzerland, U.K
Exotic to US? Prodromal Phase: fatigue, colic, fever, coughing, icterus
Neuro: Fatal
Limbic: excitability, somnolence, ataxia, hyperesthesia
Motor: paresis, paralysis
Opthal: nystagmus, PLR dysfunction, blind Agent: CCHF virus
Host: humans
DZ: humans= severe hemorrhagic fever, joint pain, necrotizing hepatitis-jaundice, myocarditis, encephalitis-mood change, stomach pain, vomiting
Animals= subclinical infection
Reservoirs: small mammals/ birds, ruminants, sheep, goats, cattle
Geo: E. Europe, Mediterranean, Mideast, C. Asia, NW China, India, Africa
NOT IN USA
Transmission: Ticks- Hyalomma spp. transovarial/transstadial trans,
direct contact, Iatrogenic
Control: DEET, PPE, Avoid Contact w/ blood and fluids, NO VX! Agent: Akabane virus
Host:
affected= cattle, sheep, goats
Inapparent= horses, buffalo, deer
uninfected= humans, swine
DZ: Developmental defects, Neurologic, Fetal encephalomyelitis, polymyositis, death, abortions
Trans: Culicoiddes
GEO: Australia, Japan, SE Asia, Mideast, Africa Agent: Hantaan virus, Sin Nombre, Puumala, etc
Host: Humans
Reservoir: Apodemus agrarius, Peromyscus spp. (rodents)
Trans: inhalation of aerosolized or direct contact w/ rodent excretions
Shed: saliva, urine, feces
DZ: hemorrhagic fever w/ renal syndrome, Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (nonproductive cough, pneumonia, fever, etc)
Prevent: Rodent control, PPE, Avoid stirring up dust
Virus inactivated by disinfectants Agent: LCMV
Host: humans (children w/ hamsters, lab workers, transplant recipients); rodents= reservoirs
Clinicals: asymptomatic, runting, failure to thrive, immunopathologic (type III hypersen); flu-like, aseptic meningitis, encephalomyelitis, intrauterine infections (death, abortions, chorioretinitis)
Prevent: rodent control, purchase pet from LCMV free colonies, no contact w/ wild rodents, disinfection, serologic monitoring Agent: influenza A
Enzootic: H1 and H3
Sporadic: H2, H4, H5, H7,H9
Mult. lineages and reassort
DZ: URI, Broncho-, interstitial pneumonia
Signs: fever, anorexia, lethargy, nasal discharge (serous to mucopurulent), dyspnea, cough, sneeze, abortions, secondary bacT pneumonia
Clinical: HIghly contagious, high morbidity but low mortality, reduced rate of gain, more fall/winter, viruse circulates and causes infections all year Agent: Influenza A (H3N8, H7N7)
Dz: URI, pneumonia
Trans: inhalation, fomites, highly contagious
Shed: aersolized resp. secretions
Immunity: short lived
Risks: young, co-mingling, no VX's or previous infections
Signs: clear nasal discharge, red mucous membranes, bronchitis, secondary BacT infection, long recovery 4-8 wks
Prevent: Quarantine 4 wks, Sanitization, VX Agent: A (H3N8, H3N2)
DZ: Hemorrhagic pneumonia, URI "kennel cough"
Trans: inhalation, contact/ fomites
Shed: aersolized resp secretions
Signs: Acute 1-3 d post exposure, fever, depression, serous nasal discharge, pneumonia, recovery: cough 4-8 wks
Prevent: Isolate 2 wks, Sanitize, VX "Cattle plague"
1. acute fever, anorexia, depress
2. oral ulcers
3. dehydration, diarrhea
5. lymphopenia, lympoid deplete
host: cattle, water buffalo, sheep, pigs, etc.
Trans: contact, inhalation, fomites, carcasses
Shed: aerosolized resp secretion, oral secrete, ocular discharge, feces
100% mortality Horses: acute resp. dz, severe interstitial pneumonia, pulmonary edema & hemorrhage, vasculatis, thrombosis, syncytia, neuro
Host: humans, horses, cats, guinea pigs
Res: fruit bats
Trans: inhalation, ingestion, contact w/ infected carcasses
Shed: saliva, urine, feces, placenta, fetal fluids
Tropism: endothelial cells
Prevent/ Control: Separate from horses from bats, developing vx 1. Swollen head syndrome in chickens, air sacculitis, combined w/ E. coli infx
2. Resp Infx: coughing, sneezing, head shaking, oculonasal discharge, swollen sinuses, submandibular edema
3. decreased egg production
Host: turks, chickens, pheasants, ducks, guinea fowl 1. resembles many other viruses
2. Highly contagious
3. High titers in aersolized resp secretions, 1-3 d. p.i. b/f signs
4. Urine, feces, milk, meat, semen, embryos
5. persists >4 wks to 3 yrs in pharyx of cattle
Signs: Acute 2-8 d incubate, fever, profuse nasal discharge, abrupt decrease in milk production, development of vesicles progressing to ulcers in oral cavity, profuse drooling, lip smacking, vesicles on coronary band & interdigital skin, severe lameness, viral myocarditis, pancreatitis
Impact on productivity is primary reason for FMD control Encephalomyocarditis, meningoencephalitis, abortion, mummies, stillbirths in swine
Host: primates, dogs, cats, horses, cattle, swine, elephants, etc
Reservoir: rodents
Zoonotic: myocarditis in humans
Trans: fecal-oral, contaminated feed, ingestion of infected rodents
Shed: rodent feces
Path: infx via oral route, replicate in GIT, viremia, spread to mult. organs (heart) Dz: epidemic tremor of head and neck, ataxia, paralysis, inapparent
Host: chicken, turks, pheasants, quail
Geo: Italy, sporadic in Europe and Asia
Trans: fecal-oral, vertical, transovarian, chicks w/ dz at 1 d, fomites
Shed: shed in feces Dz: upper resp dz, ulcerative glossitis, transient arthritis, hemorrhagic dz
Trans: contact, inhalation of resp secretions, fomites
Shed: oral/resp secretions, prolonged shedding
Signs: fever, profuse nasal discharge, conjunctivitis, tracheitis, vesicles-> ulcers on tongue, lameness
virulence: Infected endothelial cells, facial and limb edema, icterus, alopecia, ulceration of nose, pinnae, feet, hemorrhage, pul. edema, necrosis, liver, spleen, pancreas Calicivuris- SMSLV calicivirus
Dz: vesicular lesions, resemble FMDV, VSV
Trans: ingestion of infected caracass/ uncooked feed; contact w/ fomites, swine
shed: vesicular fluid, feces
signs: lameness, wt. loss, formation of vesicles, oral, snout, tongue, coronary band, interdigital cleft, abortion, encephalitis and myocarditis Dz: Hemorrhagic dz, lung and liver necrosis
Host: Oryctolagus cuniculus, Lupus europaeus
Trans: fecal-oral, inhalation thru conjunctiva, mechanical transmisison, infected rabbit meat, fomites
shed: fomites/mechanical/contact/air
Age: <2 mos
signs: death, hemorrhage from nasal passages, Neuro signs, incoordination, etc Dz: JEV
a. encephalitis: humans, horses. K9
b. stillbirth/ abortion in pre sows
c. inapparent
Host: humans, horses, dogs, bats, reptiles
Geo: SE Asia, India, Australia
Trans: CULEX TRITAENIORHYCHUS, bird, swin, viremic hosts
Prevent: MLV/ inactivated, draining rice fields, separation of swine/ humans Dz: encephalitis: humans, horses; inapparent infx
Geo: endemic in N. America
Trans: CULEX TARSALIS
Host:
Avian: high viremia (crows, corvids), moderate (sparrows), low (chickens)
Mammals: primates, rodents, dead end hosts
Path Birds: Mosquito transmit, high titer, replicates in heart, brain, liver, spleen, necrosis and hemorrhage, high morbid
Signs Birds: sudden death, neuro
Path- horses: low titer- dead end host, replicates in brain/ spinal cord, nonsuppurative encephalomyelitis
Signs: Ataxia, hypermetria, facial paralysis, blindness, seizures, hypersen to light
Prevent: VX being researched, mosquito control Day 0-90= repeat breed/ embryonic death
Day 0-125= Persistent infection
Day 75-150= Congenital defects
Day 58-283= Abortion/stillbirth
Day 150-283= immune response kicks in
Fetal Infx= infertility/repeat breeders, abortion/ stillbirth, congenital defects, weak calves, PI calves, congeitally/ transiently infected (cerebellar hypoplasia)
Sources: PI cattle, breeding to replacement heifers carrying PI fetuses, fomites
Exposure to PI cow, Increased infertility, abortion, stillbirths and weak, heifers more affected, asynchromous breeding HIGHLY contagious, foreign dz
Trans: contact, fomites, pork products
GEO: NOT IN USA
Trans: horizontal, vertical, PI pigs
Signs: incubate 2-15 d, hemorrhages, petechialn cyanosis, necrotic tonsillitis, leukopenia, immunosuppression, GI signs, Neuro signs, repro signs (SMEDI) TGEV infects the intestine
Dz: TGE= HIGHLY contagious diarrhea of piglets "pigs shooting diarrhea"
Trans: fecal-oral
Shed: feces up to 2 wks
Signs: severe dz in piglets <3 wks, vomiting, profuse diarrhea, dehydration, wt. loss, gaunt pigs, death 2-5 d
Path: replicates in mature enterocytes @ villous tips, villi are blunted and replenished w/ immature enterocytes, decreased digestive enzyme and absorption= diarrhea
Prevent: Biosecurity, sanitize, disinfect= AIAO, prevent contamination
Maternal Ab's, mucosal IgA, PHEV
Dz: acute vomiting, wasting of young pigs <3 wks, neuro dz, stunt
Trans: inhalation of aerosolized resp secretion
Signs: encephaloymyelitis, wasting, paddling, emanciation
dDx: pseudorabies, porcine polio-, porcine circo-
Path: replicate in nasal mucosa, tonsils, lungs, sm. intestine-> peripheral nn -> CNS-brainstem FIP=mutants of FECV
Dz: sporadic, fatal
Trans: fecal-oral/ resp
Risks: age (<16, >13 yrs), high dose of FECV, Defects of CMI (immunosuppression, genetic predisposition)
Path: replicate in intestinal epith macs->spread -> CMI =persistent FIPV replication -> FIPV + Ab=immune complex formation (Type III/IV)
Wet/effusiv form: severe vasculitis/leakage (abdominal/thoracic effusion, hypergammaglobulinemia, hypoalbuninemia), chronic fever, dyspnea w/ thoracic effusion
Dry: wasting, renal dz, hepatic dz, anterior uveitis, neuro signs, granuloma formation
Control: FECV= cat-cat
FIPV=not cat-cat, immunopathologic, VX enhances risk EVA
Dz: resp, abortions
Trans: aerosolized resp secretion; aborted fetuces, placena, fluids; venereal route via infected semen
Signs: fever 3-14 days pi, lasts 2-9 d; leukopenia, limb edema, stiffness of gait
nasal/ lacrimal discharge, conjunctivitis, periorbital EDEMA, death in foals
Path: replicate in alveolar macs, systemic spread viremia, damage to endothelium leads to edema, congestion and hemorrhage, hypovolemic, hypotensive shock
Abortions: 10-30 d pi, 3-10 mos gestation, mares infected resp/semen -> systemic spread via viremia->fetal infection and damage leads to edema, hemorrhage, fetuses autolysed
Stallions: persist in accessory sex gl, chronic carrier state and shed of virus in semen
Prevent: Colostral Ab;s, VX!, biosecurity, isolate, restrict movement, restrict movement, serologic testing PRRS
Dz: "blue ear"- cyanosis of ear
Trans: contact, aerosolized, resp, semen
Shed: saliva, feces, nasal secretions, urine, semen
Signs: fever in growers, cyanosis of ears, snout, tail, vulva, resp dz (thumping), repro dz (abortion, stillbirth, mummies, weak pigs, poor doers)
Path: alveolar macs-> LNs -> spread to macs ->enzootic pneumonia-> virus in tonsils
Prevent: Biosecurity, Sanitation, VX- doesnt protect against infection 13th Edition•ISBN: 9780073378275 (2 more)David N. Shier, Jackie L. Butler, Ricki Lewis1,402 solutions
15th Edition•ISBN: 9781337520164John David Jackson, Patricia Meglich, Robert Mathis, Sean Valentine249 solutions
15th Edition•ISBN: 9781337520164John David Jackson, Patricia Meglich, Robert Mathis, Sean Valentine249 solutions
7th Edition•ISBN: 9780323527361Julie S Snyder, Mariann M Harding2,512 solutions
