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Earthquakes, Volcanoes, and Fracking

Terms in this set (36)

San Andreas
The famous transform fault is located in the western United States, creates significant earthquake activity for California.
Wave that travels the fastest and is the first to be detected.
P-Wave
What do S-Waves do during an earthquake?
Shake the ground
Caused by the rocks in the crust where they resist movement.
Stress
Stress
Total force acting, per unit of area
Three types of stress.
tension, compression, shearing
Shear
Distorts the material
Plastic deformation
Produces permanent deformation
Slowest type of wave.
Surface waves
Wave that would render the most desctruction for an area
Surface waves
Why is a primary wave called a P-Wave?
It is the first to render on a seismometer
How does temperature influence deformation?
Pressure increases, rocks require greater stress to reach elastic limit
Wave that squeezes and stretches rock materials as they pass through the Earth.
P-Waves
P-Waves move through what material?
Solid, liquid, and gas.
S-Waves move through what material?
Solid
Large ocean wave that results from an underwater earthquake, landslide, or volcanic eruption
Tsunami
Travel time for P-waves and S-waves enable scientists to pinpoint the what of earthquakes?
Epicenter
Types of waves
Primary waves, surface waves, and surface waves
When P-waves strike the core, what is most likely to occur?
Waves are refracted
What does the richter scale measure?
Amplitude of the wave
In regards to the Richter scale, each successive number presents an increase in amplitude of a factor of what?
10
In the Richter scale, each increase in magnitude corresponds to about a what fold increase in seismic activity.
32
The moment magnitude scale measures what?
Size of fault rupture, amount of movement along fault, and rock's stiffness.
With increasing travel distance from the epicenter, the time separation between the curves for the P-waves and S-wave do what.
Increases
Separation of seismic waves in seismograms can be used to determine.
Distance from the epicenter
The modified Mercalli scale measures what?
Intensity of an earthquake, damage and other effects of an earthquake, and information noted by observers.
How high does the modified mercalli scale go?
12
You are sent out in the field to interpret the damage caused by an earthquake. Reports show that on the Mercalli Scale, it is a 6. What type of damage should you expect?
Felt by all; falling plaster and chimneys; damage small
Do shallow focus earthquakes cause more or less damage?
More damge
What to waves change at the boundaries between materials.
Speed and direction
What happens to a rock that undergoes elastic deformation once the stress is removed?
Returns to its original shape
Many earthquakes happen along the borders of...
tectonic plates
Epicenter
The point on the Earth's surface directly above an earthquake's starting point.
Focus
The location within Earth along a fault at which the first motion of an earthquake occurs.
Where does seismograph records vibrations
In the ground
A tracing of earthquake motion that is created by a seismograph. This can be on a huge sheet of paper, shows P-waves
Seismogram
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