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men's health anatomy

Terms in this set (60)

part of the anterolateral abdominal wall, approximately 4 cm long extending from the lower abdomen into medial part of proximal thigh on each side
allows contents of the scrotum to communicate with intra-adbominal contents
inguinal canal
extends from the anterior superior iliac spine to the pubic tubercle
inguinal ligament
a collection of structures that pass through the inguinal canal to and from the testis
It is covered with three concentric layers of fascia derived from the layers of anterior abdominal wall
It begins at the deep inguinal ring lateral & ends at the testis
spermatic cord
Derived from the fascia transversalis and attached to the margins of the superficial inguinal ring
internal spermatic fascia
derived from the internal oblique muscle
cremasteric muscle and fascia
derviced from the external oblique aponeurosis and attached to the margins of deep inguinal ring
external spermatic fascia
is formed along its entire length by aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle
It is reinforced in its lateral third part by the origin of internal oblique from the inguinal ligament
The wall is strongest where it lies opposite to the weakest part of posterior wall, that is the deep inguinal ring
anterior wall of inguinal canal
It is formed along its entire length by transversus fascia
It is reinforced in its medial third part by the conjoint tendon, the common tendon of insertion of internal oblique and transversus abdominis attached to the pubic crest and pectineal line
This wall is strongest where it lies opposite to the weakest part of the
anterior wall, that is the superficial inguinal ring
posterior wall of inguinal canal
The floor of the inguinal canal is formed by inguinal ligament, a rolled- under inferior edge of the aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle
It is also formed by the medial end of inguinal ligament, the lacunar ligament
inferior wall of inguinal canal
The roof is formed by the internal oblique and transversus abdominis muscles that combine to form conjoint tendon that arches over the contenets of the inguinal canal
The conjoint tendon attaches to the pubic crest, reinforces the
posterior canal wall medially besides forming the roof of the
inguinal canal
superior wall of inguinal canal
located within the inferomedial aspect of the abdominal wall; it has the following boundaries:
Medial - lateral border of the rectus abdominis muscle
Lateral - inferior epigastric vessels
Inferior - inguinal ligament
establish an area of potential weakness in the abdominal wall - through which herniation of the abdominal contents can occur
inguinal triangle aka hesselbach's triangle aka medial inguinal fossa
When a loop of small intestine descends through the canal due to improper closure or later in life due to relaxed inguinal structures
inguinal hernia
connective tissue bands that hold the testes in place
gubernaculum
what regulates the temperature of the testes?
cremaster and dartos muscles in the spermatic cord
Testes are relatively small organs housed within the scrotum
Shape of a flattened egg; Each weighs 10-15 g
5 cm long; 3 cm wide; 2.5 cm thick
Produce sperm and androgens
Covered anteriorly and laterally by a serous membrane,
Tunica vaginalis that prevent friction between testes & scrotum
Derived from abdominal peritoneum
Outer parietal layer and inner visceral layer
˗ Separated by cavity filled with serous fluid
testes
Thick fibrous capsule covering the testis
Deep to visceral layer of tunica vaginalis
tunica albuginea (testicular layers)
thickening of tunica albuginea projecting into interior testis
blood vessels, ducts, lymph vessels, nerves enter or leave through here
mediastinum testis (testicular layers)
Internal projections of tunica albuginea
Subdivide internal space into 250 lobules
septa (testicular layers)
Extremely convoluted and elongated (up to 4 per lobule)
Nondividing support cells, sustentacular cells
Nourish developing sperm
Release hormone inhibin when sperm count high
Inhibits FSH secretion
& regulates sperm production
Contain dividing germ cells continuously producing sperm
seminiferous tubules
Protects developing sperm from material in blood
Protects sperm from body's leukocytes
Formed from tight junctions between sustentacular cells
blood-testis barrier
Reside in interstitial spaces
Stimulated to produce androgens by luteinizing hormone
Most common androgen, testosterone
Majority released from interstitial cells; small amounts secreted by adrenal cortex
interstitital cells
Nourish and control movement of developing sperm cells to release in lumen
Form blood-testis barrier to prevent immune response
Secrete inhibin hormone to decrease spermatogenesis
Sertoli cells (Sustentacular)
Produce male sex hormone testosterone
Leydig cells (interstitial cells)
two secondary spermatids (haploid; n) with two chromatids of one of each pair of chromosome
Meiosis I
four spermatids (n) still linked by cytoplasmic bridge
Meiosis II
stimulates interstitial cells to secrete testosteron
LH
stimulates sustentacular cells to secrete androgen- binding protein (ABP)
Binds to testosterone, ensures high levels in testes
fsh
contains nucleus and haploid DNA
head
- enzymes for penetrating secondary oocyte
acrosome
mitochondria produce ATP
middle piece
flagellum for locomotion
tail
Seminiferous tubule lumen, straight tubules, rete testis
ducts of the testes
Efferent ducts, ductus epididymis
Site of sperm maturation
epididymis (20 ft)
Ascends in spermatic cord, through inguinal canal, loops over ureter, and ends at dilated ampulla
Stores sperm and conveys them to urethra
40-45 cm long (18 in.)
Passes through inguinal canal as part of spermatic cord
Transports spermatozoa from the epididymis
Can store spermatozoa for several months in a state of suspended animation
Expanded distal portion is the ampulla
ductus defernes (vas deferens) (18 in)
Alkaline, viscous fluid with fructose, used by sperm for ATP production
- Secretion contributes to sperm viability
seminal vesicles
surrounds prostatic urethra
secretion contributes to sperm motility and viability
prostate
either side of membraneous urethra
mucus for lubrication and alkaline fluid to neutralize acids from urine in urethra
bulbourethral glands (cowper's gland)
union of ductus deferens and duct of seminal vesciles
empties sperm and seminal fluid into prostatic urethra
ejaculatory ducts
shared by reproductive and urinary systems
prostatic urthera
membranous urethra
spongy (penile) urethra
external urethral orifice
urethra
Start of the male reproductive tract
Coiled tube bound to posterior border of each testis
Length of tubule is almost 7 m (20 ft)
Lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Has long stereocilia that increase surface area
Sperm undergo functional maturation here
epididymis
receives spermatozoa from efferent ductules
head of epidiymis
extends inferiorly along the posterior margin of the testis
body of epididymis
stars near the inferior border of the testis
number of coil decreases
connects with the ductus deferens
tail of epididymis
carries fluid from the seminal gland and ampulla to the urethra
ejaculatory duct
Sandwiched between the posterior wall of the urinary bladder and the rectum
Secretion ejected by smooth muscle lining gland
Stimulates flagellum movement in spermatozoa
First step of capacitation
Produce ~70 percent of semen volume
seminal glands (also called seminal vesicles)
Compact, walnut-shaped, muscular, encapsulated organ immediately inferior to bladder
Submucosal glands produce mucin
Tubuloalveolar glands open into prostatic urethra
Together, contribute to seminal fluid
Secretes milky fluid rich in citric acid, seminal plasmin, prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
Citric acid, nutrient for sperm health
Seminal plasmin, antibiotic that combats urinary tract infection in male
PSA, enzyme to liquefy semen following ejaculation
the prostate gland
Located at the base of the penis
Duct of each gland empties into the urethra
Secrete thick, alkaline mucus
Helps neutralize acids in the urethra
Also lubricates the tip of the penis
bulbourethral glands (cowper's glands)
sperms carry more morphological defects than usual
teratozoospermia
Sperm with progressive motility. These are the strongest and swim fast in a straight line
grade A
(non-linear motility): These also move forward but tend to travel in a curved or crooked motion
grade b
These have non-progressive motility because they do not move forward despite the fact that they move their tails
grade c
These are immotile and fail to move at all.
=
grade d
Internally attached portion of penis
Dilated internal to body surface
Forms bulb and crus of penis
Bulb attaching penis to bulbospongiosus muscle
Crus attaching penis to pubic arch
root
tubular, elongated movable portion
body (shaft)
narrow portion between the shaft and the glans
neck
Expanded distal end that surrounds the external urethral orifice
Contains external urethral orifice
glans penis (tip of penis)
Circular fold of skin
Parts removed during circumcision
Attaches to the neck and continues over the glans penis
Glands in the inner surface of the prepuce secrete a waxy material called smegma
prepuce (foreskin)
a completely benign secretion, is a combination of shed skin cells, skin oils, and moisture contains lysozymes, chymotrypsin, neutrophil elastase and cytokines, which aid the immune system
smegma
Located dorsolaterally
Terminate in shaft of penis
Paired corpora cavernosa
Ventral to corpora cavernosa in midline
Contains spongy urethra
Continues within the glans
corpus spongiosum
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