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PH WK 3

Terms in this set (29)

What is the reward pathway?
Dopamine release from ventral tegmental area -> nucleus accumbens
How does the use of alcohol and other drugs interact with this reward pathway to develop into Substance Use Disorders (SUDs)?
drugs act as one of those reward stimulus and so when a person develops a SUD they rely on heavy use of drugs to induce these reward stimulus bc their brain adapts and becomes null to the feeling with mild doses
Why is it important to address addiction? What are the financial and medical consequences of unaddressed addiction?
it is imp to address it bc not only is a major health problem but it can also have financial and medical consequences
What are the financial and medical consequences of unaddressed addiction OF addiction?
financial: it costs the gov billions of dollars in treatment of patients suffering of SUDs, lost productivity, and criminal justice costs

medical: can lead to serious health complications
What does an "ideal" SUDs recovery look like? How does this differ from the more typical recovery journeys?
continuous and have routine check ups not just one stop and go
moving away from the idea of acute care model to full continuum
What are the different ways we can approach a complex, multi-faceted problem like the opioid epidemic?
-overprescription
--inform doctors
--moving away from the 5 vital signs of pain

-lack of treatment options
--come up wit better medicine
--move to a more holistic medicinal view

-increased opioid overdose
--increased surveillance of the overpowerful opiods
Give an example of how the 'balloon phenomenon' can occur when attempting to address the opioid epidemic.
need to address evenly or else we see the balloon phenomenon happen where we focus so much on one thing that we forget about the others and let them blow out of proportion
What has research taught us about the effects and dangers of cannabis? ?
it can be of positive use in treating the symptoms of certain diseases
-Chronic pain (cannabis or oral cannabinoids*)
-Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (oral cannabinoids**)
-Multiple sclerosis (MS)-related spasticity (oral cannabinoids**)

can also have negative effects in misused especially in youth since their brain is still developing
-Smoking cannabis during pregnancy is linked to lower birth weight in the offspring.
-Increased risk of unintentional cannabis overdose injuries among children in states where cannabis use is legal.
-Cannabis use prior to driving increases the risk of a motor vehicle accident.
-Mental health
How does this data on the effects and dangers of cannabis translate into recommendations for policy regarding cannabis use?
they can have positive effects if used wisely and by the right person

not for younger people or prego
infectious agent
a org that carries the disease and is capable of spreadin
infection
When an infec agent enters a body and develops or multipies
infectious disease
Infection that results in clinically manifest disease
As a result of interaction of people, animals, and their environment
control of infectious diseases
Actions and programs directed toward reducing disease incidence, reducing disease prevalence, or eradication disease
infectivity
ability of a biological agent to enter and grow in the host
infectiousness
ease of which disease is transmitted to other hosts
pathogenicity
ability to cause disease
virulence
ability to produce disease
infective dose
minimal number of microbes necessary for infection
reservoir
an host, animal, inanimate object that houses the agent and allows it to live and grow
source of infection
the individual or object from which the infection was acquired
horizontal infection
Parasitic infection from one animal to another
vertical transmission
parent to offspring
Define and describe the differences between primary prevention, secondary prevention, and tertiary prevention.
primary is control aimed at reducing the incidence of the disease or risk factors


secondary is Control aimed at shortening the duration of infectious disease can be considered

tertiary is Reducing or eliminated long-term impairments of infectious disease
direct transmission,
direct contact with infected person
indirect vehicle-borne
Inanimate materials or objects become contaminated that serve as an intermediate btwn the agent and host
indirect vector-borne
Mechanical
Via insect crawling or flying


Biological
The agent must develop into the disease before the carrier can be compromised and viable to contaminate others
airborne
Aerosol transmission aka respiratory
Describe the "tools" available for public health interventions to prevent and control communicable diseases that are applied to the host, vectors, infected humans, animals, environment and to the agent itself.
active immunization
passive immunization
quarantine
isolation
chemotherapy
Reverse isolation
Improving Host resistance
behavior change
Describe the factors that contribute to the emergence of new infectious diseases (e.g., SARS) or the re-emergence of previously known diseases (e.g., Tuberculosis).
environmental factors
--climate change

Human demographic change

Breakdowns of sanitary and other public health measures

Economic development and changes in the use of land,

human behaviors,

International travel and commerce

Changes in food processing and handling

Evolution of pathogenic infectious agents

Development of resistance of infectious agent
--ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE
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