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AP World History Period 5 Vocabulary

Terms in this set (60)

study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence.
Philosophies
political and social system of France prior to the French Revolution.
Old Regime
rights that people supposedly have under natural law.
Natural Rights
defended the claim that men are by nature free and equal against claims that God had made all people naturally subject to a monarch.
Locke
French philosopher and writer of the Age of Enlightenment his intelligence, wit and style made him one of France's greatest writers.
Voltaire
believed that there was a supreme principle of morality, and he referred to it as The Categorical Imperative.
Emmanuel Kant
believed in the innate goodness of man and in basic human rights founded upon universal natural law and that both rulers and the citizens have natural human rights as well as obligations to each other which should be bound in a social contract.
Jean Jacques Rousseau
declared that both women and men were human beings endowed with inalienable rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.
Mary Wollstonecraft
called the idea of dividing government power into three branches the "separation of powers."
Baron de Montesquieu
the overthrow of King James II of England by a union of English Parliamentarians.
Glorious Revolution
wages adjusted for inflation, or, equivalently, wages in terms of the amount of goods and services that can be bought.
Real Wages
the war (1756-63) of Britain and Prussia, who emerged in the ascendant, against France and Austria, resulting from commercial and colonial rivalry between Britain and France and from the conflict in Germany between Prussia and Austria.
Seven Years' War
a state in which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives.
Republic
an English American writer and pamphleteer who's "Common Sense" and other writings influenced the American Revolution.
Thomas Paine
the principle that the authority of a state and its government are created and sustained by the consent of its people.
Popular Sovereignty
refer to the three divisions of European society in the middle Ages: the nobles (first estate), the clergy (second estate), and the commoners (third estate).
Three Estates
a French playwright and political activist whose writings on Women's rights and abolitionism reached a large audience.
Olympe de Gouges
form of monarchy in which the sovereign exercises authority in accordance with a written or unwritten constitution.
Constitutional Monarchy
a French lawyer and politician, as well as one of the best known and most influential figures associated with the French Revolution.
Maximilien Robespierre
a period during the French Revolution after the First French Republic was established.
Reign of Terror
the overthrow of an existing government.
Coup d'etat
a French military leader and emperor who conquered much of Europe in the early 19th century.
Napoleon
an act of revolt or uprising.
Insurgency
French legal term denoting a freedman or emancipated slave.
Affranchis
prominent role in the Haitian success over colonialism and slavery had earned him the admiration of friends and detractors alike.
Toussaint Louverture
a French colony on the Caribbean island of Hispaniola from 1659 to 1804, in what is now Haiti.
Saint Domingue
a military or political group that rules a country after taking power by force.
Junta
term to describe mixed-race individuals in Spanish America.
Castas
a Mexican Roman Catholic priest and key figure in the Mexican War of Independence and is best remembered for his speech, the "Grito de Dolores" which called for the end of Spanish colonial rule in Mexico.
Hidalgo
Argentine soldier, statesman, and national hero who helped lead the revolutions against Spanish rule in Argentina (1812), Chile (1818), and Peru (1821).
Jose de San Martin
South American soldier who was instrumental in the continent's revolutions against the Spanish empire and wrote El Libertador.
Simon Bolivar
state that encompassed much of northern South America and part of southern Central America from 1819 to 1831. The state included the territories of present-day Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, Venezuela, and parts of northern Peru, western Guyana and northwestern Brazil.
Gran Colombia
revolutionary hero of South America who supported the revolutionary cause by gathering information, distributing leaflets, and protesting for women's rights.
Manuel Saenz
type of personalist leader wielding military and political power.
Caudillos
a natural fuel such as coal or gas, formed in the geological past from the remains of living organisms.
Fossil Fuels
Low carbon energy production fossil fuels have to be burned to release energy and renewable clean energy replacing fossil fuels.
Energy Revolution
80% of the population were peasants, people who lived on the land and were the direct producers of food for themselves and the rest of the population.
Biological Old Regime
production system widespread in 17th-century western Europe in which merchant-employers "put out" materials to rural producers who usually worked in their homes but sometimes laboured in workshops or in turn put out work to others.
Putting Out System
a secret oath-based organization of English textile workers in the 19th century were protesting against the use of machinery in a "fraudulent and deceitful manner" to get around standard labour practices.
Luddites
Low carbon energy production fossil fuels have to be burned to release energy and renewable clean energy replacing fossil fuels.
Energy Revolution
enslaved bodyguards of the Abbasid caliphs of the Islamic Empire starting around 850 AD, the Abbasid caliphs captured or bought young boys who were not Muslims as slaves.
Mamluk/Egypt
a trade policy that does not restrict imports or exports; it is the idea of the free market as applied to international trade.
Free Trade
a political and moral philosophy based on liberty and equality.
Liberalism
German philosopher, economist, historian, sociologist, political theorist, journalist and socialist revolutionary.
Karl Marx
the political and economic theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, later developed by their followers to form the basis for the theory and practice of communism.
Marxism
economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.
Capitalism
a range of economic and social systems characterised by social ownership of the means of production and workers' self-management.
Socialism
a Scottish economist, philosopher and author as well as a moral philosopher, a pioneer of political economy and a key figure during the Scottish Enlightenment, also known as ''The Father of Economics''.
Adam Smith
workers or working-class people, regarded collectively.
Proletariat
characteristic of the middle class, typically with reference to its perceived materialistic values or conventional attitudes.
Bourgeoise
a sovereign state whose citizens or subjects are relatively homogeneous in factors such as language or common descent.
Nation State
a political, social, and economic ideology and movement characterized by the promotion of the interests of a particular nation.
Nationalism
used to distinguish settler colonies from resource extraction colonies.
Settler Society/Colony
a particular class of society with distinguishing characteristics of social structure, political organization and laws of motion governing social change.
Plantation Society/Colony
the policy of extending the rule or authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries.
Imperial Society
military conflict when the Russian Empire lost to an alliance of the Ottoman Empire, France, Britain and Sardinia. The immediate cause involved the rights of Christian minorities in the Holy Land.
Crimean War
two wars in the mid-19th century involving China and the British Empire over the British trade of opium and China's sovereignty.
Opium Wars
massive rebellion in China between the established Manchu-led Qing dynasty and the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom under Hong Xiuquan.
Taiping Rebellion
unsuccessful uprising in India in 1857-58 against the rule of the British East India Company, which functioned as a sovereign power on behalf of the British Crown.
Great Indian Rebellion
four-year war (1861-65) between the United States and 11 Southern states that seceded from the Union and formed the Confederate States of America.
American Civil War
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