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anatomy and physiology digestive system

Terms in this set (156)

alimentary canal regions and accessory organs
what are the 2 categories that organs can be classified into
operate to nourish
alimentary canal regions function
mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine
alimentary canal regions
provide passage or secretions
accessory organs' function
liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and teeth
what are the accessory organs
30 feet
length of alimentary canal
breakdown food for absorption into the bloodstream
function of digestive system
breaking down food
catabolism
ingestion, propulsion, mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption, defecation
what are the 6 digestive processes
physical act of taking food into the digestive system/mouth
ingestion
act of physically moving food along the GI tract
propulsion
along the GI tract
where does peristalsis occur
process of preparing food to be chemically digested; churning, chewing, mixing chyme with enzymes in small intestine
mechanical digestion
series of metabolic steps that break food down using enzymes; cellular respiration
chemical digestion
uptake of nutrients to the bloodstream along the alimentary canal; small intestines
absorption
elimination of waste that is not chemically digestible by the body
defecation
innermost membrane layer
mucosa
mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa
what are the 4 layers of the GI tract
moist epithelial tissue
what is mucosa made of
secrete mucus, enzymes, and hormones, absorb end products of digestion, and protect against infectious disease
what does mucosa do
second layer of membrane
submucosa
areolar connective tissue with rich blood supply, lymphatic supply, and nerve supply
what is submucosa made of
enables the stomach to regain shape after eating and supplies the surrounding GI tract tissue with blood and lymphatic supply
what does submucosa do
3rd layer of membranes
muscularis externa
smooth muscle; contains inner circular layer and outer longitudinal layer
what is muscularis externa made of
performs peristalsis, performs segmentation, and forms the sphincters
what does muscularis externa do
propels food forward the whole length of the GI tract
peristalsis
mixing of food with enzymes by mixing and moving contents slowly and steadily towards the ileocecal valve
segmentation
Muscles arranged in circles that are able to decrease the back-flow in the GI tract
sphincters
outermost protective covering membrane
serosa
areolar connective tissue
what is serosa made of
fibrous outer covering
adventitia
adventitia
what do some GI organs have
wall lined with thin stratified squamous epithelium
mouth
to keep food between teeth when chewing
lips and cheeks function
provides are hard surface for the tongue for chewing
what does the palate of the mouth function as
tongue
what occupies the floor of the mouth
skeletal muscle fibers
what is the tongue made of
grips food during chewing, mixes food with saliva forming the bolus, initiates swallowing, and forms consonance when speaking
what are the functions of the tongue
food after it has been chewed and mixed with saliva
bolus
parotid, submandibular, sublingual
what are the 3 salivary glands
cheeks
parotid gland location
along the mandible
submandibular gland location
under the tongue
sublingual gland location
99% water, slightly acidic
what is saliva made of
cleans mouth, dissolves food for taste, moistens food for formation of bolus, and contains enzymes that start starch digestion
functions of the salivary glands
mouth
where does starch digestion begin
connective tissue
what are teeth made of
lie in sockets in the gum- covered margins of the mandible and maxilla bones
where are teeth located
crown and root
what are the 2 regions of the tooth
the visible portion of the tooth
crown of teeth
below the gum line; contains blood vessels and nerves
root of teeth
chewing
mastication
mastication of food
function of the teeth
stratified squamous epithelial tissue
what is the pharynx made of
provides a connection from the mouth to the stomach
function of the pharynx
10 inches
how long is the esophagus
smooth muscle
what is the esophagus made of
performs peristalsis once food is swallowed
what does the esophagus do
the upper left quadrant of the peritoneal cavity
where is the stomach
6-10 inches long
how long is the stomach
1 gallon
how much can the stomach hold
performs chemical and mechanical digestion and regulates the flow of chyme into the small intestines
what does the stomach do
chewed food mixed with stomach acid
chyme
parietal cells and chief cells
what are the 2 cells of the stomach
HCl
what do parietal cells secrete
pepsinogen
what do chief cells secrete
folds in the stomach that increase surface area
rugae
from the pyloric sphincter to the ileocecal valve
where does the small intestines extend from/to
Valve at the junction of the small and large intestines
ileocecal valve
duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
what are the 3 subdivisions of the small intestines
10 inches
length of duodenum
8 feet long
length of jejunum
12 feet long
length of ileum
absorptive epithelial cells
what does the small intestines contain
segmentation with enzymes and absorption of nutrients
functions of small intestines
microvilli and villi
what 2 things are used in the stomach for absorption
fro the iliocecal valve to the anus
where does the large intestine extend from/to
cecum, appendix, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, and anus
what are the subdivisions of the large intestine
water reabsorption and vitamin B and K absorption
what are the functions of the large intestine
liver
what is the largest solid organ in the body
3 pounds
weight of liver
lobules
what is the liver composed of
functional units of the liver, size of sesame seeds
lobules
performs metabolic and regulatory roles, cleans toxins from blood, and produces bile for fat emulsion
functions of the liver
4 inches
how long is the gallbladder
thin walled sac in the lower end of the liver
what is the gallbladder
stores excess bile and concentrates it by removing the water
function of the gallbladder
tadpole shaped gland
what is the pancreas
retroperitoneal superior to the stomach
where is the pancreas located
endocrine (secretion of insulin) and exocrine (makes enzymes) functions
what are the functions of the pancreas
secretory cells surrounding ducts in the pancreas
acini
produces digestive enzymes and hormones for food digestion
isle of langerhans cells function
falciform ligament
liver
pancreas
gallbladder
common hepatic duct
1, 8, and 9
cystic duct
bile duct
I (eye)
pancreatic duct
cardiac sphincter
fundus
longitudinal muscle layer of stomach
circular muscle layer of stomach
oblique muscle layer of stomach
body of stomach
pyloric region of stomach
pyloric sphincter
gastric gland pit
parotid gland
sublingual gland
submandibular gland
spleen
B
appendix
rectum
N
sigmoid colon
teeth incisors
palatine tonsils
D
frenulum
gingiva
D
dentin
B
root canal
F
periodontal membrane
I
crown
I
pulp
J (stuff inside)
cementum
E
root
G
bone tissue of jaw
K
salivary glands/mouth
where is salivary amylase produced/released
neutral
what is the pH of salivary amylase
pancreas/small intestine
where is pancreatic amylase produced/released
basic
what is the pH of the small intestine
small intestine/small intestine
where is maltase produced/released
salivary amylase, pancreatic amylase, and maltase
what are the 3 enzymes in carbohydrate digestion
gastric glands (chief cells)/stomach
where is pepsin produced/released
acidic
what is the pH of the stomach
pancreas/small intestine
where is trypsin produced/released
small intestine/small intestine
where is peptidase produced/released
pepsin, trypsin, and peptidase
what are the 3 enzymes with protein digestion
lipase
what enzyme is used with lipid digestion
pancreas/small intestine
where is lipase produced/released
pancreas/small intestine
where is nuclease produced/released
pancreas/small intestine
where is nucleosidase produced/released
nuclease and nucleosidase
what are the 2 enzymes involved in nucleic acid digestion
inflammatory bowel disease; causes abdominal pain, severe diarrhea, fatigue, weight loss, and malnutrition
Crohn's disease
inflammation of the liver; caused by a virus
hepatitis
inflammation of the pancreas
pancreatitis
inflammatory bowel disease; causes long lasting inflammation and ulcers
ulcerative colitis
kidneys lose function and cannot filter waste from the blood
kidney failure
abnormal cells to polyps to cancer
colon cancer
abnormal cells- cells do not work properly; can get diabetes, weight loss, pain
pancreatic cancer
hardened deposit of digestive fluid
gallstone
autoimmune disorder where the ingestion of gluten leads to the damage in the small intestine
celiac disease
part of the intestine protrudes through a weak spot in the abdominal muscles
inguinal hernia
late stage of scarring of the liver caused by many forms of liver diseases and conditions such as hepatitis and alcoholism
cirrhosis
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