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MSCI 102 Final

Terms in this set (151)

Organisms associated with the bottom substrates are termed the _____
benthos
Organisms in the size range of 0.2 to 2µm are termed ___
picoplankton
Dead organic matter suspended in the water column is known as ___
detritus
The ___ pelagic region is deeper than the mesoplagic region of the water column in the ocean.
hadal and abyssal
In clear ocean waters, the photic zone may extend to depths of ___ m.
100
The most abundant living organisms in the marine environment are in the size range of ___
picoplankton
The Crenarcheota, Nanoarcheota, and Euryarchota are members of the ___
archaea
Marine bacteria may be ___
autotrophic, heterotrophic, or chemotrophic
As temperature increases, enzyme activity ___
increases
An increase in salinity ___ the temperature of maximum density of saltwater.
decreases
Cold-blooded animals (poikilotherms) are also known as
ectotherms
Ectotherms that live in environments where temperatures can change rapidly are usually ___
eurytherms
Marine phytoplankton are responsible for more than ___% of oceanic primary production.
90
Integrated primary production has units of ___
m2
The bulk of oceanic primary production can be attributed to ___
Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus
Net primary production (NPP) is equal to gross primary production (GPP) ____
- respiration
The compensation depth is the depth at which NPP = ___
0
For productivity, one method has units of carbon and the other has units of oxygen. What is the conversion factor between the two methods named?
photosynthetic quotient
One mole of carbon fixed by photosynthesis = ___ of oxygen evolved.
1 mole
The main determinant(s) of phytoplankton production patters is/are ____.
light, nutrients, temperature, and grazing
In the Southern Ocean, the highest phytoplankton biomass occurs during ____.
November to March
The Big Bang occurred ____ billion years ago, and Earth formed ____ billion years ago.
14, 4.5
The layer immediately below the Earth's crust is the ____.
asthenosphere
The most abundant dissolved element in seawater is ____.
chlorine (Cl)
Most of the oxygen in today's atmosphere was produced by ____.
plants
The first "humans" on Earth evolved around ____ years ago.
2 million
There are more than 5,000 different types of viruses in 100 ml of seawater. T/F
True
Viruses can be classified as ____.
None (prokaryotes, eukaryotes, Archaea, fungi)
Marine and terrestrial production are approximately equal at around 50 ____ per year.
petagrams and billion tons
The chlorophyll a molecule contains ____ while accessory photopigments (carotenes and xanthophylls) do not.
nitrogen
Chlorophyll a fluoresces ____ under ____ light.
red, blue
The only prokaryotic group of phytoplankton are the ____.
cyanobacteria
The most successful and abundant photosynthetic genus on Earth is probably ____.
Prochlorococcus
Which of the following do NOT have flagella?
cyanobacteria and diatoms
Diatoms are unique in that they have ____ frustules.
silica
Restoration of diatoms to the "normal" size is accomplished through ____.
sexual reproduction
The vegetative states of diatoms and cyanobacteria have well-developed flagella. T/F
False
Some species of dinoflagellates ____.
are bioluminescent and are toxic
Some species of haptophytes are covered in ____ composed of ____.
scales, calcium carbonate
Micromonas is the smallest known ____ genus.
eukaryote
The accessory photosynthetic pigment phycoerythrin is found in ____.
cyanobacteria and cryptophytes
Oxygen released as a by-product of photosynthesis comes from ____.
H2O
The light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis occur in the ____.
thylakoids
The light-independent reactions of photosynthesis occur in the ____.
stroma
Chlorophyll a absorbs light in the ____ and ____ wavelengths.
blue and red
The Calvin-Benson Cycle is the location of ____ fixation in plants and photosynthetic protists.
carbon
Carbon fixation can only occur in the light. T/F
False
Salt marsh cord grass (Spartina sp.) uses the ____ pathway(s) for photosynthesis.
C4
As the diffuse attenuation coefficient for PAR (kPAR) increases, water turbidity ____.
increases
The average depth of the World's Oceans is ____.
3.8 km
Squids are thought to have the largest ____, relative to body size, of all invertebrates.
sperm
Cephalopods have ____ symmetry.
bilateral
The chambered nautilus is a ____.
cephalopod
Many gastropods have a specialized feeding structure, the ____, used to scrape algae from hard surfaces.
radula
Bivalves are classified as ____.
molluscs
Sea butterflies (pteropods) are members of the class ____.
gastropoda
Gastropods may be ____ feeders.
deposit and suspension
A common characteristic of the Phylum Mollusca is that ALL species have ____. Sometimes externally and sometimes internally.
a calcareous shell
Molluscs have ____.
bilateral symmetry, heads, complete digestive system, and nervous systems
The two largest groups of marine invertebrates are the Crustacea and ____.
Mollusca
More than ____ of all known living and fossil multicellular species on Earth are ____.
invertebrates
Sponges are ____ feeders.
suspension
Jellyfish, anemonies, and corals are in the Phylum ____.
Cnidaria
Cnidarians have a well-developed anus. T/F
False
One common characteristic of ALL Cnidarians is that they have ____.
cnidoblasts
Cnidarians have ____ symmetry
radial
The swimming stage of a Cnidarian is known as a ____.
medusa
Sea anemones and corals are technically ____.
polyps
The Portuguese Man of War is a jellyfish. T/F
False
Siphonophores are ____.
colonial hydroids
Reef-building corals are said to be ____.
hermatypic
The optimum temperature for coral reefs ranges from ____C.
26-28
The endosymbiotic algae in corals are ____.
zooxanthellae and dinoflagellates
The "comb jellies" are ____.
ctenophores
Marine segmented worms are known as ____.
polychaetes
Polychaetes may be found in ____ environments.
benthic, pelagic, intertidal, and subtidal
Plankton in the size range of 2-20 µm size range are termed ____.
nanoplankton
Ciliate protists may be ____.
mixotrophic, autotrophic, herbivores, or carnivores
Foraminiferans have shells of ____ and radiolarians have shells of ____.
calcium carbonate, silica
Organisms that spend part of their life cycle in the plankton are ____.
none (holoplankton, mesoplankton, microplankton, residents)
Organisms that spend ALL of their life cycle in the plankton are ____.
holoplankton
A plankton net with a mesh size of 500 µm will capture ____.
macroplankton
Organisms that readily adjust to varying salinities is said to be ____.
euryhaline
The second most abundant dissolved ion in seawater is ____.
sodium
Seawater is slightly ____ with respect to pH.
basic
Most of the dissolved CO2 in seawater is in the form of ____.
bicarbonate
Photosynthesis ____ the pH of seawater, while respiration ____ the pH.
increases, decreases
Why is the rapidly increasing concentration of atmospheric CO2 a problem for calcareous organisms?
It causes dissolution of calcium carbonate
The solubility of gases in seawater ____ with increasing temperature.
decreases
The oxygen minimum zone in the ocean water column is due to ____.
respiration
A SCUBA diver descends to a depth of 100 ft (33 meters). The approximate pressure at that depth would be ____ atmospheres.
4
If Q10 = 2, then metabolic rates would ____ with a 10C rise in temperature.
double
As temperature increases, enzyme activity ____.
increases
When enzymes are exposed to excessive temperatures, they may be ____.
denatured
Ectotherms that live in environments where temperatures can change rapidly are usually ____.
eurytherms
The Redfield Ratio of nutrients in the ocean is the molar ratio of 106 ____ : 16 ____ : 1 ____.
C, N, P
The most common limiting nutrient in oligotrophic ocean waters is fixed ____.
nitrogen
If body fluids are less salty than seawater, then they are ____.
hypotonic
Where in the oceans are dissolved nutrient concentrations generally highest?
in estuaries, along the equator, in coastal upwelling regions, and well below the euphotic zone (deeper than 200 m)
The structure pictured to the right is a ____.
cnidoblast
The most successful of all multicellular animal phyla is the Phylum ____.
Arthropoda
Crustaceans are ____ symmetrical.
None (alternately, radial, unilaterally, not)
Crustaceans have ____.
chitin, striated muscle, appendages, and exoskeletons
Copepods are mostly ____.
particle feeders and crustaceans
The basic body plan of Decapod crustaceans includes the following ____.
antennae, cephalothorax, abdomen, and telson
The molting process in arthropods is known as ____.
ecdysis
Arrow worms are in the Phylum ____.
Chaetognatha
Starfish, sea cucumbers, and urchins are in the Phylum ____.
Echinodermata
Radial symmetry is a characteristic of ____.
urchins, starfish, and sea cucumbers
Pentamorous symmetry is a common feature of ____.
starfish
Tube feet and a water vascular system are anatomical features of ____.
starfish
Starfish are ____ feeders.
suspension, deposit, and predatory
The Class Holothuria contains the ____.
sea cucumbers
Most Holothurians are ____ feeders.
deposit
Sea cucumbers have ____ symmetry.
radial
Although invertebrates, ____ have a dorsal notochord and gill slits.
tunicates and salps
Salps are primarily ____ feeders.
suspension and planktonic
Salps and tunicates are more closely related to cnidarians (jellyfish) and ctenophores (comb jellies) than they are to humans T/F
False
Animals with backbones are in the Subphylum ____.
Vertebrata
Hagfish and lampreys have upper and lower mandibles. T/F
False
The jawless fishes are in the Class ____.
Agnatha
Animals in the Class Chondrichthyes have ____.
jaws, paired fins, spinal chord, and gill rakers
Most sharks are ____ buoyant.
negatively
Sharks have a well-developed operculum. T/F
False
The primary purpose of gill rakers is to ____.
clean the gills
Animals that give birth to live young are said to be ____.
viviparous
Animals that lay eggs are said to be ____.
oviparous
Sharks may be ____ in terms of their body plan.
fusiform and dorsoventrally flattened
In sharks, the ampullae of Lorenzini are used to detect ____.
weak electrical fields
Bony fish are in the Class ____.
Osteichthyes
Fish may be ____.
ray-finned and lobe-finned
Marine eels are actually ____.
fish
The circulatory system of fish has ____.
a two-chambered heart and single loop circulation
Fish gills are covered by a bony plate known as the ____.
operculum
Bony fish have a ____ chambered heart and humans have a ____ chambered heart.
2, 4
Which of the following are "paired fins" on a fish?
pectoral and pelvic
The "tail fin" of a fish is known as the ____fin.
caudal
Fish control their buoyancy using a ____.
swim bladder
Holothurians respire through their ____.
anus
Bony fish are able to detect the motion of water using the ____ system.
lateral line
Sharks use ____ to assist with the osmotic balance of internal tissues and organs.
urea
Mammals are ____.
viviparous
Marine mammals evolved in the ocean. T/F
False
Marine mammals are ____.
endotherms
One major difference between manatees and dugongs is that the manatees are found in the ____ and dugongs are found in the ____.
Caribbean Sea, South Pacific
____ have external ears and ____ do not.
sea lions, seals
The seals, sea lions, and walruses are in the Order ____.
Pinnipedia
The Suborder Mysticeti is also known as the ____.
baleen whales
Dolphins have a ____ snout and porpoises have a ____ snout.
elongated, blunt
Corals may recover from bleaching events. T/F
True
What is the likely source for the dust-associated pathogens affecting coral reefs in the Florida Keys?
the Sahara
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