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Islam

Terms in this set (43)

Allah
Arabic word for God
Islam
A monotheistic religion based on the teachings of the prophet Muhammad; also means "submission to the will of Allah"
Muslim
A follower of Islam
Hijrah
Muhammad's migration from Mecca to (Yathrib) Medina
caravan
group of traveling merchants and animals
astrolabe
An instrument developed during the Islamic Golden Age; used by sailors to determine their location by observing the position of the stars and planets
Kaa'ba
(Islam) a black stone temple located in Mecca that is shaped like a cube and is the most sacred place for Muslims
Qu'ran
The holy book of Islam; written in Arabic is believed by Muslims to be the direct words of God
mosque
A Muslim place of worship
prophet
a person that people believe God has spoken to
most important cities for Muslims
Mecca, Medina, Jerusalem
Five Pillars of Islam
Declaration of faith, daily prayer, alms (charity), fasting during Ramadan, and pilgrimage (hajj) to Mecca
hajj
A pilgrimage or religious journey to Mecca, performed as a duty by Muslims
Shiite (Shi'a)
A branch of Islam that believes its religious leader should be a relative of Muhammad; smaller branch of Islam (10-15% of Muslim population)
Sunni
a branch of Islam that believes its religious leader should be elected; larger branch of Islam (75-90% of Muslim population)
Muhammad's Revelations
Muslims believe Muhammad was visited by the angel Gabriel and was told by God how to live and worship; these messages were later recorded by Muhammad's followers and are the foundation of Islam
caliph
meaning "deputy"; successor to Muhammad as political and religious leader of the Muslims
Muhammad
Arab prophet; founder of religion of Islam
Mecca
the holiest city of Islam; Muhammad's birthplace and the destination of the hajj
calligraphy
the art of fine handwriting; used in Islamic art
Bedouins
small groups of nomadic people in Arabia
Umayyads
members of the Sunni dynasty of caliphs that ruled a Muslim empire from 661 to 750; capital was located in Damascus
Abbasids
A dynasty that ruled much of the Muslim Empire from 750 to about 1250; capital was located in Baghdad until it was destroyed by Mongol invaders in 1258
Battle of Tours
European armies led by Frankish king Charles Martel defeat Muslim armies and stop the spread of Islam in Europe
Arabic
language of Islam
Ali
Son-in-law to Muhammad and fourth caliph; considered to be the first caliph by Shiite Muslims
Damascus
Syrian city that was the capital of Umayyad caliphate (dynasty)
Baghdad
Capital of Abbasid dynasty located in Iraq; captured by the Mongols in 1258
Declaration of Faith (Shahadah)
Muslims must state that there is no god except Allah, and Muhammad is his prophet
Ramadan
Month of fasting during which Muslims fast from sunrise to sunset; commemorates the recording of the Qu'ran
Daily prayer (salah)
Muslims must pray five times a day facing the Kaa'ba in Mecca
Charity/Alms (zakat)
giving part of one's wealth to the poor
religion of Arabian Peninsula before Islam
polytheism
House of Wisdom
Combination library, academy, and translation center in Baghdad established in the 800s.
Dome of the Rock
Mosque in Jerusalem where Muslims believe Muhammad ascended to heaven; architecture includes mosaics and other Byzantine features
Medina
a city in western Saudi Arabia where Muhammad preached and gained followers
Arabesque design
geometric patterns; no human figures in Islamic art
Arabian Peninsula
Geographic region where Islam was founded
Three regions where Islam spread quickly
Asia, North Africa, Spain
Major reasons for spread of Islam
Arabic language and its use along trade routes; the Byzantines and other civilizations were weakened and allowed for Muslims to conquer lands
Death of Ali
led to Sunni/Shi'a (Shiite) division over whether Muhammad's successor should be blood relative or elected
Islamic Achievements
Architecture (Dome of the Rock)
Mosaics
Arabic alphabet
Universities
Translation of ancient texts into Arabic
Arabic numerals (adapted from India, including zero)
Algebra
Medicine
Expansion of geographic knowledge
Expansion of Islam
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