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Understanding Human Disease: Chapter 23 (GI Tract)

Terms in this set (28)

Cleft Lip/Cleft Palate
Common congenital deformities.
Lip and cleft palate do not form correctly.
Multifactorial: genetics = chromosomal abnormalities, environment = viral, smoking.
Problems are cosmetic, dental, speech, swallowing, hearing, facial, growth, emotional.
Prenatal diagnosis with ultrasound at 12 weeks.
Surgical repair.
Disorders of the Oral Cavity
Caries = decay or crumbling of teeth.
Plaque = bacterial accumulation.
Tartar = calcified plaque
Gingivitis = inflammed gums
Peridontitis = serious gum infection that can decay jawbone.
Carcinoma of Oral Cavity
Arises from epithelium: lips, cheek, tongue, palate.
Cold Sores
Due to Herpes Simplex 1.
Blister like lesions on face or inside mouth.
Painful, very contagious.
Canker Sores
Aphthous Stomatitis: painful open sore inside mouth. Not contagious.
Diseases of Esophagus
Obstruction: carcinoma, food impactation.
Hiatal Hernia: protrusion of stomach through esophageal hiatus.
Failure of lower sphincter to close tightly.
Esophageal Carcinoma
Arise from epithelial.
Risk Factors: Tobacco use, Alcohol Use.
Poor Diagnosis = tends to invade and metastasize early.
Reflux Esophagitis
Reflux of gastric acid.
Types: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) - reflux esophagitis
Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPS)
Barret's Esophagus
Metaplasia in esophagus
GERD vs Heartburn
GERD = reflux more than two times a week
Gastritis
Disruption of protective gastric mucosa.
May be associated with bleeding.
Types: Acute = non steroidal antiflammatories (NSAIDS), alcohol.
Chronic = autoimmune - parietal cells. Heliobacter pylori.
Heliobacter Pylori
Adapts to low pH of stomach.
Testing: antibodies detected in blood, breath test, stomach biopsy.
Risk Factor for: ulcer, stomach cancer.
Peptic Ulcer Disease
A break or ulceration in the protective mucosal lining of the lower esophagus, stomach, or duodenum.
Peptic = increase HCl.
Complications of Peptic Ulcer: Internal bleeding, penetration into the pancreas, perforation leading to infection, peritonitis.
Gastric Carcinoma
Worldwide as deadly as lung cancer.
Risk Factors: Chronic gastritis, Diet high in salt-preserved food/low in fruit and vegetables.
Usually asymptomatic until advanced.
Diseases of Intestines
Lack of Movement: adhesions, intussusception, volvulus (twisting), hermiation.
Clinically: pain, vomiting, abdominal distension, lack of stools.
Intussuception
If trapped, obstruction and infarction follow.
Inguinal hernia
Hernia = protrusion of bowel through a hiatus or defect.
Etiology: weakness of abdominal in groin.
Peritoneum extends through abdomen muscles.
More common in men.
If hernia gets trapped, may get ischemic and infarct.
Entercolitis
Pathogens:
1. Virus: rotavirus = children. Noravirus = adults.
2. Bacteria (less common, more severe): E. coli, Salmonella, campylobacter
Leads to diarrhea = increase in volume of stool or frequency of defecation.
Celiac Disease
Autoimmune disease. Condition affecting villus of small intestine. Allergy to gluten.
Symptoms: abdominal pain, bloating, gas, fat in stool, weight loss, malnutrition, constipation.
Lactose Intolerance
Deficiency of lactase.
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Characteristics: Episodic bloody diarrhea, crampy abdomen pain, peak age 15-30.
Two Types: 1. Crohn's disease 2. Ulcerative Colitis
Treatment: Anti-inflammatories, decrease activity of immune system, resection.
Crohn's Disease
Regional enteritis. Mouth to anus, tranmural. Risk factors: caucasian, female, smokers.
Ulcerative Colitis
Mucosa only.
Appendicitis
Appendix: more common in teenagers and young adults.
Inflammation of the appendix - medical emergency.
Possible causes: infection, obstruction.
Typical presentation: right lower quadrant pain, nausea, vomiting, fever.
Most serous complication is peritonitis.
Diverticulosis and Diverticulitis
Small pouches that push out in weak spots in colon wall. Found almost exclusively in sigmoid colon. If it becomes inflamed = diverticulitis.
Inflammation of diverticulosis.
Complications: pain, bleeding, abscess, perforation.
Peritonitis
Inflammation of the peritoneum.
Types: infectious, usually due to bacteria from bowel due to perforation, Sterile (due to chemical irritation as when enzymes spill on peritoneum.
Once healed, may produce adhesions.
Adenocarcinomas
Make and release mucus. Colon cancers. Leading cause of cancer deaths.
Colon Cancer
Begins with polyps on the lining of the colon. Polyps can be pre-malignant.
Treatment = radiation, chemotherapy, surgery.
Survival rates vary.
Risk factors: age, family history, high intake of red meat.
Diagnosis: Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA): Tumor marker, low specificity-also produced by other tumors. Occult blood test: not very sensitive but good if used over long periods of time. Colonoscopy: can reduce death rate by about 60%, recommended for those above age 50.
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