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Foundations of Nursing Final

Terms in this set (75)

What war did Florence Nightingale impact?
Crimean War
Benner
Caring, Clinical Wisdom, and Ethics inNursing Practice
Peplau
Theory of interpersonal relations
Henderson
Nursing Need Theory
Orem
Self-Care Deficit Theory
Travelbee
Human-to-Human relationship model
Neuman
Systems Model
Roy
Adaptation Model
Levine
The Conservation Model
Rogers
Unitary Human Beings
Parse
Humanbecoming
Watson
Watson's Philosophy and Theory of Transpersonal Caring
Leninger
Theory of Culture Care Diversity and Universality
Pelletier
Nursing Process Theory
Kolcaba
Theory of Comfort
"Rebirth of Europe - Cultural bridge between middle ages and modern history - 1300 - 1700
The Renaissance
Advances in many areas
during the Renaissance
Political
Social
Economic
Tremendous revival of learning
Renewed interest in arts & sciences
Helped advance medical science
Renaissance has been viewed as a
blessing and a curse
During the Renaissance, explorers discovered what?
"new worlds"
Scientific discoveries
by who during The Renaissance
Copernicus
Newton
Artists of the Renaissance included:
Leonardo da Vinci
Michelangelo
Raphael
Titan
Sun centered rather then earth centered
Copernicus
Theory of gravity
Newton
Gunpowder was introduced
during the
Renaissance
known as the greatest geniuses of all times. Made a number of anatomic drawings based on dissection experiences
Leonardo da Vinci
Helped advance the understanding of anatomy
Andreas Vesalius
dissected cadavers of humans
Andreas Vesalius
Published the book, De Humani Corporis Fabrica (The Fabric of the Human Body) in 1543.
Andreas Vesalius
De Humani Corporis Fabrica (The Fabric of the Human Body) included detailed descriptions of
ligaments, muscles organs of nutrition's, contents of the thorax, anatomy of the brain, cranial nerves, and the organs of senses.
one of the most profound founders of advanced medical science
Andreas Vesalius
In 1628, he proved that the lungs were not responsible for circulating the blood; instead the heart was the central pump
William Harvey
developed a method of vaccination for smallpox. He heard tales that dairywomen who developed cowpox did not develop smallpox in 1796
Edward Jenner
In 1798 there was a young woman who had developed cowpox, Jenner used the fresh lesion to inoculate an eight-year-old boy.
Edward Jenner
Social and religious upheavals
American and French revolutions

Late 1700s

Gunpowder introduced
The Renaissance
Influenced nursing more than any aspect of society

Rise of Protestantism

Reform movements

Abolition of the monastic or cloistered career

Effects on nursing drastic
Religious changes during the renaissance
Reform movements in the Renaissance lead by
Martin Luther in Germany & John Calvin in France & Switzerland
Monastic-affiliated institutions closed (hospitals & schools)

Orders of nuns were dissolved (including nurses)

Reformation led by Martin Luther in 1517

Well aware of lack of adequate nursing care as a result of religious changes
Religious changes during the renaissance
advocated that each town establish a "community chest" to raise funds for hospitals and nurse visitors for the poor
Luther
Closure of monasteries lead to the creation of
public hospitals
performed nursing care during the reformation
Laywomen
Public hospitals were filthy, disorganized buildings where people went to die during the
reformation/renaissance
Difficult to find laywomen willing to care for the sick therefore who was hired during the reformation?
judges gave prostitutes, publicly intoxicated women, & poverty stricken women the option of:

Going to jail
Going to the poorhouse
Working in the public hospital
Laywomen as nurses
Not trained
Not motivated
Not qualified to care for the sick
450 charitable organizations prior to the Reformation

Few survived the reign of Henry VIII

Most monastic hospitals closed
Reformation in England
Edward VI - 1547 - 1553
Endowed some hospitals

St. Bartholomew's hospital

St. Thomas' hospital (eventually housed the Nightingale school of nursing)
Landmark publication from Institute of Medicine published in 1999
IOM
Latest IOM report -
The Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health
Latest IOM report published in 2011 and specifically calls for
Interdisciplinary education

Decreasing barriers to nurses' scope of practice

Increasing educational levels of nurses
The IOM drew attention to what
the scope of errors in health care
The IOM concluded what
errors are a result of faulty systems, processes, and conditions that allow error
Report was released in 1922

Advocated the establishment of university schools of nursing to train nurse leaders
Goldmark Report
Author of the Goldmark Report
Josephine Goldmark
Report was an exhaustive & comprehensive investigation into the state of nursing education & training
Goldmark Report
Nursing for the Future authored by Lucille Brown

Published in 1948
Brown Report
Became the catalyst for implementation of educational nursing program accreditation
Brown Report
National League for Nursing was accrediting body
Brown Report
exposed its audience to what physicians working among the urban poor, poor law officials, and the poor themselves already knew:

Working-class neighborhoods and streets were appallingly and dangerously filthy,

Poor were getting sicker more frequently and dying at a younger age than the better-off,

"Filth and disease" were causally related
Chadwick Report
Chadwick untiringly argued that all the causes of filth, and therefore much of the disease, were "preventable
Chadwick report
passed in 1946 - provided funds to increase the construction of new hospitals
Hill-Burton Act
In 1965 ANA took a courageous & controversial stand by approving its first position paper on nursing education -
advocating for all nursing education for professional practice to take place in colleges and universities
3 requirements of APA
running head/header, page number in the right hand corner, 1 inch margins
4 concepts of metaparadigm
person, environment, health, nursing
Are open, social beings who are unique, rational, sentient, and capable of making decisions

Have the ability to perceive, think, feel, choose, and set goals and select means to achieve goals

Have values that are linked to their culture and dictate their behavior and goals

Differ in their needs, desires, and goals

Have three fundamental needs, which include the following:

Health Information
Care that seeks to prevent illness
Care when they are unable to help themselves
Human beings/person
Is the dynamic life experiences of a human being, which calls for the continuous adjustment to stressors in the internal and external
environments causing the optimum use of one's resources to achieve maximum potential for daily living

Is a changing state where variations are constant and ongoing

Is made up of genetic, subjective, relative, dynamic, environmental, functional, cultural, and perceptual characteristics.
Health
is the background for human interactions.

involves internal and external components where

Internal transforms energy to enable humans to adjust to continuous external changes.

External involves formal and informal organizations and is a source of stress and continuous changes.

Understanding the ways in which humans interact with their environment to maintain health is necessary for nursing professionals
environment
is a goal- seeking system where the performance of roles and responsibilities assists human beings to attain, maintain, and restore health

a series of actions, reactions, and interactions where the nurse and client exchange information and perceptions and set goals and determine the means to achieve the goals.

Human beings and their actions are the focus
nursing
building blocks of a theory
concepts
the steps of theory development
observation, logical hypothesis, testing, dissemination, replication, theory
Start with an observation that provokes a question
observation
Using logical, state a possible answer
logical hypothesis
Perform an experiment or test
testing
Publish your findings
dissemination
Other scientists with read and try to duplicate
Replication
Can become a theory if other researchers support your hypothesis
Theory
Example of theory development
Dorothea Orem developed her nursing theory by observing lack of patients abilities which lead them to receive nursing care (observation).

She then developed her idea of self-care deficit to answer her question from to her observation (logical hypothesis)

She then tested her theory and ideas as she worked in various fields of hospitals as a nurse (testing)

She published her findings in several books that outlined her theory (dissemination)

Other theorists read and improved her theory (replication)

Her theory was developed after other researches supported her ideas (theory)
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