Upgrade to remove ads
Only $2.99/month

Chapter 10 Social Psych Exam

Terms in this set (41)

Prosocial Behaviors
Actions intended to benefit others
Kin Selection
Preferential helping of genetic relatives, which results in the greater likelihood that genes held in common will survive
Reciprocal Altruism
Helping someone else can be in your best interests, because it increases the likelihood that you will be helped in return
Indirect Reciprocity
"I help you and somebody else helps me"
Group Selection
Groups with altruistic members may be more likely to thrive and avoid extinction than groups with only selfish individuals
Empathy
Understanding of vicariously experiencing another individual's perspective and feeling sympathy and compassion for that individual
Perspective Taking
Cognitive component of empathy; using the power of imagination to try to see the world through someone else's eyes
Empathic Concern
Emotional component of empathy; involves other oriented feelings, such as sympathy, compassion, and tenderness
Personal Distress (in contrast to empathic concern)
Involves self-oriented reactions to a person in need, such as feeling alarmed, troubled, or upset
Arousal: cost reward model
The proposition that people react to emergency situations by acting in the most cost-effective way to reduce the arousal of shock and alarm
*When potential rewards outweigh potential costs, bystanders will help
Negative State Relief Model
The proposition that people help others in order to counteract their own feelings of sadness
Courageous Resistance
Thoughtful helping in the face of potentially enormous costs
Egoistic
Motivated by the desire to increase one's own welfare
Altrustic
Motivated by the desire to improve another's welfare
Empathy-altruism Hypothesis
The proposition that empathic concern for a person in need produces an altruistic motive for helping
Bystander Effect
The effect whereby the presence of others inhibits helping
Latané & Darley's Five steps to helping in an emergency
Noticing, Interpreting, Taking responsibility, deciding how to help,& Providing Help
Noticing
Notice that someone needs help or that something out of the ordinary is happening
(stimulus overload prevents noticing)
Interpreting
Pluralistic Ignorance: The state in which people in a group mistakenly think that their own individual thoughts, feelings, or behaviors are different from those of the others in the group.
Taking Responsibility
Diffusion of Responsibility: The belief that others will or should take the responsibility for providing assistance to a person in need
Deciding How to Help
in many situations, indirect helping is by far the wiser course of action
Providing Help
Audience Inhibition: Reluctance to help for fear of making a bad impression on observers
Time Pressure
Less likely to accept responsibility for helping someone if we decide that the costs of helping are too high because of the precious time that will be lost
63% who were told they were running ahead of schedule helped
45% who were told they were on time helped
10% of those who had been told they were late helped
Location & Helping
Cities: very diverse, thus diminishing the sense of similarity with others, reduce empathic concern, and result in less helping
Greater population size and population density were associated with less helping
Greater the economic well being of a city associated with more helping
Culture & Helping
Two variables:
1. Economic well being of the cities
2. Simpatía: involves a concern with the social well being of others. Cultures with simpatía did tend to show higher rates of helping than the non simpatía cultures
Collectivists and helping
Collectivism is positively associated with the kind of direct, spontaneous, non-serious help ( such as picking up a pen for a stranger)
Individualism and helping
When helping involves a more abstract kind of giving, individualism may be associated with greater helping
Good mood effect
The effect whereby a good mood increases helping behavior
Why Feeling good leads to doing good
1. Desire to maintain one's good mood
2. Positive expectations about helping
3. POsitive thoughts
4. Positive thoughts and expectations about social activities
When feeling good might not lead to doing good
1. Costs of helping are high
2. Positive thoughts about other social activities that conflict with helping
Altrustic Personality
Empathy, and advanced moral reasoning. Such reasoning involves adhering to moral standards interdependent of external social controls and taking into account the needs of others when making decisions about courses of action
whom do people help
Attractiveness: physical and interpersonal attractiveness are both related to receiving more help
Similarity & Ingroups
More likely to help those similar to us, as well as those in our ingroups (empathize more)
Communal Relationship
Mutual responsibility for each others' needs
Exchange relationship
Give help with the expectation of receiving comparable benefits in return
Self-evaluation maintenance model
People sometimes offer more help to a stranger than to a friend if the help is for something that can be threatening to the helper's ego
Gender and helping
Men are more helpful than women and women receive more help than men. Help-seeking is less socially acceptable for men and is threatening to their self esteem.
Threat to self-esteem model
The theory that reactions to receiving assistance depend on whether help is perceived as supportive or threatening
Self-supportive
When the recipient feels appreciated and cared for
Self-threatening
Recipient feels inferior and overly dependent
Implicit social support
Support that comes from just thinking about close others but does not involve actually seeking or receiving their help in coping with stressful events
THIS SET IS OFTEN IN FOLDERS WITH...