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Honors World Studies Semester 2 Exam (Domsitz) FINISHED

Terms in this set (218)

The ____________ industry was the first to feel the full impact of the Industrial Revolution.
Textile
The Industrial Revolution began in the nation of ____________.
Britain
______________________ were those who risked their wealth by investing in new technology or new business ventures.
Entrepreneurs
One of Britain's greatest assets was ___________. Another one of Britain's many geographical advantages was a plentiful supply of _________ and __________.
Water, coal, iron
________________ is the use of private money or goods to produce a __________.
Capitalism, profit
In Britain, the wood shortage also affected the iron-making business which had traditionally used _______________-wood product in the ______________ process.
Charcoal, smelting
The Agricultural Revolution increased __________ __________________ and contributed to both ___________________ ____________ and the commercialization of agriculture.
Food production, population growth
By the 1700s British forests had been largely cut down in order to __________ __________ and _____________ ________.
Build ships, produce fuel
Agriculturist Jethro Tull introduced the _________ ________ in 1701.
Seed drill
As the demand for iron rose in the 1700s, the solution to the wood shortage was found in _________. In 1709 Abraham Darby discovered that replacing charcoal with _________ made iron-making more efficient.
Coal, coke
What where the strengths and weaknesses of the German submarines?
Strength: they had the power to surprise Weaknesses: they were thin skinned and easy to sink
The leader of the Germans during WWI was ___________ ______________.
Kaiser Wilhelm
The German submarines became known as _________________________ (_____________).
Unterseeboote, Uboat
The special rights of neutrals on the ocean were called the _______________ _____ _______ _________.
Freedom of the seas
The British luxury liner, the _______________ was sunk by the Germans in May, 1915, killing 1,200 people.
Lusitania
At the outset of the conflict, the warring nations were allowed to seize certain materials called __________________ even from neutral ships. List three examples of this material.
Contraband, A: explosives B: guns C: ammunition
There were great __________________ advantages to staying out of the war.
Commercial
Germany ignoring its treaty with _______________, struck through _______________ into France. Now _______________ which had a defense agreement with France plunged into the war.
Belgium, Belgium, England
What four countries made up the Central Powers in WWI?
Bulgaria, Turkey, Germany, Austria Hungary
The heavy, ceaseless artillery fire created a new mental disorder known as __________ ___________.
Shell shock
The first World War ended with the ________________ on the date __________________ _____, ___________.
Armistice, November 11, 1918
What are two examples of "new" weapons used during WWI?
Machine guns and automatic rifles
In asking for a declaration of war from Congress, Woodrow Wilson stated a reason for American involvement. What did he say?
The world must be made safe for democracy
What would happen if Germany drove the British from the sea? How would it affect the United States?
The US would have to replace the sea force with a strong and costly navy of its own
Trench warfare was also known as __________________ warfare.
Stationary
List three diseases associated with trench warfare.
A: trench fever B: trench foot C: trench mouth
General __________ _____ _______________ led the American Army against the Germans.
John J Pershing
During 1915, neither the British nor the French advanced more than _____ _________ at any one point.
3 miles
For Germany, with its _____________ _________, ____________________ might make all the difference.
Smaller navy, submarines
The ship sunk in May, 1915 had tried to appear neutral by _____________ _______ __________________ _________.
Flying the American flag
President ________________ _____________ insisted under ____________________ ________ Americans had the right to sail on any ship.
Woodrow Wilson, international law
In 1542, Pope Paul III called the Council of __________. Here Church leaders reaffirmed all existing Catholic doctrine. Here they strengthened and expanded the ________________ which was a court established during medieval times to search for and punish ______________. The Papacy also began issuing the ___________, a list of books which members were forbidden to read.
Trent, inquisition, heretics, index
The effects of the Reformation included: A: Weakened the political power of the _____________ ______________ ______________ B: Protestantism strengthened the ____________ __________ C: It served to encourage ________________ D: It reawakened an interest in _____________
Roman Catholic Church, middle class, education, religion
The ________________, an order of nuns, undertook the education of girls. The _____________ founded by a Spaniard, __________ _______________ _____________, in 1534, became known for their excellent _____________.
Ursulines, Jesuits, Saint Ignatius Loyola, schools
The Catholic Church undertook a program known as the Catholic Reformation, also known as _____________ _____________________ to institute reforms and _________ ______________ __________ ______ __________ ______________.
Counter Reformation, win people back to the Church
List four advantages gained when man first was able to control fire.
A: cooking B: light C: warmth D: protection from wild animals
The ______________ Revolution of the 1500's and 1600's had transformed the way people in Europe looked at the world.
Scientific
"Through the use of ____________," Enlightenment thinkers insisted, "people and government could solve every ___________, ______________, and ________________ problem."
Reason, social, political, economic
English thinker _________ ___________ had an optimistic view of human nature. He said that people had certain ____________ rights. These include ________, ____________, and ______________.
John Locke, natural, life, liberty, property
John Locke believed governments have an obligation to the people they govern. If a government fails in its obligations, the people have a right to __________________ _______ ____________________.
Overthrow that government
______________ _____________ set out his ideas in a work titled Leviathon. To escape a "brutish' life, he said people entered into a ___________ _______________, an agreement by which they gave up the __________ _____ ____________ for an _________________ _____________. The form of government favored by this man was _______________ _______________.
Thomas Hobbes, social contract, state of nature, organized society, absolute monarchy
Probably the most famous of the philosophers was _____________. He detested the __________ trade and deplored _______________ prejudice. His outspoken attacks offended both the ____________ ____________________ and the ______________ ______________.
Voltaire, slave, religious, French government, Catholic Church
In 1748 ___________ _____ ___________________ published The Spirit of the Laws. In it he discussed governments throughout history and wrote admiringly about _____________ limited monarchy. He felt the _______________ of ____________ was the best way to protect liberty.
Baron de Montesquieu, Britain's, separation, powers
Jean-Jacques Rousseau put his faith in the _____________ _______ of the people. The good of the _________________ should be placed above _________________ ______________. Man's natural innocence was corrupted by the evils of society especially the unequal _________________ ____ _______________.
General will, community, individual interest, distribution of property
___________ ______________ worked for 25 years to produce a 28 volume called Encyclopedia.
Denis Diderot
In the war against Napoleon's France, in 1805, the British Admiral ____________ ____________ (who had died from wounds received in the battle) defeated the French fleet at the Battle of ________________.
Horatio Nelson, Trafalgar
In _________, Napoleon assembled _______________ men as he prepared to invade Russia. This turned out to be a disaster as he returned to France with only _______________ men. At this time, Russia and Prussia announced a War of __________________ and joined by Austria, defeated Napoleon at the Battle of ________________ in October 1813. With the invasion of France in 1814 Napoleon was forced to surrender and _______________ as Emperor. The victorious allies restored the ________________ monarchy in the person of ____________ __________.
1812, 500,000, 30,000, Liberation, Waterloo, abdicate, Bourbon, Louis XVIII
The Third Coalition formed in 1805 consisted of ____________, _____________, and ___________.
Britain, Austria, Russia
Since Napoleon could not defeat the British navy, he decided to ruin England through economic warfare. He realized that much of the wealth of England depended on its large ____________ __________ with Europe. He declared all of Europe _____________ ____ ___________ _________ and even persuaded ___________ to comply with this. First imposed in 1806 the ___________________ _____________ as it was called was a failure largely because the British were able to _____________ _________ _____________ particularly in ___________ ________________.
Export trade, closed to British goods, Russia, continental system, develop other markets, Latin America
In 1814 Napoleon was banished to the island of ________ off the west coast of Italy.
Elba
Napoleon assembled an army of _______________ men to invade Russia in the year _________. Only _______________ of his men returned to France alive after Russia. Most died in ___________, ________________, and _________ __________.
500,000, 1812, 30,000, battle, blizzards, snow drifts
List three of Napoleon's important reforms.
A: He centralized governments B: He increased governments efficiency and power C: He modernized the French law in a series of 5 codes known as the Code of Napoleon
Probably the most famous of the Napoleonic reforms was the modernization of French laws in a series of 5 codes known collectively as the ________ ____ __________________.
Code of Napoleon
They firmly established throughout the land the principle of ___________ ____________ _____ _______.
Equality before the law
Napoleon ruled France for 15 years; 5 years as __________ ____________ and 10 years as ______________.
First consul, emperor
Napoleon even took the pope prisoner and declared the _________ __________ to be part of France.
Papal states
Define a "republic".
A government ruled by elected representatives instead of a monarch.
________________ __________________ quickly rose to the leadership of the Committee of Public Safety. He was one of the chief architects of the ___________ _____ _____________ which lasted from July 1793 to July 1794. The primary engine of this threat to the people was that _______________.
Maximilien Robespierre, reign of terror, guillotine
The immediate cause of the French Revolution was a _________________ __________.
Financial crisis
The Church owned about 10% of the land, collected ____________ and paid ______ ____________ _________ _____ ________ ____________.
Tithes, no direct taxes to the states
The King at the time of the French Revolution was ___________ ________. His wife was ____________ __________________. What ultimately happened to these two during the revolution?
Louis XVI, Marie Antoinette, they were guillotined
The term ___________ ___________ describes a government spending more than it takes in.
Trade deficit
The storming of the ____________ (a fortress used as a prison) quickly became a symbol of the French Revolution.
Bastille
The slogan of the French Revolution was _____________, ______________, and _________________.
Liberty, equality, fraternity
The constitution of 1791 set up a ____________ _________________ in place of the _______________ ________________ that had ruled France for centuries.
Limited monarchy, absolute monarchy
In a radical move, the National Assembly put the French ______________ _____________ under state control.
Catholic Church
At one point during the French Revolution, the National Assembly found its meeting hall locked and guarded. The delegates moved to a nearby ___________ ___________ __________. Here they took their famous ____________ ____________ ___________. They promised never to separate until they established a sound and just ____________________.
Indoor tennis court, Tennis Court Oath, constitution
In 1789 at the top of the Third Estate sat the ___________________ or middle class. This group included prosperous ______________, ________________, and ______________________. The bulk of this Third Estate, 9 out of 10 people in France, were ___________ _________________.
Bourgeoisie, bankers, merchants, manufacturers, rural peasants
_____________ is a term which describes nobles and clergy and others who had fled France and its revolutionary forces.
Emigres
______________ is a term which describes the right to vote.
Suffrage
A revolutionary political club, the _______________ were mostly middle class lawyers or intellectuals.
Jacobins
In the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen, the French included a set of constitutional rights. It insisted that governments exist to protect the _____________. It further proclaimed that all __________ ______________ were equal. Every Frenchman had an equal right to ___________ _____________ ___________. It asserted freedom of ______________ and called for taxes to be levied according to ___________ _____ ________.
Citizens, male citizens, hold public office, religion, ability to pay
In August 1791, the King of Prussia and the emperor of Austria issued the __________________ ____ ____________ which threatened to intervene to protect the French monarchy.
Declaration of Pilnitz
______________ is a movement devoted to rebuilding a Jewish State in Palestine.
Zionism
__________ is the knowing publication of false and damaging statements.
Libel
Trade between countries without quotas or tariffs is called __________ __________.
Free trade
In Ireland in 1845 a blight destroyed the ____________ crop. The result was a terrible ____________ that the Irish called the __________ ______________. In four years, about ____ ___________ Irish died of starvation or disease. Many more emigrated to ____________ ____________ or ____________.
Potato, famine, Great Hunger, 1 million, United States, Canada
In 1859 a French company under Ferdinand De Lesseps built the __________ __________. This provided a link between the _______________________ and the _________ seas.
Suez Canal, Mediterranean, Red
According to David Lloyd George, the four ghosts that haunt the poor are ________ ________, _______________, _______________, and _____________________.
Old Age, accident, sickness, unemployment
A high-ranking French army officer ___________ _____________ was accused of spying for Germany, This injustice was rooted in ____________________. He was convicted and condemned to life imprisonment on ___________ _____________, a penal colony off the coast of ___________ ________________. Later he would be _____________ ____ _______ ____________ ________ ________ ____________ ___________ ____ ______________.
Alfred Dreyfus, anti-semitism, Devil's Island, South America, cleared of all charges and his honors would be restored
In the 1600s ____________ and ______________ settlers colonized Ireland. The Irish never accepted ____________ rule. They bitterly resented settlers especially ______________ ________________ who owned large estates but did not live on them. In addition, the Irish, most of whom were _____________ had to pay ___________ to support the church of England. Under these conditions ________________ and ______________ were common.
English, Scottish, English, absentee landlords, Catholic, tithes, resistance, rebellion,
Victorian ideals included _________, __________, ______________, __________ __________, and above all, _____________________.
Duty, thrift, honesty, hard work, respectability
In England, the period from 1837-1901 is known as the ______________ Era because Queen _____________ long reign spanned those years.
Victorian, Victoria
British politics in the 1860's saw _______________ _____________ forge the Tories into the modern __________________ Party. The __________ led by _____________ _______________ evolved into the Liberal Party.
Benjamin Disraeli, Conservative, Whigs, William Gladstone
The term ________________ means the body of people allowed to vote.
Electorate
Britain had truly transformed itself from a ______________________ ________________ to a ____________________ _________________, a form of government in which the executive leaders, usually a _________ ______________ and ______________ are chosen by the _________________ which the British called __________________.
Constitutional monarchy, parliamentary democracy, prime minister, cabinet, legislature, parliament
Karl Marx predicted that working class revolutions would break out in the __________________ nations. Instead they broke out in largely ___________________ nations, such as ___________, __________, and ___________.
Industrialized, agricultural, Russia, Cuba, China
Some of the failures of Marx's predictions - he looked only at the role of _______________ forces which alone cannot explain important historical developments. _______________, _______________, and _______________________ forces affects events as well. Nor did Marx foresee the enormous gains workers have made - _____________ ___________, ______________ __________, and ____________ _______________ _________________.
Economic, political, religious, psychological, higher wages, shorter hours, better working conditions
The British made __________ the "brightest jewel" in the crown of their empire.
India
______________ is a deliberate attempt to destroy an entire religious or ethnic group.
Genocide
In southern Africa in the 19th century, Britain clashed with the __________ descendants of Dutch settlers. In the late 1800s the discovery of __________ and ________________ in this land led to conflict with Britain. The __________ War lasted from 1899 to 1902 and the ____________ won.
Boer, gold, diamonds, Boer, British
The best known African explorer-missionary was _____ ___________ ___________________. He relentlessly opposed the ___________ _________ which remained a profitable business for some African rulers. He believed the only way to end this was to open up the interior of Africa to __________________ and __________. In 1869 the journalist ____________ ______________ trekked into Africa to find this man who has not been heard from in years. He finally tracked him down in 1871 in what is now _________________.
Dr. David Livingstone, slave trade, Christianity, trade, Henry Stanley, Tanzania
The word _________ describes the upper class.
Elite
In the 1500s, three giant Muslim empires ruled much of the area from Africa to southeast Asia-the ______________ in India; the ________________ in the Middle East; and the _______________ in Iran.
Mughals, Ottomans, Safavids
In 1894 Japanese pressure on China led to the _____________________ War. It ended in disaster for China with Japan gaining the island of _____________.
Sino-Japanese, Taiwan
A country that imports more than it exports is said to have a trade ____________. A country that exports more than it imports is said to have a trade _____________.
Deficit, surplus
The word ____________ describes rulers of the Ottoman Turkish empire.
Sultans
In 1839 Chinese warships clashed with ___________ merchants triggering the ___________ War. With outdated weapons and fighting methods the _______________ were easily defeated.
British, Opium, Chinese
The British were able to conquer India by exploiting its ______________.
Diversity
Russia schemed to gain control of the _______________ and the _____________________. Control of these straits would give the Russians access to the _____________________ Sea.
Bosporus, Dardanelles, Mediterranean
Late in the 1800's, western nations again competed for overseas territories. They began to practice _________________ - domination over other nations. The period from 1870-1914 is called the Age of _________________.
Imperialism, Imperialism
Western bankers and entrepreneurs viewed the non-western world as a promising place to invest their ____________. They saw enormous profits could be made by building __________, _________, and _______________.
Capital, mines, ports, railroads
The most important cause of the Age of Imperialism was the search for ____________. Western powers wanted three things and these included:
Profit, new markets, raw materials, places to invest
In 1787 the British organized ___________ ___________ in West Africa as a colony for former slaves. Later some free blacks from the US settled in ____________.
Sierra Leone, Liberia
The large desert in North Africa is the _____________. In southern Africa, the large desert is known as the ________________.
Sahara, Kalahari
In the early 1800s the __________ emerged as a major force in southern Africa under a ruthless and brilliant leader, ___________.
Zulus, Shaka
In the late 18th century, the ________________ ___________________ had made it possible for Europeans to produce large surpluses of manufactured goods. Industrialists soon began to look elsewhere to sell their products. Among the peoples of _________, ____________, and ___________ ________________ there was a great demand for manufactured goods.
Industrial Revolution, Asia, Africa, Latin America
The author of the Declaration of Independence, _____________ _________________, borrowed some ideas from the philosopher __________ ___________.
Thomas Jefferson, John Locke
Besides proclaiming American independence from ___________, the Declaration of Independence set out the basic principles of democracy, namely: that _______ ________ ________ _______________ ___________ with the right to __________, ______________, and the _____________ ______ __________________.
Britain, all men are created equal, life, liberty, pursuit of happiness
Catherine the Great is also known as ________________ _____.
Catherine II
The Declaration of Independence went on to say governments can exist only if they have the _____________ _____ ________ _________________.
Consent of the governed
Despite opposition, Joseph II granted toleration to __________________ and __________ in his Catholic empire.
Protestants, Jews
Frederick admired ______________ work and brought the philosopher to Berlin to develop a Prussian ________________ _____ ______________.
Voltaire's, Academy of Science
In July, 1776, American colonists issued the _________________ of _______________________.
Declaration, Independence
In the end, Catherine II's political contribution to Russia was not reform but an ________________ ___________.
Expanded empire
Joseph II ended ________________ and attempted to bring the _____________ ____________ under royal control.
Censorship, Catholic Church
Joseph II sold the property of many monasteries and convents and used the proceeds to __________ _______________.
Build hospitals
The most radical of the Enlightened despots was the ______________ emperor, _____________ _____, the son and successor of Maria Theresa.
Hapsburg, Joseph II
The new democratic ideas soon reached ____________ colonies in Latin America.
Spain's
Stirrings of democracy helped inspire the French Revolution of __________.
1789
____________ _____________ was the principle leader in the Latin American battle for freedom.
Simon Bolivar
Under _______________, the means of production would be publicly owned.
Socialism
Marx insisted that ________________ had to be replaced by a different economic and social system. In his writings with his friend _______________ _____________. Marx called the new system ___________________.
Capitalism, Friedrich Engels, communism
Under the Capitalist system, the chief means of production such as factories, mines, etc. were _______________ _____________. Reformers favored _______________ as a way to lessen the gap between rich and poor.
Privately owned, socialism
Marx claimed that the ___________________ of the "have nots" by the "haves" has always caused a __________ ______________. In modern industrial society, he said, economic power is held by the ___________________ - the middle class capitalists who own the businesses. According to Marx, these Capitalists dominate the __________________ - the wage earning laborers. He also claimed that the class that holds economic power also controls the ___________________ for its own advantage.
Exploitation, class struggle, bourgeoisie, proletariat, government
Many thinkers were disturbed by the fact that a few had become very _________ from __________________________ while most remained __________.
Rich, industrialization, poor
Marx said one must realize that peoples' first concern has always been to ____________ __________ and ____________________. Therefore, he said, it is economic forces such as the way goods are _________________ and ___________________, that shape history.
Obtain food, possessions, produced, distributed
According to Marx, the capitalists dominate and exploit the _________________, the wage earning laborers.
Proletariat
What was the communist slogan?
Workers of the world unite
Marx described communism as a form of _________________ ________________.
Complete socialism
German writer Johann Goethe wrote the dramatic poem ___________. The aging scholar makes a pact with the __________, exchanging his soul for ___________. After much agony he wins salvation by accepting his __________ _____ ___________ ___________.
Faust, devil, youth, duty to help others
The English novelist ____________ ______________ vividly portrayed the lives of slum dwellers and factory workers. What were three of his novels?
Charles Dickens, Oliver Twist, Tale of Two Cities, A Christmas Carol
German composer _____________ ________ _________________ combined classical forms with a stirring range of sound.
Ludwig Van Beethoven
What are the four different artistic styles of the 18th and 19th centuries in order?
Romanticism, Realism, Impressionism, Post-impressionism
On June 28, 1914, in Sarajevo, the capital of ____________ which was a province of ____________ ________________, Archduke _____________ ___________________ was shot down. This man was heir to the ____________ _________________ throne. The man who did the killing was a nationalist from the neighboring kingdom of ____________.
Bosnia, Austria Hungary, Francis Ferdinand, Austro Hungarian, Serbia
In the mountainous ______________ of southeastern Europe, small nations had offended each other for centuries. They had been dominated by _____________, ______________ and ___________.
Balkans, Turkey, Austria, Russia
Germany entered the war and immediately felt squeezed by the nations of _________ and ___________. They decided to attack ___________ first. Why?
Russia, France, France, because it would take Russia longer to mobilize
After _______________ won the Franco-Prussian War in 1871, it took over the border region of ____________ ______________. Their Chancellor ________ ________ _______________ thought that _____________ might seek help to regain this region. To block such a move, the Chancellor began to make ________________ with other European powers.
Germany, Alsace Lorraine, Otto Von Bismarck, France, alliances
The first of the above-mentioned coalitions with ____________ ______________ and _________ in 1882 became known as the ___________ ________________. It provided that all members would help each other if _______ __________ _______________.
Austria Hungary, Italy, Triple Alliance, any were attacked
A new Kaiser _____________ _____ came to the German throne in 1888. Jealous of _______ _______ ________________ power, he forced him out of office.
William II, Otto Von Bismarck's
In 1907 a mutual fear led ___________ and __________ to sign an agreement. This created the ___________ ______________, an understanding among ___________, _____________, and ____________. The _______________, however, regarded this as a hostile alliance that threatened them from both the __________ and _________.
Britain, Russia, Triple Entente, Britain, France, Russia, Germans, east, west
Another Slavic nationalist movement took shape in ___________. They and other _____________ states had gained their independence from the ________________ Empire in 1878.
Serbia, Balkan, Ottoman
Another cause of mounting tension in Europe was ________________ - a policy of glorifying war and preparing the armed forces for conflict - this is known as ____________________. Militarists urged a constant buildup of ______________ and _____________.
Militarism, mobilization, weapons, troops
A ________ ____________would be a person interested in the unity of all Slavic people.
Pan Slavist
Ambitious nations such as _______________ and __________, late entering the race of colonies, wanted to catch up with ____________ and _____________.
Germany, Italy, Britain, France
Serbia and other Balkan states had gained their independence from the _______________ ____________ in 1878.
Ottoman Empire
For some years, the great powers of Europe had spent vast sums for __________________ - weapons and military supplies. Except for _____________, which relied on its navy, they also kept huge armies during peacetime.
Armaments, Britain
In 1309, ___________ _______ of France forced the Pope to leave Rome and live at _______________ in France. This was named for the time when the ancient Hebrews were prisoners. It was called the ______________________ ________________.
Philip IV, Avignon, Babylonian Captivity
An _________________ was a kind of pardon, a remission of punishment due to sin.
Indulgence
Around 1378 a controversy known as the ___________ ____________ split the Papacy.
Great Schism
Luther's belief was that man gained salvation through Faith alone, a doctrine called ____________________ _____ ________.
Justification by faith
As Luther studied the problem of eternal salvation he came to the conclusion that salvation was ____ _____________ ________________ ________ ________ ________ and did not require the __________________ and __________________ ____ _______ _____________. He only recognized two sacraments: _______________ and __________ _______________.
A matter between man and God, sacraments, ceremonies of the Church, Baptism, Holy Eucharist
Pope ________ ____ announced a sale of indulgences during the years of 1515-1517 in order to raise money for the completion of ______ ____________ _____________.
Leo X, St. Peter's Church,
Name the two orders of friars established in the 13th century to help purify the church.
Franciscans and Dominicans
Men buying positions in the church is a practice known as _____________.
Simony
The British ruler who supported and inspired the work of writers such as William Shakespeare was ____________ ________________ ____.
Queen Elizabeth I
Give three examples of the works of Shakespeare.
Macbeth, Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet
The Spanish writer Cervantes wrote an early 17th century book called ________ ______________ where he ridicules knighthood and chivalry.
Don Quixote
In the 14th century, John Wycliffe translated the Bible from __________ to ____________.
Latin, English
In October, 1517, Luther nailed to the door of the __________________ Church a list of statements about the sale of indulgences. These were called the _______ ____________.
Wittenburg, 95 Theses
Luther continued to attack the Church in sermons and in 1521, the Pope _________________________ him. When he refused to change his views he was branded a _____________.
Excommunicated, heretic
In 1555, in the Peace of _________________, each prince would be allowed to decide for himself between the religions of ____________________ and _____________________.
Augsburg, Catholicism, Lutheranism
King Henry VIII married his brother's widow _______________ of _____________. Their only surviving child was ___________ __________. Henry was dissatisfied as he wanted a _______ to succeed him. Also, he had fallen in love with a court beauty named ________ _____________.
Catherine, Aragon, Mary Tudor, son, Ann Boleyn
The word ____________ means a characterizing word or phrase occurring in place of a name or thing.
Epithet
In 1553, this lady came to the English throne and began severe persecution of Protestants. She became known as _____________ ___________.
Bloody Mary
In 1558 ____________ _______________ ____ succeeded Mary Tudor and reinstated moderate Protestantism. Parliament confirmed it in a series of documents establishing the _______________ Church.
Queen Elizabeth I, Anglican
The Pope refused to dissolve Henry's marriage in part because of threats from Catherine's nephew, the powerful emperor _____________ _____ of Spain.
Charles V
Mary Tudor was determined to reverse the trend towards ______________________.
Protestantism
The Pope appointed a new archbishop of _________________ who allowed Henry to get a divorce and marry ________ ____________.
Canterbury, Ann Boleyn
Corporations were able to raise large amounts of capital for _________________.
Investment
Monopolies reduced __________________, allowing companies to stabilize price and earn _________ ___________. In their quest for this, large companies often _______ ______________ _________________ _______ _____ _______________ and reduced _____________ _________________ ______ ___________________.
Competition, high profits, ran smaller companies out of business, choices available to consumers
______ began to replace coal in industry. German inventor _______________ ____________ ________ developed a practical ______________ __________________ ____________ which burned gasoline, a ________________ _____________ directly inside the engine. In 1866 ______________ ______________ and __________ __________ put an engine on a horse carriage to create the first ____________________.
Oil, Nikolaus August Otto, internal combustion engine, petroleum product, Gottlieb Daimler, Carl Bens, automobile
Businessmen like ______ _____________ were not industrialists but rather _________________ buying companies as an investment.
JP Morgan, financiers
The first industrial revolution was built on ________, _________, and _________.
Coal, steam, iron
With its foundation in both Enlightenment and the French Revolution, __________________ soon became the dominant political philosophy of the new industrial middle class. They emphasized the importance of __________________ ______________ in all areas.
Liberalism, individual liberty
In 1807 _____________ ____________, an American inventor, installed a steam engine on his boat, the ________________.
Robert Fulton, Clermont
By the late 1800's public education was emphasizing the teaching of the 3 R's: _______________, _______________, and ________________. Schools were also teaching __________________, ________________ _____ ________________, ___________________ ___________ ___________, and __________________.
Reading, writing, 'rithmetic, punctuality, obedience to authority, disciplined work habits, patriotism
In the 19th century, women's groups supported the ___________________ movement, a campaign to limit or ban the use of alcoholic beverage.
Temperance
Social Darwinism encouraged _____________, the unscientific belief that one group of people is ______________ to another.
Racism, superior
The English naturalist _____________ _____________ published "On the Origin of Species". In it he explained his theory of _____________ _________________. He adopted ______________ _______________ ideas that all plants and animals produced more ________________ than the food supply could ______________. He said each species ___________________ to _____________. This process of natural selection came to be known as ________________ _____ ________ _____________.
Charles Darwin, natural selection,Thomas Malthus's, offspring, support, competed, survive, survival of the fittest
The ________________ ____ ____________ measures the quality and availability of necessities and comforts in society.
Standard of living
____________ _______________ describes the rebuilding of the poor areas of a city.
Urban renewal
In the 1880s the German Doctor Robert Koch identified bacteria that cause _____________________.
Tuberculosis
In 1870 French Chemist ___________ _____________ showed the link between _______________ and disease. He went on to develop vaccines against ____________ and _______________. He also discovered a process called ______________________ that killed disease-carrying organisms in milk.
Louis Pasteur, microbes, rabies, anthrax, pasteurization
By 1914, ___________ __________ and ____________ had been traced to microbes carried by mosquitoes.
Yellow fever, malaria
In the early 1840's ________________ was first used to relieve pain during surgery.
Anesthesia
_____________ ___________ discovered how antiseptics prevented _______________.
Joseph Lister, infection
Books, magazines and popular songs supported a __________ ____ __________________ that idealized women and the home.
Cult of domesticity
Nationalism arose out of an awareness of being part of a community that has common _________________, _______________, _________________, and ______________.
Institutions, traditions, language, customs
Nationalism did not become a popular force for change until the ___________ __________________. From then on, nationalists came to believe that each _________________ should have its own government.
French Revolution, nationality
In the 19th century, Russia was especially interested in expanding its power into Ottoman lands in the ____________ and gaining access to the _____________________ and thus the ________________________ Sea. Such a move would make Russia a major power and enable the Russians to challenge _____________ __________ _____________ _____ _______ ______________ _________________________.
Balkan, Dardanelles, Mediterranean, British naval power of the Eastern Mediterranean
Otto Von Bismarck was the foremost 19th century practitioner of the "politics of reality" known as _________________.
Realpolitik
The growth of nationalism produced dramatic changes in two European countries by 1871. Both __________ and _______________ became unified. They were able to do so because of the breakdown of the system created by the _______________ ____ _____________. The _______________ War also played a crucial role in the breakdown.
Italy, Germany, Concert of Europe, Crimean
By 1866 _____________ now dominated all of northern Germany and ______________ had been excluded from any roles in German affairs. However, problems with ____________ soon arose. Bismarck took advantage of the misunderstanding between ____________ and Prussia to goad the ____________ into declaring war on Prussia in July, 1870. This is known as the _____________ ________________ War. Who won this war?
Prussia, Austria, France, France, French, Franco Prussian, Prussia
German unity had been achieved by the Prussian _______________ and the Prussian _________. The ____________________ and _________________ values of Prussia were triumphant in the new German state. With its _________________ resources and _____________ might, Germany had become the strongest power on the continent.
Monarchy, army, authoritarian, militaristic, industrial, military
The ______________ War destroyed the Concert of Europe. ___________ and _____________ had been the two chief powers maintaining the status quo in the early 19th century. They were now enemies because _____________ had refused to support her ally in this war. A defeated and humiliated ___________ withdrew from European affairs for the next 20 years. ____________ was now without friends among the great powers. The new international situation opened the door for the unification of both ________ and _______________.
Crimean, Russia, Austria, Austria, Russia, Austria, Italy, Germany
At the end of Prussia's war with France the loser had to give up the Provinces of ____________ and _____________.
Alsace, Lorraine
In 1803, President Thomas Jefferson bough the _________________ _____________ _______ ___________. In one stroke the ______________ ______________ doubled the size of the nation. Americans began claiming that they would spread across the entire continent. This idea became known as ______________ ______________.
Louisiana territory from France, Louisiana Purchase, Manifest Destiny
President Woodrow Wilson announcing that he would go to the peace conference in Paris gave ammunition to his critics, as he said his only purpose was to help achieve ______ _________ ____ _______ _____ _________.
The goals of his 14 plans
In Paris the big 4 ally leaders would meet. Name each leader and their country.
Woodrow Wilson of the United States, David Lloyd George of Britain, Georges Clemenceau of France, Vittorio Orlando of Italy
Woodrow Wilson irritated the other members of the Big 4. They saw him as a ________ ________________ _____________ who was always talking about how worried he was about all mankind.
Self righteous leader
Each victor got land it had been promised in secret treaties. The German colonies were parceled out among allies, yet at the same time, some new smaller republic like ____________ and _______________________ were created so that at last these people could govern themselves.
Poland, Czechoslovakia
The poisonous provisions for the future of Europe had to do with __________________ - these were payments the allies demanded from Germany to ___________ _____ ______ ______ _____________.
Reparations, repair all the war damage
The British and French raised the damages to include the _________ _______ of the whole war to all the allies. This sum was so vast and so hard to estimate that the allies _____________ ____ __________ ____ ___________ or even a _________ _____ _______ ____________ _________ ______ _______________ ___________ _____ _______________ _____ _________ _______________.
Total cost, refused to name a figure, time in the future when the Germans would be allowed to stop paying
President Woodrow Wilson did manage to put his own plan for permanent peace, the _____________ ____ ____________, in the very same package will all those things the other ally powers really wanted.
League of Nations
The ______ ___________ ___________ ________ the League of Nations because a willful group of US senators refused to pass the treaty as they were afraid we would be tying our fate to that of all the other nations.
US would never join
The fall of the Russian Empire was hastened by a rough peasant who had gained a strange power over the ruling family. This man's name was Rasputin - meaning ______________ which meant ______________ ____ __________ _______________.
Dissolute, lacking in moral restraint
Rasputin would become well-known in St. Petersburg's society and in 1905 he was presented to the Empress _________________, the wife of Nicholas II. The Empress' confidence in Rasputin was strengthened by his ability to help her son ___________ who was tragically stricken with ___________________ - a disease that ______________ __________ ______________.
Alexandra, Alexis, hemophilia, prevents blood clotting
Rasputin survived _________ ________ ____ _____________, ______________ ___________ ____ __________ __________ _________, and finally was ________ ________ ________ ________ _____________ _________ ________ ________.
Huge doses of poison, gunshots fired at point blank range, tied with ropes and thrown into the river
Many critics believed that ________________ _____________ was Russia's greatest literary artist of all time. His classic ______________ ______________ was the first Russian novel written in verse form. Two of his major works ____________ ______________ and ___________ _____________ later inspired great ____________ with the same name.
Alexander Pushkin, Eugene Onegin, Eugene Onegin, Boris Godunon, operas
Fyodor Dostoyevsky's most famous work was ___________ ________ ___________________.
Crime and punishment
Many critics who believe that Leo Tolstoy was Russia's greatest writer feel that ________ _______ ___________ is the world's greatest novel. This novel has as its background ___________________ _____________ ____ ___________.
War and Peace, Napoleon's invasion of Russia
Peter Ilych Tchaikovsky, normally considered in a class by himself his ________________, __________, and ___________ are deeply emotional and romantic and are usually pervaded by a sense of __________________. His major works - Symphony #5, the opera ____________ ___________ (based on ________________ ______________ novel), his 3 famous ballets ___________________ _________, ________________ ____________, and __________ __________.
Symphonies, operas, ballets, melancholy, Eugene Onegin, Alexander Pushkin's, Nutcracker Suite, Sleeping Beauty, Swan Lake
In 1917 there were 2 revolutions in Russia. The first was in ____________ and it _______________ ______ _________ ___________________ an the second was in __________________ and it ______________ ______ _________________ _____ ____________.
March, toppled the Tsar's government, November, brought the Bolsheviks to power
Though Italy had been on the winning side in WWI, it seemed in some ways more like a defeated nation, Italy had suffered terrible causalities in the war losing about ________ of its young men.
1/10
After the war there were __________ __________________, ___________ __________, ______________________, and ________________ _______________.
Food Shortages, rising prices, unemployment, business failures
Angered by the governments in action, peasants seized land from large estates and workers staged violent strikes. At the same time ______________ and _________________ political parties were gaining membership. The _________________ take over in Russia raised fears of a similar revolution in Italy. Faced with these problems, many Italians turned to an ideology called _____________. People that followed this ideology stressed ___________________ and placed the interest of the state above those of __________________.
Socialist, communist, Bolshevik, Fascism, nationalism, individuals
Fascism was in part a reaction against the _________________ ___________ ____ ____________. The leading spokesperson for fascism in Italy was ____________ _________________. In 1919 this man and his followers organized the ____________ _________. This man drew support from a wide range of Italians, ______________ _____________, ____________________ ____________, and ___________ __________________.
Communist victory in Russia, Benito Mussolini, Fascist Party, business owners, government officials, large landowners
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