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Terms Quiz XII

Terms in this set (84)

John Foster Dulles

secretary of state under Eisenhower; he used the threat of nuclear war to deter soviet aggression during the Cold War

Massive retaliation

term that Secretary of State John Foster Dulles used in the 1954 speech, implying that the United States was willing to use nuclear force in response to Communist aggression anywhere. Part of the New Look. designed to deter conventional and nuclear strikes by the Soviet Union

practice of seeking to win disputes in international politics by creating the impression of being willing to push a highly dangerous situation to the limit. A major argumentative issue of the New Look during the Cold War

National Security Policy under Eisenhower that called for a reduction in the size of the army, development of tactical nuclear weapons, and the buildup of strategic air power employing nuclear weapons. Core was technology and nuclear deterrence, enhanced system of nuclear weapons and delivery systems, and the threat of massive retaliation

Eisenhower Doctrine

decline of french and british power, Nasser's enhanced prestige, and growth of Soviet influence in Middle East. This policy formulated by Eisenhower in 1957 of providing $200 million in military and economic aid to Arab nations in the Middle East to help defeat Communist nationalistic rebellions. Invoked when rebel movement friendly to Nasser emerged in Lebanon and revolt threatened Jordan's King Hussein in 1957.

first artificial satellite launched into space; this feat by the Soviet Union in October 1957 marked the beginning of the space race. The second one was launched a month later, carrying a dog named Laika. Underscored basic weaknesses in the American education system, and led to the passing of the National Defense Education Act

Egyptian leader Gamal Abdel Nasser, who turned to the Soviets for support. Nasser nationalized the Anglo-French-owned Suez Canal, through which the majority of European-bound oil passed, in 1956. Israel, France, and Britain responded with military action to regain control of the canal. Eisenhower was furious and could not approve armed aggression. He sponsered a UN general assembly resolution to end the fighting, remove foreign troops from Egyptian soil, and assign a UN peacekeeping force there. France, Britain, and Israel withdrew their forces, and Nasser regained control of the canal and emerged as the leader of those opposing Western influence in Arab countries.

(1954) In Vietnam, Viet Minh forces led by General Vo Nguyen Giap encircled French fortress and launched murderous attacks on the beleared garrison. Eisenhower transferred 40 bombers and detailed 200 air force mechanics to bolster the French. French wanted more direct American role. After 55 day siege, this fell on May 7, 1954.

Military-industrial complex

term popularized by Eisenhower in 1961 after he used it in his televised farewell address. Implied a close-knit relationship between government officials, leaders of the military, and corporate interests, especially those involved in the production of military material and services. Implies that the making of important policy are made to advance the interests of this.

US maintained extensive program of spying on military capabilities of the Soviet Union. Government denied the program even existed at first, but in 1960 a U-2 high-altitude spy plane was shot down over Soviet territory. Eisenhower admitted the program existed and defended its goals. Demonstrated that the US would take more active role in challenging the Soviet Union. Soviet Union captured the pilot (Gary Powers) and sent him to prison for 10 years on espionage charges.

Martin Luther King Jr.

ordained baptist minister, brilliant orator, and civil rights leader committed to nonviolence; he lead many of the protests of the 1950s and 1960s. Leader of the Montgomery Improvement Association. Assassinated in 1968

Chief justice of the Supreme Court from 1953 to 1969, under whom the Court issued decisions protecting civil rights, the rights of criminals, and First Amendment rights. Relooked at the Brown decision

Thurgood Marshall

civil rights lawyer who argued thirty-two cases before the Supreme Court and won twenty-nine; became the first African American justice of the Supreme Court in 1967 by Johnson. Argued concept of "separate but equal" was self-contradictory in the Brown case

Brown v. Board of Education

Case in 1954 in which the Supreme Court ruled that separate educational facilities for races were inherently unequal by violating the rights from the 14th amendment. Oliver Brown sued to allow his daughter to attend a nearby white school. The Kansas courts rejected his suit saying that the availability of a school for african americans fulfilled separate-but-equal ruling. NAACP appealed, and lawyer Thurgood Marshall argued that the separate-but-equal concept was self-contradictory. Showed that black schools were unequal. Also read into psychological study that black children educated in segregated environment had low self-esteem. 1954, with Earl Warren sitting as chief justice, the court unanimously ruled that segregation in public schools was unfair and had to end. GAVE ENCOURAGEMENT TO CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT. overruled Plessy v. Ferguson. Led to southern manifesto

Southern Manifesto

statement issued by 100 southern congressmen in 1954 after the Brown v. Board of Education decision pledging to oppose desegregation and Brown ruling.

(1961) Civil Rights protesters who, by riding buses throughout the South in 1961, sought to achieve the integration of bus terminals; their efforts were frequently met with protests and violence; when southern officials failed to come to their aid, JFK dispatched federal marshals to protect the riders.

wrote On the Road (1957) to denounce American materialism and sexual repression and glorified a freer, natural life. Member of the Beatniks in the 1950s

group of American writers, poets, and artists in the 1950s, including Jack Kerouac and Allen Ginsberg, who rejected traditional middle-class values and championed nonconformity and sexual experimentation

Little Rock Nine

1957 local authorities followed nine African American students to enroll in Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas. Governor Orville Faubus refused to cooperate, leading to mob action and violence outside the school. Faubus initially mobilized National Guard to block African American students from entering, but removed state authorities and left police to deal with situation. Violence and national news coverage of the flouting convinces eisenhower to send federal troops. His admin. was otherwise reluctant to take action for civil rights

developed a vaccine for polio in 1955, and many called for a nationwide federal program to inoculate children from the disease. Rejected by Eisenhower, Secretary Hobby, and the American Medical Association for being too socialistic. State and local programs instituted vaccination programs.

feminist who wrote The Feminine Mystique in 1963 and helped found the National Organization for Women in 1966. Regarded by many as beginning of the women's movement

John F. Kennedy Jr.

35th President of the United States. democrat; only president to have won a Pulitzer Prize; events during his administration include the Bay of Pigs Invasion, the Cuban Missile Crisis, the building of the Berlin Wall, the Space Race, the African American Civil Rights Movement and early events of the Vietnam War; assassinated in Dallas, TX in 1963

cuban revolutionary leader who overthrew the corrupt regime of dictator Fulgencio Batista in 1959 and established a Communist state

site of 1961 invasion of Cuba by Cuban exiles and mercenaries sponsored by the CIA. plan made by eisenhower and enacted by kennedy to attempt to topple the Cuban Leader Fidel Castro. Cuban exiles landed, and the strike was a failure. Castro's forces captured/ killed most of the invaders. Kennedy took blame but indicated no regrets. Embarrassed US

Cuban Missile Crisis

occurred in 1962 when a U-2 spy plane discovered that Cuba was preparing bases for installing Soviet nuclear missiles. President Kennedy declared that these missiles were an unacceptable provocation (such close proximity to US) and demanded that the Nikita Khrushchev halt the operation and withdraw the missiles. Robert Kennedy decided to impose blockade until Khrushchev met US demand to remove missiles. Strategic Air Fleet kept fleet of nuclear armed B-52s in the air at all times. World stood on the brink of war for days. Deal was finally reached in which the Soviet Union would abandon its Cuban missile program and the US would agree to honor the sovereignty of Cuba. US also agreed to remove Turkey missiles quietly.

-barrier that the Communist East German government built in 1961 to divide East and West Berlin and choke off the flow of refugees leaving East Germany; it was torn down in November 1989 as the Cold War was ending

black activist who advocated black separatism as a member of the Nation of Islam; in 1963 he converted to orthodox Islam and two years later he was assassinated.

Warren Commission

many wondered whether Kennedy's 1963 assassination was the work of Oswald alone or part of a larger conspiracy. The government formed a commission headed by Chief Justice Earl Warren to investigate the assassination and determine if others were involved. Announced that oswald was a psychologically disturbed individual who had acted alone. May americans accepted, but others found errors in the report and made assassination theories

Immigration Act of 1965

abolished the national quota system and replaced it with overall limits on US immigration. 120,000 per year limit placed on Western Hemisphere immigration; Eastern Hemisphere limit was 170,000. Exemptions for family members already in US, allowing "chain immigration," outside established limits by this. Preference given to immigrants with particular skills needed in the US. opened door to increased immigration and changed demographic position of US (Johnson)

Free concert in Woodstock, New York, in 1969. Attracted 400,000 people and was remembered as the classic expression of the counterculture. Seemed to provide glimpse of utopian future.

influenced american involvement in vietnam. This asserts that when a nation adopts a communist form of government, its neighbors are likely to become communist as well. Presumes communism is imposed on a country from the outside- not developing from internal conditions. Believed by eisenhower in 1954

January 1968 the Vietcong and the North Vietnamese forces launched this, a major attack on the south vietnamese, US, and allied bases and towns. This left over 9,000 US, South vietnamese, and allied troops dead. North Vietnamese and Vietcong suffered over 40,000 deaths. The offensive was defeated, but it demonstrated the ability of the Vietnamese to organize a coordinated strike throughout South Vietnamese territory and it weakened American support for the war and inflamed antiwar movement.

Vietnamese nationalist and communist whose defeat of the French led to calls for American military intervention in Vietnam. he organized Vietnamese opposition to foreign occupation, first against the Japanese and then the French; became leader of North Vietnam. He led the war to unify the country in the face of increased military opposition from the United States

National Organization of Women

women's rights organization founded in 1966 to fight discrimination against women; to improve educational, employment, and political opportunities for women; and to fight for equal pay and work. President was Betty Friedan. Demanded Equal Rights Amendment to the constitution and pushed for easier access to birth control

program for social and educational reform put forward by President John F. Kennedy in the 1960 election to improve the quality of life of all americans and reenergize American foreign policy to stand fast against Communist threat. Offered action and empowerment to the gov, people, and institutions Largely resisted by congress.

social program that Johnson announced in 1964. Included the War on Poverty, protection of civil rights, and funding for education. Between 1964 and 1968, more than sixty Great Society programs were put in place. Most sought to provide better economic and social opportunities by removing barriers thrown up by health, education, region, and race

program of health insurance for the elderly and disabled established in 1965; it provides government payment for healthcare supplied by private doctors and hospitals. Established under Medical Care Act in 1965 under Johnson.

Miranda v. Arizona

1966 Warren Court case that ruled that all defendants have a right to an attorney, even if the state must provide one, and that those arrested must be informed of their right to remain silent and to have an attorney present during questioning and the right against self-incrimination (miranda rights)
Miranda was arrested at his home and taken in custody to a police station where he was identified by the complaining witness. He was then interrogated by two police officers for two hours, which resulted in a signed, written confession. At trial, the oral and written confessions were presented to the jury. Miranda was found guilty of kidnapping and rape and was sentenced to 20-30 years imprisonment on each count. On appeal, the Supreme Court of Arizona held that Miranda's 5th and 6th amendment rights were not violated in obtaining the confession. Supreme Court reversed this in 1966.

In 1965, in the Watts section of Los Angeles, drunk driving arrest became a race riot. triggers a week of violence and anger revealing the resentment blacks felt toward treatment toward them. The six-day riot resulted in 34 deaths, 1,032 injuries, 3,438 arrests, and over $45 million in property damage. It was the most severe riot in the city's history until the Los Angeles riots of 1992. Shattered complacency of whites who thought civil rights was just a southern problem. Showed growing willingness of African Americans to reject nonviolence

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

decree passed by Congress in 1964 authorizing the president to take any measures necessary to repel attacks against US forces in vietnam. After Johnson ordered retaliatory strikes on North Vietnam and prepared this.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

passed under johnson even though it was faced with a stubborn south filibuster in the Senate. Johnson traded political favors for Republican backing to silence the 57-day filibuster. This made it illegal to discriminate for reasons of race, religion, or gender in places and businesses that served the public. Congress created a Fair Employment Practices Commission and empowered the executive branch to withhold its funds from institutions that violated its provisions

Voting Rights Act of 1965

law that outlawed literacy and other voting tests and authorized federal supervision of elections in areas where black voting had been restricted. Johnson used Selma violence to pressure congress to pass this

The 36th US president upon Kennedy's death. He privately wanted to stay out of Vietnam but sent soldiers because his goal was to stop the spread of communism. Kennedy's democrat VP. signed the civil rights act of 1964 into law and the voting rights act of 1965. he had a war on poverty in his agenda. in an attempt to win, he set a few goals, including the great society, the economic opportunity act, and other programs that provided food stamps and welfare to needy families. he also created a department of housing and urban development. his most important legislation was probably medicare and medicaid.

Kerner Commission

responding to the riots in Detroit around 1967, johnson created a special commission chaired by governor Otto Kerner of Illinois to investigate their causes. The report issued in 1968 put the primary blame on the racist attitudes of White America. Made under Exec. Order 11365

(1960) allows American citizens residing in the District of Columbia to vote for presidential electors, who in turn vote, as if it were a state, in the Electoral College for President and Vice President. In layperson's terms, the Amendment means that residents of the District are able to vote for President and Vice President.

prohibits both Congress and the states from conditioning the right to vote in federal elections on payment of a poll tax or other types of tax. The amendment was proposed by Congress to the states on August 27, 1962, and was ratified by the states on January 23, 1964. Prohibited poll taxes to remove barriers to black voters

(1967) If the president dies, resigns, or is impeached, the VP will become president. If the VP office is vacant, the president will nominate a VP, who will take office after a majority vote in House and Senate. If the president is disable, the VP will serve for him. Procedure for disqualifying or requalifying president established. Fixed ambiguities of the second amendment and passed when the vice-president's position began to grow

In the 1970 case Oregon v. Mitchell, a divided U.S. Supreme Court ruled that Congress had the right to regulate the minimum age in federal elections, but not at the state and local level. prohibits the states and the federal government from using age as a reason for denying the right to vote to citizens of the United States who are at least eighteen years old. Congress passed the this in March 1971; the states promptly ratified it, and President Richard M. Nixon signed it into law that July. The drive to lower the voting age from 21 to 18 grew across the country during the 1960s, driven in large part by the broader student activism movement protesting the Vietnam War.

Congressional pay raises (voted in by Congress during their current term) will not take effect until after the following election. (Since Congress votes for its own salaries, this removes the incentive for them to vote themselves a huge raise. The raise doesn't take effect until after the next election, so if they try to crassly enrich themselves, they will likely be voted out and won't be around to get the raise when it takes effect.) (1992) prohibits any law that increases or decreases the salary of members of Congress from taking effect until the start of the next set of terms of office for Representatives.

Equal Rights Amendment

proposed constitutional amendment giving women equal rights under the law; Congress approved it in 1972, but it failed to achieve ratification by the required thirty-eight states. Opposition stiffened under the leadership of Phyllis Schlafly. Carter joined with Congress to extend the deadline to 1982, but it did no good. feminists believed he should be more supportive however on abortion issue.

Port Huron Statement

1962 critique of the Cold War and American materialism and complacency by students for a Democratic Society; it called for "participatory democracy" and for universities to be centers of free speech and activism. Issued by the Students for a Democratic Society and Tom Hayden, who argued that the country should reallocate its resources according to social need.

Students for a Democratic Society

left-wing student organization founded in 1960 to criticize American materialism and work for social justice. Made the Port Huron STatement and organized by Tom Hayden and Al Haber. Insisted that Americans recognize that their affluent nation was also a land of poverty and want and that business and government chose to ignore social inequalities. Argued that the country should reallocate its resources according to social need

labor organizer who in 1962 founded the National Farm Workers Association; believed in nonviolence and used marches, boycotts, and fasts to bring moral and economic pressure to bear on growers. Promoted La Causa

Stonewall riots

(1969) police raid on the Stonewall Inn in New York City resulted in an unexpected riot as gay patrons fought the police and were joined by other members of the community. Gay Manifesto called for gays and lesbians to raise their consciousness and rid their minds of "garbage" poured into them by old values. Created more americans who seemed willing to show more tolerance of gay lifestyles. Increased visibility and renewed activism to homo community

conservative alabama governor who opposed desegregation in the 1960s and ran unsuccessfully for the presidency in 1968 and 1972

Henry Kissinger

German-born american diplomat who was President Nixon's national security adviser and secretary of state; he helped negotiate the cease-fire in Vietnam.

relaxing of tensions with the two Communist superpowers (China and Russia)in the early 1970s, which led to increased diplomatic, commercial, and cultural contact. Pursued by Nixon to end the Vietnam War and reshape the Cold War

Paris Peace Accords

a peace treaty signed on January 27, 1973 to establish peace in Vietnam and end the Vietnam War. The treaty included the governments of North Vietnam, South Vietnam, and the United States, as well as the Provisional Revolutionary Government (PRG) that represented indigenous South Vietnamese revolutionaries. It ended direct U.S. military combat, and temporarily stopped the fighting between North and South Vietnam. However, the agreement was not ratified by the United States Senate. International Control Commission replaced by International Commission of Control and Supervision. Negotiated by Kissinger(Nixon)

Treaty between the United States and the Soviet Union in 1972 to limit offensive nuclear weapons and defensive antiballistic missile systems; known as Strategic Arms Limitation treaty I. made from meeting between Kissinger and Brezhnev (Nixon)

economic alliance of oil-producing countries, motly Arab, formed in 1960, powerful enough to influence the world price of oil by controlling oil supplies; in 1973 its members placed an embargo on the sale of oil to countries allied with israel (organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries). Worsened the economy by placing embargo on sale of oil to the US to modify American support during Yom Kippur War

Arab oil embargo

arab nations refused to recognize Israel's right to exist. In 1973, the Arab oil-producing nations (OPEC) cut off exports to the United States and increased the price of oil. Moves were largely in retaliation for US support of Israel in the 1973 Yom Kippur War between Israel and its Arab neighbors. Fuel prices rose dramatically in US. forced americans to wait in lines to gas up their cars.

(1972) apartment and office complex in Washington, DC that housed the headquarters of the Democratic National Committee; became synonymous with the scandal over the Nixon administration's involvement in a break-in there and the president's part in the cover-up that followed. Committee to Re-elect the President turned to a Special Investigations Unit to disrupt the Democrats. Sponsored hecklers to attack Democratic candidates who supported McGovern. Led to nixon's resignation

(1973) Supreme Court decision that declared that states shall not prohibit women from having an abortion during the first trimester of pregnancy. Invalidated Texas law to prevent abortion. JUstice Harry Blackmun reasoned that the Constitution guaranteed people the right to privacy. Argued abortion was a decision that should be left to the woman with the advice of her physician. Echoed Griswold v. Connecticut (1965) in affirming an individual's right to privacy.

Since founding of Israel in 1948, tensions existed in middle east and Arab nations refused to recognize Israel's right to exist.On October 6, 1973, Egypt and Syria suddenly invaded Israel; after initial losses, the Israeli military defeated the Arab armies; with US support, negotiations finally led to a ceasefire on October 22. Arab nations then situated an oil embargo that hurt american economy.

George McGovern

Senator from South Dakota who ran for President in 1972 on the Democrat ticket. His promise was to pull the remaining American troops out of Vietnam in ninety days which earned him the support of the Anti-war party, and the working-class supported him, also. He lost however to Nixon. Lost his senate seat in the conservative revolution that swept Ronald Reagan into the White House in 1980

President of the United States who was appointed vice president when Spiro Agnew resigned in the fall of 1973. He succeeded to the presidency upon Nixon's resignation in August 1974 and focused his brief administration on containing inflation and reviving public faith in the presidency. He was defeated narrowly by Jimmy Carter in 1976

democrat President of the United States who was a peanut farmer and former governor of Georgia, he defeated Gerald Ford in 1976. As President, he arranged the Camp David Accords between Egypt and Israel in 1978 but saw his foreign policy legacy tarnished by the Iranian Revolution and hostage crisis in 1979.

Carter Doctrine

used to provide aid to mujahideen in 1980. Carter's announced policy that the United States would use force to repel any nation that attempted to take control of the Persian Gulf. reflects concerns about protecting the US oil interests, with an eye on halting any steps by the USSR toward expanding its influence in the region. Carter saw presence of Soviet forces near Middle East as a threat to American interests in the region

Camp David Accords

in 1977, Egyptian president Anwar Sadat broke with the other leaders of the Arab world and flew to ISrael to meet with Israeli prime minister Begin. They were unable to make a peace treaty, and Carter invited them to Camp David presidential retreat in Maryland in 1978. This treaty returned captured territory by Israel to Egypt and Egypt recognized ISrael as a nation.

Iranian hostage crisis

1979 an angry mob stormed the American embassy in Tehran and abducted the remaining staff. The 66 american hostages were paraded through the streets and subjected to numerous abuses as the Iranians demanded the return of the shah, who was exiled and entered into a NY hospital for cancer treatments amid warnings of iranian reprisals, for trial. Carter was able to negotiate freedom for 13 hostages. Dropped carter's popularity, and carter ordered a military rescue mission. It was a disaster. Efforts through the Canadians and Algerians resulted in 1980 agreements to release the hostages.

Panama Canal Treaty

canal reminded panamanians of inequalities between themselves and US. negotiated by JImmy Carter with panama in 1977 that called for the US to turn over control of the canal to Panama by December 31, 1999. Senators strom Thurmond and Jesse Helms were harshly critical for surrendering major control of a major strategic asset.

first elected president in 1980 and elected again in 1984. He ran on a campaign based on the common man and "populist" ideas. He served as governor of California from 1966-1974, and he participated in the McCarthy Communist scare. Iran released hostages on his Inauguration Day in 1980. While president, he developed Reagannomics, the trickle down effect of government incentives. He cut out many welfare and public works programs. He used the Strategic Defense Initiative to avoid conflict. His meetings with Gorbachev were the first steps to ending the Cold War. He was also responsible for the Iran-contra Affair which bought hostages with guns. republican

persistent inflation combined with stagnant consumer demand and relatively high unemployment. Began a recession around 1970s and continued.

openness to end political repression & move toward a greater political freedom for soviet citizens. GOrbachev's policy that instituted reforms that provided more political and civil rights to the Soviet people.

Mikhail Gorbachev

as soviet general secretary of the Communist Party assumed power in 1985, he introduced political and economic reforms and then found himself presiding over the breakup of the Soviet Union.

supply side economics

theory that reducing taxes on the wealthy and increasing the money available for investment will stimulate the economy and eventually benefit everyone. Introduced by Reagan in the 1980s to reduce federal regulations, taxes, and social programs.

Three Mile Island

site of nuclear power plant near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania; accident at the plant in 1979 led to release of radioactive gases and almost caused a meltdown. Clinched Nuclear power critics' cases. Took two weeks to shutdown the reactor, and more than 1000 people were evacuated from the surrounding area. Nuclear power became less attractive energy source.

George H. W. Bush

was the 42nd president of the United States elected in 1988, previously being Ronald Reagan's vice-president. His policies and ideals derived heavily from his predecessor and were built on them. He served as a congressman, emissary to China, ambassador to the UN, director of the CIA, and vice president before becoming president.

leader of Iraq during the middle of the Cold War. Although initially supported by the U.S. to fight Iran, his invasion of Kuwait made him a prime enemy of America.// President of Iraq from 1979 to 2003. Waged war on Iran in 1980-1988. In 1990 he ordered an invasion of Kuwait but was defeated by United States and its allies in the Gulf War (1991). Defeated by US led invasion in 2003

Encouraged by President George H.W. Bush, the UN condemned Iraq's invasion of Kuwait and gathered an international military force. In February 1991, the U.S. and its allies attacked Iraqi forces in Kuwait. The Iraqi's were driven from Kuwait, but Saddam Hussein remained in power in Iraq.

Forty-second democratic president elected in 1992
Former law professor, attorney general of Arkansas, and governor of Arkansas
Achieved gun control measures, a strong economy, acts supporting time off for family leave, and welfare reform
Led the US to join the north American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), lifting trade barriers between the US, Canada and Mexico
Became the second president to be impeached by the House of Representatives after an extra-marital affair with Monica Lewinsky

Forty-third President
Former Texas governor sworn into office in 2001
Won presidential race after the Democratic nominee and former vice president, Al Gore, conceded following a voting ordeal in Florida
Gore had more popular votes than Bush but fewer electoral votes
Passed initiatives in attempts to improve education( NO Child Left Behind Act)
His declaration against terrorism led to the liberation of Afghanistan and the invasion of Iraq
Son of former president, George Bush
Re-elected in 2004

Initiated by President George W. Bush after the attacks of September 11, 2001, the broadly defined term aimed to weed out terrorist operatives and their supporters throughout the world. The term was originally used with a particular focus on countries associated with al-Qaeda. The term was immediately criticized by such people as Richard B. Myers, and Bush initiated military action on the Afghanistan and Iraq fronts. US hoped to find Osama bin Laden

- established by Saudi Osama bin Laden in 1989 as a terrorist network that organizes the activities of militant Islamic groups which seek to establish a global fundamentalist Islamic order. 9/11 attacks in 2001 on the World Trade Center in NYC and the Pentagon in DC.

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