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anatomy quarter 3

Terms in this set (99)

Blood
Carries respiratory gases, nutrients and hormones and helps the body regulate temperature
the pH level of blood
7.35-7.45
Hematology
the study of blood as a tissue
Make up of blood plasma
Straw colored, sticky fluid portion that contains 90% of water. Contains ions, nutrients, wastes and proteins
What are the 3 proteins in plasma?
albumin, globulins, fibrinogen
Albumin
controls osmotic pressure of the circulatory system
globulins
transporting antibodies (immunoglobulins)
fibrinogen
blood clotting elements
Hemoglobin
oxygen carrying proteins that has a biconcave shape and originates in the bone marrow
what are the 2 types of leukocytes?
Granulocytes and agranulocytes
neutrophils
most numerous WBC and phagocytize and destroy bacteria
Eosinophils
compose 1-4% of all WBCs and plays a role in ending allergic reactions, parasitic infections
basophils
secret histamines and function in inflammation mediation
Lymphocytes
the most important cell of the immune system that is effective in fighting infectious organisms
T cells (t lymphocytes)
attack foreign cells directly
B cells (B lymphocytes)
multiply to become plasma cells and secret antibodies
Monocytes
the largest leukocytes that transform in macrophils
Hematopoiesis
the process by which blood cells are formed
pulmonary circuit
takes blood to and from the lungs
What are the 3 layers of the pericardium?
fibrous pericardium, parietal pericardium, visceral pericardium
fibrous pericardium
tough, white fibrous connective tissue that is the outer layer of the pericardium
parietal pericardium
outer layer of the serous pericardium
visceral pericardium
inner layer of the serous pericardium that covers the heart
epicardium
the external layer of the heart wall and is also the visceral layer of the serous pericardium
myocardium
consists of cardiac muscle (middle layer of heart wall)
endocardium
endothelium resting on a layer of connective tissue
heart chambers
internal divisions of the atria and ventricles: interventricular and intertribal septa
coronary sulcus
an external groove that marks the division between the atria and the ventricles
anterior and posterior ventricular sulcus
external groove that marks the division between the ventricles on both the anterior and posterior side of the heart
superior vena cava
receives oxygen poor blood draining superior to the diaphragm
inferior vena cava
receives oxygen poor blood draining inferior to the diaphragm
coronary sinus
receives oxygen poor blood draining from the walls of the heart
tricuspid valve
located between the right atrium and right ventricle
Pumping chamber
oxygen poor blood is pumped from the heart back to the lungs. The vessel leaving this chamber is called the pulmonary trunk
pulmonary valve
locate at the base of the pulmonary trunk
Right pulmonary veins
receives oxygen rich blood returning from the right lung
bicuspid valve
located between the left atrium and left ventricle
papillary muscles
cone-shaped muscles projecting from the ventricular wall
chordae tendinae
thin strong bands attached to the papillary muscles and the flaps of the bicuspid valve, help to prevent back flow of the blood from the left ventricle
aortic valve
The semilunar valve separating the aorta from the left ventricle that prevents blood from flowing back into the left ventricle.
Coronary arteries
arise from the ascending aorta and located between the coronary sulcus
Coronary sinus
drains the oxygen poor blood from the tissues of the heart itself and empties into the right atrium
Angiology
study of blood vessels
systematic arteries
carry oxygenated blood away from the heart
What are the 3 branches of the aortic arch?
1. brachiocephalic trunk
2. left common carotid artery
3. left subclavian artery
the brachiocephalic trunk
artery of the mediastinum that supplies blood to the right arm and the head and neck
left common carotid
an artery that suppiles the he'd and the neck with oxygenated blood, divides int he neck to formal external and internal carotids
left subclavian artery
a major artery of the upper thorax that mainly supplies blood to the head and arms
Parietal branches
supply the walls
visceral branches
supply the organs
parietal branches
supply the wall of the thoracic cavity
what are the parietal branches of the thoracic aorta?
1. posterior intercostal arteries
2. subcostal arteries
3. superior phrenic arteries
posterior intercostal arteries
the posterior intercostal arteries supply blood to the intercostal spaces
subcostal arteries
these lie below the last ribs, constitute the lowest pair of branches derived from the thoracic aorta ad are in series with the intercostal arteries
superior phrenic arteries
small and arise from the lowest part of the thoracic aorta; they are distributed to the posterior part of the upper surface of the diaphragm
what are the visceral branches of the thoracic aorta?
1. esophageal arteries
2. bronchial arteries
3. pericardial arteries
esophageal arteries
these are 4 or 5 in number and arise from the front of the aorta, and pass obliquely downward to the esophagus, forming a chain of anastomoses, along the tube
bronchial arteries
supply blood to the bronchi and the connective tissue of the lungs
pericardial arteries
supply the pericardium and organs in the posterior mediastinum
What are the parietal branches of the abdominal aorta?
1. inferior phrenic arteries
2. lumbar arteries
3. median sacral artery
inferior phrenic arteries
the inferior phrenic arteries are 2 small vessels which supply the diaphragm
lumbar arterues
these are in series with the intercostals and are usually four in nu,her on either side, arise from the back of the aorta. a fifth pair can be occasionally present
median sacral artery
a small vessel, which arises from the back of the aorta, a little above its bifurcation
what are the paired visceral branches of the abdominal aorta?
1. middle suprarenal arteries
2. renal arteries
3. gonadal arteries
middle suprarenal arteries
These are two small vessels which arise, one from either side of the abdominal aorta, opposite the superior mesenteric artery. They supply the suprarenal glands with blood.
renal arteries
normally arise off the side of the abdominal aorta, immediately below the superior mesenteric artery, and supply the kidneys with blood
Gonadal Arteries
a generic term for a paired artery, with one arising from the abdominal aorta for each gonad. Refers to the testicular arteries in males and ovarian arteries
what are the unpaired visceral arteries in the abdominal aorta
1. left gastric artery
2. splenic artery
3. common hepatic artery
common hepatic artery
supplies oxygenated blood to the liver, pylorus (part of stomach), duodenum (part of small intestine) and pancreas. Arises from the celiac artery
vertebral arteries
provide blood supply to the posterior regions of the brain. Pass through the foramen magnum and become the basilar artery
Circle of willis
there is 9 arteries
hepatic portal system
the veins that carry blood from the digestive organs to the liver
Azygos system of veins
a series of longitudinal veins on either side of the vertebral column that drains venous blood from the body wall
dural sinuses
drain most of the blood of the brain, most veins of the brain drain into the intracranial dural sinuses then empty into the internal jugular veins, s-shaped sigmoid sinus becomes the internal jugular veins
external jugular veins
descends through the neck on the surface of the SCM. It tributaries drain the posterior scalp, lateral scalp and some of the face. Empty into subclavian vein
vertebral veins
the vertebral veins do not serve much of the brain but they drain the cervical vertebrae, cervical spinal cord, and muscles in the superior neck region
basillic vein
arises from the medial aspect of the hand's dorsal venous network, then ascends along the poster medial forearm and the anteromedial surface of the arm
median cubital vein
the anterior aspect of the elbow joint, in the region called the antecubital fossa
azygous vein
means unpaired and ascends along the right or venter of the thoracic vertebral bodies. Receives all of the right posterior intercostal veins plus the subcostal vein
hemiazygous vein
ascends on the left side of the vertebral column, corresponds to the inferior half of the azygous on the right
accessory hemiazygous vein
superior continuation of the homozygous. Course along the right to join the azygous vein
the hepatic portal system
picks up digested nutrients from the stomach and intestines and delivers these nutrients to the liver for processing and storage
umbilical vessels
run in the umbilical cord, carries blood to and from the placenta
paired umbilical arteries
branch from the internal iliac arteries and carry blood to the placenta to pick up oxygen and nutrients
Unpaired umbilical vein
returns blood from the placenta to the fetus, after birth becomes the ligament teres
ductus venosus
shunts some blood away from the fetal liver, after birth becomes the ligament teres
foramen ovale
a hole in the interartial septum, after birth becomes the fossa ovalis
ductus arteriosus
a shunt from the pulmonary trunk to the aortic arch, after birth becomes the ligamentum arteriosum
Order of lymphatic vessels
1. lymph capillaries
2. lymph collecting vessels
3. Lymph nodes
4. lymph trunks
5. lymph ducts
lacteals
specialized lymphatic capillaries. small intestines receive a fatty lymph called "chyle"
cisterna chyll
located at the union of lumbar and intestinal trunks
B lymphocytes
become plasma cells and secret antibodies
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes
destroy infected or foreign cells
effector lymphocytes
short-lived, attack immediately
memory lymphocytes
wait until the body encounters their assign again. The basis of acquired immunity
what is the largest lymphoid organ?
the spleen
What are the 4 groups of tonsils?
1. palatine
2. lingual
3. pharyngeal
4. tubal
Peyer's patches
the numerous areas of lymphoid tissue in the wall of the small intestine
appendix
tubular offshoot of the cecum
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