AP US History Exam Review Key Terms

Terms in this set (690)

French humanist whose theological writings profoundly influenced religious thoughts of Europeans. Developed Calvinism at Geneva. Wrote Institutes of Christian Religion

a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices.

..., Helped found and govern Jamestown. His leadership and strict discipline helped the Virginia colony get through the difficult first winter.

Protestant Reformation

..., a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches

Treaty of Tordesillas

..., Set the Line of Demarcation which was a boundary established in 1493 to define Spanish and Portuguese possessions in the Americas.

..., Established in 1587. Called the Lost Colony. It was financed by Sir Walter Raleigh, and its leader in the New World was John White. All the settlers disappeared, and historians still don't know what became of them.

Virginia Company

..., Joint-stock company chartered by King James I of England; established the first permanent English colony in America at Jamestown in 1607.

..., in Calvinist doctrine, those who have been chosen by God for salvation.

..., a grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it

..., Puritan Governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, envisioned colony as a "city upon a hill"

Anne Hutchinson

..., She preached the idea that God communicated directly to individuals instead of through the church elders. She was forced to leave Massachusetts in 1637. Her followers (the Antinomianists) founded the colony of New Hampshire in 1639.

..., He founded Rhode Island for separation of Church and State. He believed that the Puritans were too powerful and was ordered to leave the Massachusetts Bay Colony for his religious beliefs.

..., married Pocahontas and started the planting of tobacco in Jamestown

..., 1694- He was the founder of Maryland, a colony which offered religious freedom, and a refuge for the persecuted Roman Catholics.

Sir William Berkeley

..., the royal governor of Virginia. Adopted policies that favored large planters and neglected the needs of recent settlers in the 'backcountry.' His shortcomings led to Bacon's Rebellion

Nathaniel Bacon

..., Planter who led a rebellion in 1676 against the governor of the Virginia Colony

William and Mary

..., King and Queen of England in 1688. With them, King James' Catholic reign ended. As they were Protestant, the Puritans were pleased because only protestants could be office-holders.

The Church of England

..., Also known as the Anglican Church, this Church was founded by 1534 by King Henry VIII, The king sought to divorce his first wife Catherine of Aragon however Pope Clement VII refused to dissolve the marriage. Enraged the King broke away from the Roman Catholic Church.

..., Protestant sect in England hoping to "purify" the Anglican church of Roman Catholic traces in practice and organization.

New England Confederation

..., 1643 - Formed to provide for the defense of the four New England colonies, and also acted as a court in disputes between colonies.

..., People who wanted to have a separate, or different church than the church of England. Also known as Pilgrims.

..., English Puritans who founded Plymouth colony in 1620

..., This is another name for the Puritans who arrived in New England in 1629 due to oppression and persecution by the English Crown. While in England, these Puritans believed they must remain within the Church of England to reform it.

..., English dissenters who broke from Church of England, preache a doctrine of pacificism, inner divinity, and social equity, under William Penn they founded Pennsylvania

Great Migration

..., when more than 15,000 Puritans journeyed to Massachusetts to escape religious persecution and economic hard times

Holy Experiment

an attempt by the Religious Society of Friends or (Quakers) to establish a community for themselves in Pennsylvania. They hoped it would show to the world how well they could function on their own without any persecution or dissension.

Bacon's Rebellion

..., A rebellion lead by Nathaniel Bacon with backcountry farmers to attack Native Americans in an attempt to gain more land

an uprising of most of the Pueblo Indians against the Spanish settlers in the province of Santa Fe de Nuevo México, present day New Mexico.[1]

Glorious Revolution

..., This was the "revolution" that replaced James II with William and Mary that also recognized the supremacy of the Parliament with minimum bloodshed

Mayflower Compact

..., 1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony.

Halfway Covenant

..., Used by Puritan Churches to bolster attendance but also keep political leadership under the control respectable families. Conversion needed but not "regeneration" to be a member of the congregation.

Dominion of New England

..., 1686-The British government combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into a single province headed by a royal governor (Andros). Ended in 1692, when the colonists revolted and drove out Governor Andros

Act of Toleration

The Act allowed freedom of worship to Nonconformists who had pledged to the oaths of Allegiance and Supremacy and rejected transubstantiation, i.e., Protestants who dissented from the Church of England such as Baptists and Congregationalists but not to Catholics. Nonconformists were allowed their own places of worship and their own teachers, if they accepted certain oaths of allegiance.

Fundamental Orders

..., document which established a regime democratically controlled by the substantial citizens of Hartford

..., Idea spread by Anne Hutchinson, considered high heresy. Those who believed they were truly saved, did not believe they had to obey the law

plantation system

The division of the land into smaller units under private ownership

headright system

..., Headrights were parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. They were used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists.

proprietary colonies

..., Colonies in which the proprietors (who had obtained their patents from the king) named the governors, subject to the king's approval.

indentured servants

..., Colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years

Jonathan Edwards

..., American theologian whose sermons and writings stimulated a period of renewed interest in religion in America (1703-1758)

George Whitefield

..., Credited with starting the Great Awakening, also a leader of the "New Lights."

New Light Preachers

..., These preachers crisscrossed the colonies speaking to large crowds about the "fire and brimstone" eternity all sinners would face if they did not absolve their sins publicly. These preachers sought to undermine the power and prestige of "Old Light" ministers by proclaiming that ordinary people could understand the gospel of the Lord without the leadership of a man of the cloth.

Triangular Trade

..., A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Aferica sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa

The Great Awakening

..., religious revival in the 1730-40s, helped by Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield; inspired controversy over emotionalism/revivalism versus traditionalist Protestantism, nevertheless united the Americans as a people

Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God

Jonathan Edward's sermon

..., the act or process or arranging persons into classes or social strata

..., an economic system (Europe in 18th C) to increase a nation's wealth by government regulation of all of the nation's commercial interests

Benjamin Franklin

..., Printer, author, inventor, diplomat, statesman, and Founding Father. One of the few Americans who was highly respected in Europe, primarily due to his discoveries in the field of electricity.

..., English empiricist philosopher who believed that all knowledge is derived from sensory experience (1632-1704)

..., English statesman who brought the Seven Years' War to an end (1708-1778)

Stamp Act Congress

..., A meeting of delegations from many of the colonies, the congress was formed to protest the newly passed Stamp Act It adopted a declaration of rights as well as sent letters of complaints to the king and parliament, and it showed signs of colonial unity and organized resistance.

Sons and Daughters of Liberty

..., Organizations that led protests, helped American soldiers, instated a boycott, and generally resisted the British.

The French and Indian War

..., (1754-1763) was the North American chapter of the Seven Years' War. The name refers to the two main enemies of the British: the royal French forces and the various American Indian forces allied with them. The conflict, the fourth such colonial war between the kingdoms of France and Great Britain, resulted in the British conquest of all of New France east of the Mississippi River, as well as Spanish Florida.

Pontiac's Rebellion

..., 1763 - An Indian uprising after the French and Indian War, led by an Ottowa chief named Pontiac. They opposed British expansion into the western Ohio Valley and began destroying British forts in the area. The attacks ended when Pontiac was killed.

Boston Massacre

..., The first bloodshed of the Amercan Revolution, as British guards at the Boston Customs House opened fire on a crowd killing five americans

Boston Tea Party

..., demonstration (1773) by citizens of Boston who (disguised as Indians) raided three British ships in Boston harbor and dumped hundreds of chests of tea into the harbor

The Albany Plan of Union

..., Ben Franklin's plan to unite the colonists (and Iroquois) and create a defense against the French

The Peace of Paris (1783) was the set of treaties which ended the American Revolutionary War.

Proclamation of 1763

..., A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalacian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.

..., In 1764 this act was meant to tighten enforcement of English customs by reducing the tax on molasses and increasing enforcement it was meant to raise revenue, and marked the end of Salutary Neglect

..., an act passed by the British that allowed British troops to live in the homes of the colonists

..., an act passed by the British parliment in 1756 that raised revenue from the American colonies by a duty in the form of a stamp required on all newspapers and legal or commercial documents

Declaratory Act

..., Act passed in 1766 just after the repeal of the Stamp Act. Stated that Parliament could legislate for the colonies in all cases.

..., A tax that the British Parliament placed on leads, glass, paint and tea

Massachusetts Circular Letter

..., A letter written in Boston and circulated through the colonies in February, 1768, which urged the colonies not to import goods taxed by the Townshend Acts. Boston, New York, and Philadelphia agreed to non-importation. It was followed by the Virginia Circular Letter in May, 1768. Parliament ordered all colonial legislatures which did not rescind the circular letters dissolved.

..., Law passed by parliament allowing the British East India Company to sell its low-cost tea directly to the colonies - undermining colonial tea merchants; led to the Boston Tea Party

..., This series of laws were very harsh laws that intended to make Massachusetts pay for its resistance. It also closed down the Boston Harbor until the Massachusetts colonists paid for the ruined tea. Also forced Bostonians to shelter soilders in their own homes.

..., Extended boundaries of Quebec and granted equal rights to Catholics and recognized legality Catholic Church in the territory; colonists feared this meant that a pope would soon oversee the colonies.

Intolerable Acts

..., in response to Boston Tea Party, 4 acts passed in 1774, Port of Boston closed, reduced power of assemblies in colonies, permitted royal officers to be tried elsewhere, provided for quartering of troop's in barns and empty houses

salutary neglect

..., An English policy of not strictly enforcing laws in its colonies

writs of assistance

..., legal document that enabled officers to search homes and warehouses for goods that might be smuggled

As the author of two highly influential pamphlets at the start of the American Revolution, he inspired the Patriots in 1776 to declare independence from Britain.[2]

..., Head of Shay's Rebellion; he and several other angry farmers violently protested against debtor's jail; eventually crushed; aided in the creation of constitution because land owners now wanted to preserve what was theirs from "mobocracy"

..., 4th President of the United States

Alexander Hamilton

..., United States statesman and leader of the Federalists

Thomas Jefferson

..., 3rd President of the United States

First Continental Congress

..., Delagates from all colonies except georgia met to discuss problems with britain and to promote independence

..., Colonists who wanted independence from Britain

..., American colonists who remained loyal to Britain and opposed the war for independence

..., a person who supported the British cause in the American Revolution; a loyalist

Battle of Saratoga

..., a battle during the American Revolution (1777)

Shay's Rebellion

..., this conflict in Massachusetts caused many to criticize the Articles of Confederation and admit the weak central government was not working; uprising led by Daniel Shays in an effort to prevent courts from foreclosing on the farms of those who could not pay the taxes

Constitutional Convention

..., the convention of United States statesmen who drafted the United States Constitution in 1787

Declaration of Rights and Grievances

..., created by delegates from nine colonies, set forth view of British power in colonies. Parliament didn't have right to tax colonists without their legislative consent and demanded repeal of Stamp and Sugar Acts

Declaration of the Causes and Necessities of Taking Arms

..., A declaration by the representatives of the united colonies of North America, now met in Congress at Philadelphia, setting forth the causes and necessity of their taking up arms." Our cause is just, our union is perfect"

Olive Branch Petition

..., On July 8, 1775, the colonies made a final offer of peace to Britain, agreeing to be loyal to the British government if it addressed their grievances (repealed the Coercive Acts, ended the taxation without representation policies). It was rejected by Parliament, which in December 1775 passed the American Prohibitory Act forbidding all further trade with the colonies.

..., a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that claimed the colonies had a right to be an independent nation

Declaration of Independence

..., the document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain

Treaty of Paris

..., This treaty ended the Seven Years War

Articles of Confederation

..., a written agreement ratified in 1781 by the thirteen original states

Land Ordinance of 1785

..., A law that divided much of the United States into a system of townships to facilitate the sale of land to settlers.

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

..., Created the Northwest Territory (area north of the Ohio River and west of Pennsylvania), established conditions for self-government and statehood, included a Bill of Rights, and permanently prohibited slavery

..., a place where arms are manufactured

..., organized opposition to authority

..., 4th President of the United States

..., America's first Vice-President and second President. Sponsor of the American Revolution in Massachusetts, and wrote the Massachusetts guarantee that freedom of press "ought not to be restrained."

Thomas Jefferson

..., 3rd President of the United States

Barbary Pirates

..., Plundering pirates off the Mediterranean coast of Africa; President Thomas Jefferson's refusal to pay them tribute to protect American ships sparked an undeclared naval war with North African nations

House of Representatives

the lower legislative house of the United States Congress

..., assembly possessing high legislative powers

Electoral College

..., the body of electors who formally elect the United States president and vice-president

..., Supporters of the Constitution that were led by Alexander Hamilton and John Adams. They firmly believed the national government should be strong. They didn't want the Bill of Rights because they felt citizens' rights were already well protected by the Constitution.

Anti-federalists

..., people who opposed the Constitution

Bank of the United States

..., Proposed by Alexander Hamilton as the basis of his economic plan. He proposed a powerful private institution, in which the government was the major stockholder. This would be a way to collect and amass the various taxes collected. It would also provide a strong and stable national currency. Jefferson vehemently opposed the bank; he thought it was un-constitutional. nevertheless, it was created. This issue brought about the issue of implied powers. It also helped start political parties, this being one of the major issues of the day.

Democratic-republicans

..., Founded by Thomas Jefferson, the Democratic Republicans favored states rights and opposed the Federalist Party. The victory of the Democratic Republicans marked the first party overturn in American history.

the french revolution

..., In 1789, the French Revolution was where the French people rebelled against their King to overthrow him. Afterwards, a republic was started, where revolutionists began to controversially cut the heads off of nobles. The Republican party was formed because of the French Revolution, and brought much inspiration to the U.S. at first. However, this didn't last long, as Federalists became afraid of the possibility of such extremes that were shown in France.

farewell address

..., Referred to as Washington's Farewell Address. Its main points included: assuming leadership in the Western Hemisphere, developing its own trade, and not entering into permanent alliances with foreign nations, especially with Europe.

whiskey rebellion

..., In 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey, and several federal officers were killed in the riots caused by their attempts to serve arrest warrants on the offenders. In October, 1794, the army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion. The incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem, in contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles of Confederation to deal with Shay's Rebellion.

..., An insult to the American delegation when they were supposed to be meeting French foreign minister, Talleyrand, but instead they were sent 3 officials Adams called "X,Y, and Z" that demanded $250,000 as a bribe to see Talleyrand.

the convention of 1800

..., the two sides finally came to a agreement that annulled the 1778 treaty of alliance and excused the French from damage claims of American ships. Kept from going to war and dividing nation.

Lewis and Clark

..., Sent on an expedition by Jefferson to gather information on the United States' new land and map a route to the Pacific. They kept very careful maps and records of this new land acquired from the Louisiana Purchase.

..., Created the precedent of judicial review; ruled on many early decisions that gave the federal government more power, especially the supreme court

Tecumseh and the Prophet

..., People feared that the British in Canada would recruit Indians to halt the march of American settlement. A Shawnee chief, Tecumseh and his half-brother the Prophet, sought to unite several tribes in Ohio and the Indiana territory against American settlers. They tried to unify their people and revive traditional virtues.

..., The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers.

..., New England's merchants opposed the War of 1812 because it cut off trade with Great Britain. Critics of the war were mainly Federalists who represented New England. The Essex Junto was a group of extreme Federalists led by Aaron Burr who advocated New England's secession from the U.S.

Burr Conspiracy

..., scheme by Vice-President Aaron Burr to lead the succession of the Louisiana Territory from the US and create his own empire. He was captured in 1807 and charged with treason. Because there was no evidence or two witnesses he was acquitted. Marshall upholds the strict rules for trying someone for treason.

Tripolitan Wars

..., This war, fought between1801, and 1805, started when Barbary pirates in North Africa seized US ships traveling in the Mediterranean. Presidents Washington and Adams had paid North African nations a "protection fee" to reduce the number of times US ships would be seized. Once Thomas Jefferson took office, the leader of Tripoli demanded more money. Jefferson refused, sending navel ships to stop the pirates, resulting in a four-year fight. The force was able to put a dent in the work of the pirates and gained the US credibility overseas.

..., (1796-1815) Wars between Napoleon and the rest of Europe which helped spread the ideas of the French Revolution. [227]

Battle of Tippecanoe

..., 1811 Tecumseh and the Prophet attack, but General Harrison crushes them in this battle ends Tecumseh's attempt to unite all tribes in Mississippi.

Battle of New Orleans

..., Jackson led a battle that occurred when British troops attacked U.S. soldiers in New Orleans on January 8, 1815; the War of 1812 had officially ended with the signing of the Treaty of Ghent in December, 1814, but word had not yet reached the U.S.

The Hartford Convention

New England Federalists met to discuss their grievances concerning the ongoing War of 1812 and the political problems arising from the federal government's increasing power. Despite radical outcries among Federalists for New England secession and a separate peace with Great Britain, moderates outnumbered them and extreme proposals were not a major focus of the debate.[1]

Pinckney Treaty

..., agreement between the united states and spain that changed floridas border and made it easier for american ships to use the port of new orleans

Judiciary Act of 1801

..., a law that increased the number of federal judges, allowing President John Adams to fill most of the new posts with Federalists

Twelfth amendment

..., Beginning in 1804, electors would vote separately for President and Vice President, 1806-issued by Napoleon, instituted the Continental System, in the response to British blockade of commercial ports under French control.

..., 1806-issued by Napoleon, instituted the Continental System, in the response to British blockade of commercial ports under French control.

Orders in Council

..., British laws which led to the War of 1812. Orders-in-council passed in 1807 permitted the impressment of sailors and forbade neutral ships from visiting ports from which Britain was excluded unless they first went to Britain and traded for British goods.

..., in 1807 which proclaimed that any vessel that submitted to British regulation or allowed itself to be searched by the Royal Navy was subject to seizure by France.

..., signed by Thomas Jefferson in 1807 - stop export of all American goods and American ships from sailing for foreign ports

Non-Intercourse Act of 1809

..., reopened trade with all nations except Britain and France

Macon's Bill Number 2

..., 1810 This bill sought to lift trade restrictions against Britain or France but only after those nations agreed to honor US neutrality.

The Star-Spangled Banner

..., The national anthem of the United States written by Francis Scott Key, inspired by the battle of Fort McHenry

Treaty of Ghent

..., December 24, 1814 - Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo. For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border.

midnight judges

..., The 16 judges that were added by the Judiciary Act of 1801 that were called this because Adams signed their appointments late on the last day of his administration.

writ of mandamus

..., an extraordinary writ commanding an official to perform a ministerial act that the law recognizes as an absolute duty and not a matter for the official's discretion

judicial review

..., review by a court of law of actions of a government official or entity or of some other legally appointed person or body or the review by an appellate court of the decision of a trial court

..., a formal document charging a public official with misconduct in office

..., devoted to a cause or party

..., formal separation from an alliance or federation

..., a former political party in the United States

Know-Nothing Party

..., Group of prejudice people who formed a political party during the time when the KKK grew. Anti-Catholics and anti-foreign. They were also known as the American Party.

Era of Good Feeling

..., the period from 1817 to 1823 in which the disappearance of the federalists enabled the Republicans to govern in a spirit of seemingly nonpartisan harmony.

The Panic of 1819 was the first major peacetime financial crisis in the United States [1][2] followed by a general collapse of the American economy persisting through 1821.[3][4][5] The Panic announced the transition of the nation from its colonial commercial status with Europe

is notable as the first tariff passed by Congress with an explicit function of protecting U.S. manufactured items from foreign competition. Prior to the War of 1812, tariffs had primarily served to raise revenues to operate the national government.[1] Another unique aspect of the tariff was the strong support it received from Southern states.[2]

Tallmadge Amendment

..., This was an attempt to have no more slaves to be brought to Missouri and provided the gradual emancipation of the children of slaves. In the mind of the South, this was a threat to the sectional balance between North and South.

Missouri Compromise

..., an agreement in 1820 between pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States concerning the extension of slavery into new territories

Rush-Bagot Treaty

..., 1817; The US and British agreed to set limits on the number of naval vessels each could have on the Great Lakes.

The Adams-Onis Treaty

..., Got Florida for the USA after the Seminole War. Spain ceded all of Florida to the USA and gave up its claim to the territory north of the 42nd parallel in the Pacific Northwest. In return, the American government gave up Texas.

The Monroe Doctrine

..., Primarily the work of JQAdams, said the the USA would consider any foreign challenge to the sovereignty of existing American nations an unfriendly act. No European colonization in the Americas

..., an artificial waterway connecting the Hudson river at Albany with Lake Erie at Buffalo

American System

..., an economic regime pioneered by Henry Clay which created a high tariff to support internal improvements such as road-building. This approach was intended to allow the United States to grow and prosper by themselves This would eventually help America industrialize and become an economic power.

Overspeculation

..., Means to over "guess." The majority of the people felt the stock market will go up, so they greedily buy, when in reality it's the peak already and stock market prices will drop soon.

..., of or relating to or advocating nativism

..., an abstract part of something

..., a general and progressive increase in prices

..., a specific kind of something

..., freeing someone from the control of another

..., 5th President of the United States

John C. Calhoun

..., South Carolina Senator - advocate for state's rights, limited government, and nullification

..., United States politician and orator (1782-1817)

..., United States politician responsible for the Missouri Compromise between free and slave states (1777-1852)

John Quincy Adams

..., Secretary of State, He served as sixth president under Monroe. In 1819, he drew up the Adams-Onis Treaty in which Spain gave the United States Florida in exchange for the United States dropping its claims to Texas. The Monroe Doctrine was mostly Adams' work.

..., United States inventor of the mechanical cotton gin (1765-1825)

peculiar institution

..., southern euphemism for slavery

John C. Calhoun

..., South Carolina Senator - advocate for state's rights, limited government, and nullification

..., people who believed that the Free-Mason Society was "undemocratic" and "exclusive" because it was a secret society. Formed part of the Whig Party, because both Jackson and Van Buren were Free-Masons

National Republicans

..., supporters of a strong central government who favored road building and supported the Bank of the United States to shape the nation's economy; many were farmers or merchants

..., conservatives and popular with pro-Bank people and plantation owners. They mainly came from the National Republican Party, which was once largely Federalists. They took their name from the British political party that had opposed King George during the American Revolution. Their policies included support of industry, protective tariffs, and Clay's American System. They were generally upper class in origin. Included Clay and Webster

..., When Jackson was president, many state banks received government money that had been withdrawn from the Bank of the U.S. These banks issued paper money and financed wild speculation, especially in federal lands. Jackson issued the Specie Circular to force the payment for federal lands with gold or silver. Many state banks collapsed as a result. A panic ensued (1837). Bank of the U.S. failed, cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress.

Southern Carolina Exposition

..., written by john c. calhoun of SC; outlined south's anger towards the "tariff of abominations" & that they believed it to be unconstitutional because it severely altered trade with europe

..., The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory. More than 4, 00 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey.

Gibbons v. Ogden

..., Regulating interstate commerce is a power reserved to the federal government

Specie Circular

..., issued by President Jackson July 11, 1836, was meant to stop land speculation caused by states printing paper money without proper specie (gold or silver) backing it. It required that the purchase of public lands be paid for in specie. It stopped the land speculation and the sale of public lands went down sharply. The panic of 1837 followed.

..., a protective tariff passed by the U.S. Congress that came to be known as the "Tariff of Abominations" to its Southern detractors because of the effects it had on the Antebellum Southern economy; it was the highest tariff in U.S. peacetime and its goal was to protect industry in the northern United States from competing European goods by increasing the prices of European products.

..., a tariff imposed by Jackson which was unpopular in the South; South Carolina nullified it, but Jackson pushed through the Force Act, which enabled him to make South Carolina comply through force; Henry Clay reworked the tariff so that South Carolina would accept it, but after accepting it, South Carolina also nullified the Force Act

..., 1833 - The Force Bill authorized President Jackson to use the army and navy to collect duties on the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832. South Carolina's ordinance of nullification had declared these tariffs null and void, and South Carolina would not collect duties on them. The Force Act was never invoked because it was passed by Congress the same day as the Compromise Tariff of 1833, so it became unnecessary. South Carolina also nullified the Force Act.

Indian Removal Act

..., Passed in 1830, authorized Andrew Jackson to negotiate land-exchange treaties with tribes living east of the Mississippi. The treaties enacted under this act's provisions paved the way for the reluctant—and often forcible—emigration of tens of thousands of American Indians to the West.

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia

..., (1831) The Cherokees argued that they were a seperate nation and therefore not under Georgia's jurisdiction. Marshall said they were not, but rather had "special status"

Worcester v. Georgia

..., Supreme Court Decision - Cherokee Indians were entitled to federal protection from the actions of state governments which would infringe on the tribe's sovereignty - Jackson ignored it

..., 7th president of the US

..., United States politician and orator (1782-1817)

..., Believed that states should have more rights. He was from South Carolina. He debated Daniel Webster about the doctrine of states rights.

corrupt bargain

..., In the election of 1824, none of the candidates were able to secure a majority of the electoral vote, thereby putting the outcome in the hands of the House of Representatives, which elected John Quincy Adams over rival Andrew Jackson. Henry Clay was the Speaker of the House at the time, and he convinced Congress to elect Adams. Adams then made Clay his Secretary of State.

..., State banks where Jackson deposited all federal money in his attempt to kill the Bank of the United States.

..., the system of employing and promoting civil servants who are friends and supporters of the group in power

kitchen cabinet

..., an inner circle of unofficial advisors to the head of a government

..., a legal right guaranteed by the 15th amendment to the US constitution

..., This Presbyterian minister appealed to his audience's sense of emotion rather than their reason. His "fire and brimstone" sermons became commonplace in upstate New York, where listeners were instilled with the fear of Satan and an eternity in Hell. He insisted that parishioners could save themselves through good works and a steadfast faith in God. This region of New York became known as the "burned-over district," because this minister preached of the dangers of eternal damnation across the countryside

..., Rights activist on behalf of mentally ill patients - created first wave of US mental asylums

..., United States educator who introduced reforms that significantly altered the system of public education (1796-1859)

..., United States abolitionist born a slave on a plantation in Maryland and became a famous conductor on the Underground Railroad leading other slaves to freedom in the North (1820-1913)

Sojourner Truth

..., United States abolitionist and feminist who was freed from slavery and became a leading advocate of the abolition of slavery and for the rights of women (1797-1883)

Fredrick Douglas

..., former slave + abolitionist, stood up for his beliefs, fought for womens + blacks rights, runaway slave, newspaper-the north star

Sarah and Angelina Grimke

..., Quaker sisters from South Carolina who came north and became active in the abolitionist movement; Angelina married Theodore Weld, a leading abolitionist and Sarah wrote and lectured on a variety of reforms including women's rights and abolition.

..., religious leader who founded the Mormon Church in 1830 (1805-1844)

..., United States religious leader of the Mormon Church after the assassination of Joseph Smith

Ralph Waldo Emerson

..., United States writer and leading exponent of transcendentalism (1803-1882)

Henry David Thoreau

..., United States writer and social critic (1817-1862)

A former political party in the United States; formed in 1839 to oppose the practice of slavery; merged with the Free Soil Party in 1848

Foreign Antislavery Society

..., This abolitionist group did not believe in women's rights and formed a separate from that of Mott and Garrison. Women were not allowed in membership

Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints

..., largest sect of Mormonism

..., church founded by Joseph Smith in 1830 with headquarters in Salt Lake City, Utah

Transcendentalists

..., advocate of Transcendentalism

..., a celibate and communistic Christian sect in the United States

..., a religious community established in central New York in 1848, its members shared property, practiced group marriage, and reared children under communal care.

..., trousers ending above the knee

Nat Turner's Rebellion

..., Rebellion in which Nat Turner led a group of slaves through Virginia in an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow and kill planter families

..., passed in 1851 in Maine, was one of the first statutory implementations of the developing temperance movement in the United States.

..., antislavery newspaper published by Fredrick Douglass

Declaration of Sentiments

..., declared that all "people are created equal"; used the Declaration of Independence to argue for women's rights

..., written by Henry David Thoreau; a personal account of his life spent in a cabin on the edge of Walden Pond, where he lived simply and found truth

On Civil Disobedience

..., thoreau's writings contemplating the mexican war, "the work of comparatively few individuals using the government as their tool" refused to pay his taxes

Underground Railroad

..., abolitionists secret aid to escaping slaves

..., The site of the women's rights convention that met in July in 1848. They met in the Wesleyan Chapel, and 300 men and women attended. At the convention, they vote in the Seneca Falls Declaration, which was signed by 32 men.

..., a disposition to feel that anything less than perfect is unacceptable

cult of domesticity

..., the ideal woman was seen as a tender, self-sacrificing caregiver who provided a nest for her children and a peaceful refuge for her husband, social customs that restricted women to caring for the house

..., belonging to a period before a war especially the American Civil War

..., United States politician and military leader who fought to gain independence for Texas from Mexico and to make it a part of the United States (1793-1863)

..., president in March 1845. wanted to settle oregon boundary dispute with britain. wanted to aquire California. wanted to incorperate Texas into union.

Bear Flag Republic

..., aka the California republic; the result of a revolt by Americans on June 14, 1846, in the town of Sonoma against the authorities of the Mexican province of California; the Republic lasted less than a month. The republic eventually became the present-day state of California.

..., Bill that would ban slavery in the territories acquired after the War with Mexico

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

..., Treaty that ended the Mexican War, granting the U.S. control of Texas, New Mexico, and California in exchange for $15 million

Webster-Ashburton Treaty

..., 1842 between the US and the Brits, settled boundry disputes in the North West, fixed most borders between US and Canada, talked about slavery and excredition

..., pioneer trail that began in missouri and crossed the great plains into the oregon country

..., the commission that is given to a government and its policies through an electoral victory

Harriet Beecher Stowe

..., United States writer of a novel about slavery that advanced the abolitionists' cause (1811-1896)

George Fitzburgh

..., says slavery in South is better than wage slavery in North

..., abolitionist who was hanged after leading an unsuccessful raid at Harper's Ferry, Virginia (1800-1858)

..., Christian thinkers who defended and explained Christian beliefs

Free-soil party

..., Formed in 1847 - 1848, dedicated to opposing slavery in newly acquired territories such as Oregon and ceded Mexican territory.

..., People who rushed to california in 1849 for gold.

Republican Party

..., the younger of two major political parties in the United States

border ruffians

..., missourians who traveled in armed groups to vote in kansas's election during the mid-1850's

Constitutional Union Party

..., a former political party in the United States

Confederate States of America

..., a republic formed in February of 1861 and composed of the eleven Southern states that seceded from the United States

Gadsden Purchase

..., purchase of land from mexico in 1853 that established the present U.S.-mexico boundary

Fugitive Slave Law

..., Enacted by Congress in 1793 and 1850, these laws provided for the return of escaped slaves to their owners. The North was lax about enforcing the 1793 law, with irritated the South no end. The 1850 law was tougher and was aimed at eliminating the underground railroad.

The Compromise of 1850

..., Slavery becomes outlawed in Washington D.C., California is admitted as a free state, and Utah and New Mexico will determine whether slavery is allowed through popular sovereignty. Also, the Fugitive Slave Law is passed.

The Kansas-Nebraska Act

..., 1854; sponsored by Senator Stephen Douglas, this would rip open the slavery debate; and create the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, opened new lands, repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820, and allowed settlers in those territories to determine if they would allow slavery within their boundaries.

Lecompton Constitution

..., supported the existence of slavery in the proposed state and protected rights of slaveholders. It was rejected by Kansas, making Kansas an eventual free state.

Dred Scott v. Sanford

..., Supreme Court case that decided US Congress did not have the power to prohibit slavery in federal territories and slaves, as private property, could not be taken away without due process - basically slaves would remain slaves in non-slave states and slaves could not sue because they were not citizens

Freeport Doctrine

..., During the Lincoln-Douglas debates, Douglas said in his Freeport Doctrine that Congress couldn't force a territory to become a slave state against its will.

Bleeding Kansas

..., A sequence of violent events involving abolitionists and pro-Slavery elements that took place in Kansas-Nebraska Territory. The dispute further strained the relations of the North and South, making civil war imminent.

..., John Brown's scheme to invade the South with armed slaves, backed by sponsoring, northern abolitionists; seized the federal arsenal; Brown and remnants were caught by Robert E. Lee and the US Marines; Brown was hanged

popular sovereignty

..., The doctrine that stated that the people of a territory had the right to decide their own laws by voting. In the Kansas-Nebraska Act, popular sovereignty would decide whether a territory allowed slavery.

..., Confederate general who had opposed secession but did not believe the Union should be held together by force

Ulysses S. Grant

..., an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War.

Abraham Lincoln

..., 16th President of the United States saved the Union during the Civil War and emancipated the slaves; was assassinated by Booth (1809-1865)

John Wilkes Booth

..., was an American stage actor who, as part of a conspiracy plot, assassinated Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States, at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C. on April 14, 1865.

..., northern democrat who advocated making peace with the Confederacy during the Civil War

New York Draft Riots

..., July 1863 just after the Battle at Gettysburg. Mobs of Irish working-class men and women roamed the streets for four days until federal troops suppressed them. They loathed the idea of being drafted to fight a war on behalf of slaves who, once freed, would compete with them for jobs.

..., either of two battles during the American Civil War (1861 and 1862)

Second Battle of Bull Run

..., Lee and Pope fought and Lee came out victorious and then continued onto MD in hope of striking a blow that would not only encourage foreign intervention but also seduce the still wavering Border State and its sisters from the Union

..., the first major battle in the American Civil War to take place on Northern soil. It was the bloodiest single-day battle in American history, with almost 23,000 casualties. After this "win" for the North, Lincoln announced the Emancipation Proclamation

..., a small town in southern Pennsylvania, The most violent battle of the American Civil War and is frequently cited as the war's turning point, fought from July 1 - July 3, 1863.

..., Union war plan by Winfield Scott, called for blockade of southern coast, capture of Richmond, capture Mississippi R, and to take an army through heart of south

Emancipation Proclamation

..., Issued by Abraham Lincoln on September 22, 1862 it declared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free

Thirteenth Amendment

..., The constitutional amendment ratified after the Civil War that forbade slavery and involuntary servitude.

The Homestead Act of 1862

..., provided a settler with 160 acres of land if he promised to live and work for it at least five years, about 500,000 families took advantage of it

The Morrill Land Grant of 1862

..., The act gave federal lands to states for the purpose of building schools that would teach agriculture and technical trades

The Pacific Railway Act of 1862

..., This act apporved the building of a transcontinental railroad that would utterly transform the West by linking the Atlantic Ocean with the Pacific

Appomattox Court House

..., famous as the site of the surrender of the Confederate Army under Robert E. Lee to Union commander Ulysses S. Grant

..., Name for Union paper money not backed by gold or silver. Value would fluctuate depending on status of the war (plural)

..., Wooden ships with metal armor that were employed by both sides during the Civil War.

..., burning grain fields and slaughtering livestock so as to leave nothing that the enemy could eat. Used by Alexander in Russia against Napoleon

writ of habeas corpus

..., court order that the authorities show cause for why they are holding a prisoner in custody. Deters unlawful imprisonment

..., relating to land; relating to the management or farming of land

Freedmen's Bureau

..., 1865 - Agency set up to aid former slaves in adjusting themselves to freedom. It furnished food and clothing to needy blacks and helped them get jobs

..., southern whites who supported republican policy throught reconstruction

..., northern whites who moved to the south and served as republican leaders during reconstruction

..., a secret society of white Southerners in the United States

..., Largely former slave owners who were the bitterest opponents of the Republican program in the South. Staged a major counterrevolution to "redeem" the south by taking back southern state governments. Their foundation rested on the idea of racism and white supremacy. Redeemer governments waged and agressive assault on African Americans.

..., African Americans who moved from post reconstruction South to Kansas.

rutherford B. hayes

..., 19th president of the united states, was famous for being part of the Hayes-Tilden election in which electoral votes were contested in 4 states, most corrupt election in US history

..., the period after the Civil War in the United States when the southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union

proclamation of amnesty and reconstruction

..., (Dec. 1863) issued by Lincoln: offered full pardon to Southerners who would take oath of allegiance to the Union and acknowledge emancipation

wade-davis bill

opposed 10% plan and called for more that 50%

10 percent plan

..., It was a reconstruction plan that decreed that a state could be reintegrated into the union when 10 percent of voters in the presidential election of 1860 had taken an oath of allegiance to the United States and pledged to abide by emancipation. The next step would be erection of a state gov. and then purified regime. (Lincoln)

civil rights bill of 1866

..., first congressional attempt to guarantee black rights in the south, passed over johnson's veto

fourteenth amendment

..., made "all persons born or naturalized in the United States" citizens of the country

military reconstruction act

..., It divided the South into five military districts that were commanded by Union generals. It was passed in 1867. It ripped the power away from the president to be commander in chief and set up a system of Martial Law

tenure of office act

..., 1866 - enacted by radical congress - forbade president from removing civil officers without senatorial consent - was to prevent Johnson from removing a radical republican from his cabinet

fifteenth amendment

..., The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

..., the government banned the use of terror, force or bribery to prevent someone from voting because of their race. Other laws banned the KKK entirely and brought forth military help to enforce these laws.

the compromise of 1877

..., It withdrew federal soldiers from their remaining position in the South, enacted federal legislation that would spur industrialization in the South, appointed Democrats to patronage positions in the south, and appointed a Democrat to the president's cabinet.

..., Southern laws designed to restrict the rights of the newly freed black slaves

..., System in which landowners leased a few acres of land to farmworkers in return for a portion of their crops

..., freedom from punishment

..., people who rent a plot of land from another person, and farm it in exchange for a share of the crop

..., southern whites who supported republican policy throught reconstruction

..., Term for a northern Republican who moved to the south after the Civil War

..., a tactic for delaying or obstructing legislation by making long speeches

..., United States general who was killed along with all his command by the Sioux at the battle of Little Bighorn (1839-1876)

..., People who rushed to california in 1849 for gold.

..., name given to Great Plains farmers because they had to break through so much thick soil, called sod, in order to farm

national Grange of Patrons of Husbandry

..., This organization better known as the Grange, was organized in 1867 by Oliver H. Kelley; its objective was to enhance the lives of isolated farmers through social, educational, and fraternal activities; the Grangers gradually raised their goals from individual self-improvement of the farmer' collective plight

Interstate Commerce Commission

..., a former independent federal agency that supervised and set rates for carriers that transported goods and people between states

Turner's Frontier Thesis

..., argued that the American character was shaped by the existance of the frontier and the way Americans interacted and developed the frontier, he felt that the frontier encouraged individualism and democracy

Homestead Act of 1862

..., this allowed a settler to acquire 160 acres by living on it for five years, improving it and paying about $30

Dawes Severalty Act of 1887

..., dissolved many tribes as legal entities, wiped out tribal ownership of land, and set up individual Indian family heads with 160 free acres. If the Indians behaved like "good white settlers" then they would get full title to their holdings as well as citizenship. The Dawes Act attempted to assimilate the Indians with the white men. The Dawes Act remained the basis of the government's official Indian policy until the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934.

Plessy v. Ferguson

..., A 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal

..., Limited rights of blacks. Literacy tests, grandfather clauses and poll taxes limited black voting rights

Interstate Commerce Act

..., Established the ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission) - monitors the business operation of carriers transporting goods and people between states - created to regulate railroad prices

A Century of Dishonor

..., Written by Helen Hunt Jackson, it detailed the injustices made to Native Americans during US expansion

..., location where gold was discovered in California in 1848, setting off the gold rush

..., A cattle drive in which Texas ranchers drove herds of cattle north to be sold in northern markets

..., a religious dance of native Americans looking for communication with the dead

grandfather clauses

..., law that excused a voter from literacy test if his grandfather had been eligible to vote on Jan. 1 1867

..., a large-scale farming enterprise

Cornelius Vanderbilt

..., United States financier who accumulated great wealth from railroad and shipping businesses (1794-1877)

Andrew Carnegie

..., United States industrialist and philanthropist who endowed education and public libraries and research trusts (1835-1919)

John D. Rockefeller

..., Was an American industrialist and philanthropist. Revolutionized the petroleum industry and defined the structure of modern philanthropy.

..., United States author of inspirational adventure stories for boys

..., Refers to the industrialists or big business owners who gained huge profits by paying their employees extremely low wages. They also drove their competitors out of business by selling their products cheaper than it cost to produce it. Then when they controlled the market, they hiked prices high above original price.

..., powerful and wealthy 19th century steel corporation founded by Andrew Carnagie and JP morgan

Standard Oil Company

..., Founded by John D. Rockefeller. Largest unit in the American oil industry in 1881. Known as A.D. Trust, it was outlawed by the Supreme Court of Ohio in 1899. Replaced by the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey.

..., Stirkebreakers hired by employers as replacement workers when unions went on strike

National Labor Union

..., 1866 - established by William Sylvis - wanted 8hr work days, banking reform, and an end to conviction labor - attempt to unite all laborers

Knights of Labor

..., 1st effort to create National union. Open to everyone but lawyers and bankers. Vague program, no clear goals, weak leadership and organization. Failed

American Federation of Labor

..., a federation of North American labor unions that merged with the Congress of Industrial Organizations in 1955

Pullman Palace Car Company

..., manufactured railroad cars; nationwide conflict between labor unions and railraods; 3000 employees began a wilde cat strike in response to recent reductions in wages, stopping traffic in chicago

The Great Railroad Strike

...pullman strike

Sherman Antitrust Act

..., First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions

United States v. E.C. Knight

..., 1895 Supreme Court case-ruled that the Sherman Antitrust Act could only be applied only to commerce, not to manufacturing. As a result, the U.S.Department of Justice secured few convictions until the law was strengthened during the Progressive Era

Central Pacific Railroad

..., A railroad that started in Sacramento , and connected with the Union Pacific Railroad in Promentary Point, UTAH

Union Pacific Railroad

..., (USG) , railroad that started in Omaha, Nebraska and it connected with the Central Pacific Railroad in Promentary Point, Utah; hired Chinese immigrants

Promontory Point

..., Point in Utah where the Transcontinental Railroad was completed

transcontinental railroad

..., Completed in 1869 at Promontory, Utah, it linked the eastern railroad system with California's railroad system, revolutionizing transportation in the west

vertical integration

..., absorption into a single firm of several firms involved in all aspects of a product's manufacture from raw materials to distribution

horizontal integration

..., absorption into a single firm of several firms involved in the same level of production and sharing resources at that level

interlocking directorates

..., the consolidation of rival enterprises, to ensure harmony officers of a banking syndicate were placed on boards of these rivals

..., the doctrine that government should not interfere in commercial affairs

..., French for "new rich." Refered to people who had become rich through business rather than through having been born into a rich family. The nouveau riche made up much of the American upper classof the late 1800s.

social Darwinism

..., The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion.

trickle down theory

..., decreased income taxes for the wealthy would promote business and therefore the whole economy

yellow-dog contract

..., Contracts some employers forced workers to sign that made the workers promise not to join a union

..., an agreement in which a company agrees to hire union members only

..., Negative term for a worker called in by an employer to replace striking laborers

..., a long-term economic state characterized by unemployment and low prices and low levels of trade and investment

..., (law) the hearing and determination of a dispute by an impartial referee agreed to by both parties (often used to settle disputes between labor and management)

collective bargaining

..., Negotiations between representatives of labor unions and management to determine pay and acceptable working conditions.

..., William Tweed, head of Tammany Hall, NYC's powerful democratic political machine in 1868. Between 1868 and 1869 he led the Tweed Reign, a group of corrupt politicians in defrauding the city. Example: Responsible for the construction of the NY court house; actual construction cost $3million. Project cost tax payers $13million.

..., Newspaper cartoonist who produced satirical cartoons, he invented "Uncle Sam" and came up with the elephant and the donkey for the political parties. He nearly brought down Boss Tweed.

..., the founder of Hull House, which provided English lessons for immigrants, daycares, and child care classes

Francis Willard

..., Dean of Women at Northwestern University and the president of the Women's Christian Temperance Union.

Carrie A. Nation

..., muscualr and anti derranged woman, she estroyed saloons in her wild anti drinking crusade.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

..., United States suffragist and feminist

Susan B. Anthony

..., social reformer who campaigned for womens rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Assosiation

..., United States writer and humorist best known for his novels about Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn (1835-1910)

Frederick Law Olmsted

..., United States landscape architect primarily responsible for the design of Central Park in New York City (1822-1903)

..., United States composer who was the first creator of ragtime to write down his compositions (1868-1917)

Joseph Pulitzer

..., United States newspaper publisher (born in Hungary) who established the Pulitzer prizes (1847-1911)

William Randolph Hearst

..., United States newspaper publisher whose introduction of large headlines and sensational reporting changed American journalism (1863-1951)

..., of or relating to or advocating nativism

Woman's Christian Temperance Union

..., an organization that blamed alcohol for crime, poverty, and violence against women and children, and fought against it.

The Anti-Saloon League

..., Started in the 1890s and was against saloons and drinking

National American Woman Suffrage Association

..., militant suffragist organization founded by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony

..., 1877-1900; rapid industrialization, urbanization, immigration; rise of big business and the labor movement; the Populist movement

Chinese Exclusion Act

..., (1882) Denied any additional Chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing students and merchants to immigrate.

..., written in 1885 intended to promote domestic missionary activity in the American West. It may have encouraged support for imperialistic United States policy among American Protestants. He pleaded for more missionary work in the nation's cities, and for reconciliation to end racial conflict. He was one of the first to warn that Protestants (most of whom lived in rural areas or small towns) were ignoring the problems of the cities and the working classes.

..., a political organization within the Democratic Party in New York city (late 1800's and early 1900's) seeking political control by corruption and bossism

..., Movement led by Washington Gladden - taught religion and human dignity would help the middle class over come problems of industrialization

..., city slum areas inhabited by minority groups living there due to social or economic pressures

..., a rundown apartment house barely meeting minimal standards

political machines

..., Corrupt organized groups that controlled political parties in the cities. A boss leads the machine and attempts to grab more votes for his party.

..., restraint or moderation, especially in regards to alcohol or food

..., Republicans fighting for civil service reform during Garfield's term; they supported Cleveland.

..., republican reformers who were accused of backing reform simply to create openings for their own supporters.

..., A group of renegade Republicans who supported 1884 Democratic presidential nominee Grover Cleveland instead of their party's nominee, James G. Blaine.

greenback party

..., a former political party in the United States, A Farmers' organization founded in late 1870s; worked for lower railroad freight rates, lower interest rates, and a change in the governments tight money policy, Political party devoted to improving the lives of laborers and raising inflation, reaching its high point in 1878 when it polled over a million votes and elected fourteen members of Congress.

farmer's alliance

..., A Farmers' organization founded in late 1870s; worked for lower railroad freight rates, lower interest rates, and a change in the governments tight money policy

..., U.S. political party formed in 1892 representing mainly farmers, favoring free coinage of silver and government control of railroads and other monopolies

..., Democrats and Republicans opposed to free silver and who supported the gold standard because tehy feared implications to currency value with free silver.

..., This term applies to newspaper reporters and other writers who pointed out the social problems of the era of big business. The term was first given to them by Theodore Roosevelt.

northern securities company

..., A railroad monopoly formed by J.P. Morgan and James J. Hill which violated Sherman Antitrust Act

federal trade commission

..., an independent agency of the United States fedeal government that maintains fair and free competition

national american women suffrage association

..., organization formed by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and others to promote the vote for women

national women's party

..., a women's organization founded in 1916 that fought for women's rights during the early 20th century in the United States, particularly for the right to vote on the same terms as men

niagara movement

..., in 1905 Dubois started this movement at Niagara Falls, and four years later joined with white progressives sympathetic to their cause to form NAACP, the new organization later led to the drive for equal rights.

league of women voters

..., League formed in 1920 advocating for women's rights, among them the right for women to serve on juries and equal pay laws

advancement of colored people

..., The Advancement of Colored People was a civil rights organization for ethnic minorities. This is the largest organization in the US, so it has a lot of influence, meaning that minorities had more hope for equality.

..., Serious economic depression beginning in 1893. Began due to rail road companies over-extending themselves, causing bank failures. Was the worst economic collapse in the history of the country until that point, and, some say, as bad as the Great Depression of the 1930s.

"cross of gold" speech

..., An impassioned address by William Jennings Bryan at the 1896 Deomcratic Convention, in which he attacked the "gold bugs" who insisted that U.S. currency be backed only with gold.

progressive era

..., time at the turn of the 20th century in which groups sought to reform America economically, socially, and politically

wisconsin experiment

..., wisconsin was the first state in the union to institute direct primaries in which state voters nominated their own slate of candidates instead of the state legislature picking them

great migration

..., movement of over 300,000 African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920

pendleton civil service act of 1881

..., This act reformed the corrupt patronage system of obtaining civil service jobs. No longer could political cronyism secure government positions - all potential civil service employees had to take an exam to prove their worthiness.

seventeenth amendment

..., allowed americans to vote directly for U.S senators

..., Progressive concept by Roosevelt that would help capital, labor, and the public. It called for control of corporations, consumer protection, and conservation of natural resources. It denounced special treatment for the large capitalists and is the essential element to his trust-busting attitude. This deal embodied the belief that all corporations must serve the general public good.

..., (1903) gave the Interstate Commerce Commission more power to control railroads from giving preferences to certain customers

..., This 1906 law used the Interstate Commerce Commission to regulate the maximum charge that railroads to place on shipping goods.

novel by Upton Sinclair which called for reform in the meat-packing industry

Pure Food and Drug Act

..., the act that prohibited the manufacture, sale, or shipment of impure of falsely labeled food and drugs

Meat Inspection Act

..., Law that authorized the Secretary of Agriculture to order meat inspections and condemn any meat product found unfit for human consumption.

Mann-elkins act

..., passed in 1910, it empowered the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) for the first time to initiate rate changes, extend regulation to telephone and telegraph companies and set up a Commerce Court to expedite appeals from the ICC rulings

..., Amendment to the United States Constitution (1913) gave Congress the power to tax income.

underwood tariff bill

..., Congressional measure to provide the a substantial reduction of rates, and the first ever implementation of a graduated income tax on incomes $3000+

federal reserve act

..., a 1913 law that set up a system of federal banks and gave government the power to control the money supply

federal reserve system

..., the central bank of the United States

clayton antitrust act

..., New antitrust legislation constructed to remedy deficiencies of the Sherman Antitrust Act, namely, it's effectiveness against labor unions

nineteenth amendment

..., granted women the right to vote in 1920

birth of a nation

..., Controversial but highly influential and innovative silent film directed by D.W. Griffith. It demonstrated the power of film propaganda and revived the KKK.

triangle shirtwaist factory

..., this factory kept doors locked to avoid theft trapping workers inside when a fire erupted; alerted reformers to the terrible conditions of industrial workers

initiative, referendum, and recall

..., These were three changes intended to increase the individual voter's influence in government. It gives a person the power to propose laws, states that certain laws passed by the state legislature do not take effect unless they are approved by a majority of the citizens, and strengthens the control of voters over elected officials.

..., the system of employing and promoting civil servants who are friends and supporters of the group in power

..., (politics) granting favors or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support

direct primaries

..., an election in which voters choose candidates to represent each party in a general election

..., Populist who led Coxey's Army in a march on Washington DC in 1894 to seek government jobs for the unemployed.

Theodore Roosevelt

..., 26th President of the United States

..., A leading muckraker and magazine editor, she exposed the corruption of the oil industry with her 1904 work A History of Standard Oil.

Lincoln Steffens

..., United States journalist who exposes in 1906 started an era of muckraking journalism (1866-1936)

..., Early 1900's muckraker who exposed social and political evils in the U.S. with his novel "How The Other Half Lives"; exposed the poor conditions of the poor tenements in NYC and Hell's Kitchen

Robert La Follete

..., progressive leader/ gov. of Wisconsin gave power back to people, regulated utilities rates, instituted taxes on inheritance, first to tie state gov. & university together

..., United States labor leader (born in England) who was president of the American Federation of Labor from 1886 to 1924 (1850-1924)

..., United States labor leader (born in Ireland) who helped to found the Industrial Workers of the World (1830-1930)

Carrie Chapman Catt

..., Spoke powerfully in favor of suffrage, worked as a school principal and a reporter ., became head of the National American Woman Suffrage, an inspiried speaker and abrilliant organizer. Devised a detailed battle plan for fighting the war of suffrage.

Booker T. Washington

..., African American progressive who supported segregation and demanded that African American better themselves individually to achieve equality.

..., fought for African American rights. Helped to found Niagra Movement in 1905 to fight for and establish equal rights. This movement later led to the establishment of the NAACP

...Feminist leader, founder of NWP

William Jennings Bryan

..., United States lawyer and politician who advocated free silver and prosecuted John Scopes (1925) for teaching evolution in a Tennessee high school (1860-1925)

Archduke Francis Ferdinand

..., heir to the throne of Austria Hungary; assassinated by Gavrilo Princip, a bosnian serb.; sparked WWI

..., Volunteer soldiers led by Theodore Roosevelt during the Spanish American War

Great White Fleet

..., 1907-1909 - Roosevelt sent the Navy on a world tour to show the world the U.S. naval power. Also to pressure Japan into the "Gentlemen's Agreement."

Committee on Public Information

..., It was headed by George Creel. The purpose of this committee was to mobilize people's minds for war, both in America and abroad. Tried to get the entire U.S. public to support U.S. involvement in WWI. Creel's organization, employed some 150,000 workers at home and oversees. He proved that words were indeed weapons.

..., Woodrow Wilson (US president), Georges Clemenceau (French premier), David Lloyd George (British prime minister), Vittorio Orlando (Italian prime minister)

League of Nations

..., an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations

..., person who supports community ownership of property and the sharing of all profits

Seward's Folly or Seward's Icebox

..., William Seward (secretary of State) bought Alaska from the Russians in 1867 in an attempt to spread American influence. He was criticized by the press for his choice, but public attitude changed after the discovery of gold.

Spanish-American War

..., In 1898, a conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the U.S. supported the Cubans' fight for independence

Boxer Rebellion

..., A 1900 Uprising in China aimed at ending foreign influence in the country.

Gentleman's Agreement

..., an informal agreement between the United States and the Empire of Japan whereby the U.S. would not impose restriction on Japanese immigration or students, and Japan would not allow further immigration to the U.S.

..., a war between the allies (Russia, France, British Empire, Italy, United States, Japan, Rumania, Serbia, Belgium, Greece, Portugal, Montenegro) and the central powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, Bulgaria) from 1914 to 1918

Communist Revolution

..., A political revolution in Russia beginning in 1917. The Bolsheviks, now known as Communists, overthrew Czar Nicholas II and created a socialist government based upon the writings of Karl Marx and Vladimir Lenin. Also know as the Bolshevik Revolution.

..., a period of general fear of communists

Teller Amendment

..., Legislation that promised the US would not annex Cuba after winning the Spanish-American war

..., Determined that inhabitants of U.S. territories had some, but not all, of the rights of U.S. citizens.

Platt Amendment

..., Legislation that severely restricted Cuba's sovereignty and gave the US the right to intervene if Cuba got into trouble

Open Door Policy

..., A policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which ALL nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China.

Hay Pauncefote Treaty

..., permission granted by Panama for the US to dig a canal ; permitted by the British in order to make friends with US in hope of future support against Germany ; negociated under Roosevelt ; greatly facilitated trade

Roosevelt Corollary

..., Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force

Treaty of Portsmouth

..., (1905) ended the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905). It was signed in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, after negotiations brokered by Theodore Roosevelt (for which he won the Nobel Peace Prize). Japan had dominated the war and received an indemnity, the Liaodong Peninsula in Manchuria, and half of Sakhalin Island, but the treaty was widely condemned in Japan because the public had expected more.

Sussex Ultimatum

..., In response to the German torpedoes Sussex steamer, Wilson told Germany that if they didnt stop sinking merchant ships with warning, he would break diplomatic relations.

Fourteen Points

..., President Woodrow Wilson's plan for a just world bases on the Allies' aims to end World War I
No secret treaties, freedom of the seas, no tariffs, reduce
arms, adjust colonial claims, establish an association of
nations

Selective Services Act

..., This 1917 law provided for the registration of all American men between the ages of 21 and 30 for a military draft. The age limits were later changed to 18 and 45.

..., This law, passed after the United States entered WWI, imposed sentences of up to twenty years on anyone found guilty of aiding the enemy, obstructing recruitment of soldiers, or encouraging disloyalty. It allowed the postmaster general to remove from the mail any materials that incited treason or insurrection.

..., made it a crime to write, print, utter, or publish criticism of the president of government

Schenck vs United States

..., under the Espionage Act of 1917, a person can not use the first ammendment as protection when speaking against the US government and military

..., This part of the Versailles Treaty morally bound the U. S. to aid any member of the League of Nations that experienced any external aggression.

..., extreme, chauvinistic patriotism, often favoring an aggressive, warlike foreign policy

reconcentrating

..., This practice placed Cuban natives into central locations under direct Spanish control to help prevent revolution.

yellow journalism

..., sensationalist journalism

gunboat diplomacy

..., diplomacy in which the nations threaten to use force in order to obtain their objectives

dollar diplomacy

..., diplomacy influenced by economic considerations

moral diplomacy

..., foreign policy proposed by President Wilson to condemn imperialism, spread democracy, and promote peace

..., a German submarine that was the first submarine employed in warfare, initially used during WW1

..., American boat that was sunk by the German U-boats; made America consider entering WWI

..., Terms set by the national government that states must meet whether or not they accept federal grants

reservationists

..., Senators who pledged to vote in favor of the Treaty of Versailles if certain changes were made - led by Henry Cabot Lodge

irreconcilables

..., Senators who voted against the League of Nations with or without reservations

..., any instance of aggressive extension of authority

..., love of country and willingness to sacrifice for it

spheres of influence

..., areas in which countries have some political and economic control but do not govern directly (ex. Europe and U.S. in China)

self-determination

..., the ability of a government to determine their own course of their own free will

..., compensation (given or received) for an insult or injury

Frederick W. Taylor

..., The original "efficiency expert" who, in the book The Principles of Scientific Management from 1911, preached the gospel of efficient management of production time and costs, the proper routing and scheduling of work, standardization of tools and equipment, and the like.

..., United States manufacturer of automobiles who pioneered mass production (1863-1947)

William Jennings Bryan

..., United States lawyer and politician who advocated free silver and prosecuted John Scopes (1925) for teaching evolution in a Tennessee high school (1860-1925)

..., Austrian neurologist who originated psychoanalysis (1856-1939)

..., Tennessee highschool teacher who violated a state law by teaching evolution

..., A group of poker-playing, men that were friends of President Warren Harding. Harding appointed them to offices and they used their power to gain money for themselves. They were involved in scandals that ruined Harding's reputation even though he wasn't involved.

..., president harden was known to play poker, so him and his cabinet would play poker a lot

Lost Generation

..., Group of writers in 1920s who shared the belief that they were lost in a greedy, materialistic world that lacked moral values and often choose to flee to Europe

United Negro Improvement Association

..., A group founded by Marcus Garvey to promote the settlement of American blacks in their own "African homeland"

..., Young women of the 1920s that behaved and dressed in a radical fashion

Washington Disarmament Conference

..., included major naval powers in world, agreeed to limit number and size of battle ships that nation could own, and banned construction of a new battle ship

..., Name for the 1920s, because of the popularity of jazz-a new type of American music that combined African rhythms, blues, and ragtime

Roaring Twenties

..., the decade of the 1920's which got this nickname because of the times presperity and excitement

Harlem Renaissance

..., a period in the 1920s when African-American achievements in art and music and literature flourished

..., A plan to revive the German economy, the United States loans Germany money which then can pay reparations to England and France, who can then pay back their loans from the U.S. This circular flow of money was a success.

McNary-Haugen Bill

..., A plan to rehabilitate American agriculture by raising the domestic prices of farm products *Effects of the protective tariff and burdens of debt and taxation had created a serious agricultural depression and grew steadily worse

Kellogg-Briand Pact

..., agreement signed in 1928 in which nations agreed not to pose the threat of war against one another

Hoover-Stimson Doctrine

..., This said that the United States would not recognize any territorial acquisitions that were taken over by force. (This doctrine is related to Japanese aggression in Manchuria in 1931)

Good Neighbor Policy

..., FDR's foreign policy of promoting better relations w/Latin America by using economic influence rater than military force in the region

..., The Act specified that "no person shall manufacture, sell, barter, transport, import, export, deliver, furnish or possess any intoxicating liquor except as authorized by this act." It did not specifically prohibit the purchase or use of intoxicating liquors

..., Limited the number of immigrants allowed into the United States. It favored immigrants from Northern and western Europe.

immigration act

..., This was passed in 1924 which cut quotas for foreigners from 3 % to 2% of the total number of immigrants. The main purpose was to freeze America's existing racial composition which was largely Northern European. It also prevented Japanese immigration which led to fury in Japan.

national origins act

..., Act which restricted immigration from any one nation to two percent of the number of people already in the U.S. of that national origin in 1890. Severely restricted immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe, and excluded Asians entirely

scientific management

..., a management theory using efficiency experts to examine each work operations and find ways to minimize the time needed to complete it

rugged individualism

..., The belief that all individuals, or nearly all individuals, can succeed on their own and that government help for people should be minimal. Popularly said by Hertbert Hoover.

is an economic environment in which transactions between private parties are free from government restrictions, tariffs, and subsidies, with only enough regulations to protect property rights.[1]

..., Secret bars where alcohol could be purchased illegally

Dr. Francis Townsend

..., Advanced the Old Age Revolving Pension Plan, which proposed that every retired person over 60 receive a pension of $200 a month (about twice the average week's salary). It required that the money be spent within the month.

..., As senator in 1932 of Washington preached his "Share Our Wealth" programs. It was a 100% tax on all annual incomes over $1 million and appropriation of all fortunes in excess of $5 million. With this money Long proposed to give every American family a comfortable income, etc

Franklin Delano Roosevelt

..., 32nd President of the United States

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

gave $2 billion in aid to state and local governments and made loans to banks, railroads, mortgage associations and other businesses. The loans were nearly all repaid. It was continued by the New Deal and played a major role in handling the Great Depression in the United States and setting up the relief programs that were taken over by the New Deal in 1933.[1]

..., Group of WWI vets. that marched to D.C. in 1932 to demand the immediate payment of their goverment war bonuses in cash

..., Group of expert policy advisers who worked with FDR in the 1930s to end the great depression

Congress of Industrial Organizations

..., a federation of North American industrial unions that merged with the American Federation of Labor in 1955

united auto workers

..., Out of several competing auto unions, this one was gradually emerging preeminent in the early and mid-1930s. But although ot was gaining recruits, it was making little progress in winning recognitions from the corperations. Automobile workers eployed an effective new technique for challenging corperate oppositions: the sit-down strike.

..., group of African Americans FDR appointed to key Government positions; served as unofficial advisors to the president.

American liberty league

formed in 1934, primarily by conservative Democrats to oppose the New Deal of Franklin D. Roosevelt.

..., the farmers, who in the Great Depression, were forced to move, many moved to Oklahoma

fair employment practices committee

companies with government contracts not discriminate on the basis of race or religion. It was intended to help African Americans and other minorities obtain jobs in the homefront industry during World War II.

..., October 29, 1929; the day the stock market crashed. Lead to the Panic of 1929

first hundred days

..., This term refers to March 4 to June 16, 1933. During this period of dramatic legislative productivity, FDR laid out the programs that constituted the New Deal. Today, presidents are often measured by their actions in the same period of time

..., the historic period (1933-1940) in the U.S. during which President Franklin Roosevelt's economic policies were implemented

gentleman's agreement

..., an informal agreement between the United States and the Empire of Japan whereby the U.S. would not impose restriction on Japanese immigration or students, and Japan would not allow further immigration to the U.S.

second new deal

..., a new set of programs in the spring of 1935 including additional banking reforms, new tax laws, new relief programs; also known as the Second Hundred Days.

Roosevelt recession

..., 1937 economic downturn caused by sound fiscal policy due to cut spending and higher taxes

hawley smoot tariff

..., charged a high tax for imports thereby leading to less trade between America and foreign countries along with some economic retaliation

emergency banking relief act

..., gave the President power over the banking system and set up a system by which banks would be reorganized or reopened

glass-steagall act

..., established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) and included banking reforms, some of which were designed to control speculation

..., Public Works Administration. Part of Roosevelts New Deal programs. Put people to work building or improving public buildings like schools, post offices,etc.

civilian conservation corps

..., Relief: (CCC) March 31, 1933; reduced poverty/unemployment, helped young men and families; young men go to rural camps for 6 months to do construction work; $1/day; intended to help youth escape cities; concerned with soil erosion, state/national parks, telephone/power lines; 40 hr weeks

..., (Tennessee Valley Authority Act) Relief, Recover, and Reform. one of the most important acts that built a hyro-electric dam for a needed area.

national recovery administration

..., Government agency that was part of the New Deal and dealt with the industrial sector of the economy. It allowed industries to create fair competition which were intended to reduce destructive competition and to help workers by setting minimum wages and maximum weekly hours.

..., this section of NIRA stated that labor unions could exist and was the first time the gov't supported labor unions

..., Work Progress Administration: Massive work relief program funded projects ranging from construction to acting; disbanded by FDR during WWII

social security act

..., Guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65; set up federal-state system of unemployment insurance and care for dependent mothers and children, the handicapped, and public health

national industrial recovery administration

..., This was created by the National Industrial Recovery Act in 1933 to supervise industry—the act also created the Public works Administration to create jobs.

national labor relations act

..., A 1935 law, also known as the Wagner Act, that guarantees workers the right of collective bargaining sets down rules to protect unions and organizers, and created the National Labor Relations Board to regulate labor-managment relations.

fair labor standards act

..., 1938 act which provided for a minimum wage and restricted shipments of goods produced with child labor

judicial reorganization bill

..., proposed that FDR be allowed to name a new federal judge for every sitting judge who had reached the age of seventy and had not retired; soundly defeated in Congress; FDR came under intense criticism for trying to seize too much power

indian reorganization act

..., Government legislation that allowed the Indians a form of self-government and thus willingly shrank the authority of the U.S. government. It provided the Indians direct ownership of their land, credit, a constitution, and a charter in which Indians could manage their own affairs.

..., a region subject to dust storms

..., a market characterized by rising prices for securities

..., Relief, Reform, Recovery

..., informal talks given by FDR over the radio; sat by White House fireplace; gained the confidence of the people

..., (finance) the net sales minus the cost of goods and services sold

..., the act of returning to the country of origin

..., act of assembling and putting into readiness for war or other emergency: "mobilization of the troops"

..., adj. anti-jew; against the Jewish people

..., a member of a political party who supports extreme nationalism and a dictator

..., "the leader," Mussolini's nickname

Benito Mussolini

..., Fascist dictator of Italy (1922-1943). He led Italy to conquer Ethiopia (1935), joined Germany in the Axis pact (1936), and allied Italy with Germany in World War II. He was overthrown in 1943 when the Allies invaded Italy. (p. 786)

Rosie the Riveter

..., symbol of American women who went to work in factories during the war

..., 26th President of the United States

..., British statesman and leader during World War II

..., Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition (1879-1953)

..., the German airforce

..., Japanese suicide pilots

Women's army corps

..., women volunteers who seved in non-combat positions

women appointed for voluntary emergency service

..., These women supported the war effort by flying supply missions, decoding codes, and repairing machines (Not WAFS or WAC)

women's auxiliary ferrying squadron

..., WAFS; these women supported the ww2 effort

office of war mobilization

..., Federal agency formed to coordinate issues related to war production during World War II

office of price administration

..., WWII Office that installs price controls on essential items to prevent inflation

office of war information

..., established by the government to promote patriotism and help keep Americans united behind the war effort.

navajo code talkers

..., Navajo soldiers in the Pacific used their own language as a code for sending vital messages. Hard to understand.

..., an organization of independent states formed in 1945 to promote international peace and security

montevideo conference

..., The first of several Pan-America conferences held during the period between World War I and World War II concerning mutual defense and corporate between the countries of Latin America. The U.S. renounced the right to intervene in the affairs of Latin American countries.

..., June 6, 1944 - Led by Eisenhower, over a million troops (the largest invasion force in history) stormed the beaches at Normandy and began the process of re-taking France. The turning point of World War II.

Battle of the Bulge

..., a battle during World War II

..., May 8, 1945; victory in Europe Day when the Germans surrendered

Zoot Suit Riots

..., A series of riots in L.A. California during WW2, soldiers stationed in the city and Mexican youths because of the zoot suits they wore.

..., an area in western Czechoslovakia that was coveted by Hitler

..., a harbor on Oahu west of Honolulu

Selective Service Act

..., This 1917 law provided for the registration of all American men between the ages of 21 and 30 for a military draft. By the end of WWI, 24.2 had registered; 2.8 had been inducted into the army. Age limit was later changed to 18 to 45.

Neutrality Act of 1939

..., European democracies might buy American war materials on a "cash-and-carry basis"; improved American moral and economic position

Destroyers-for-bases

..., To circumvent the provisions of the Neutrality Acts to help Great Britain, the U.S. gave England fifty destroyers in return for the right to build American bases on British territory in the Caribbean

..., allowed sales or loans of war materials to any country whose defense the president deems vital to the defense of the U.S

Atlantic Charter

..., 1941-Pledge signed by US president FDR and British prime minister Winston Churchill not to acquire new territory as a result of WWII amd to work for peace after the war

Executive Order 9066

..., 2/19/42; 112,000 Japanese-Americans forced into camps causing loss of homes & businesses, 600K more renounced citizenship; demonstrated fear of Japanese invasion

..., law passed in 1944 to help returning veterans buy homes and pay for higher educations

Employment Act of 1946

..., Enacted by Truman, it committed the federal government to ensuring economic growth and established the Council of Economic Advisors to confer with the president and formulate policies for maintaining employment, production, and purchasing power

Taft-Hartley Act

..., Act that provides balance of power between union and management by designating certain union activities as unfair labor practices; also known as Labor-Management Relations Act (LMRA)

..., the act of appeasing (as by acceding to the demonds of), policy of giving in to an aggressor's demands in order to keep the peace

..., policy adopted by the United States in 1939 to preserve neutrality while aiding the Allies. Britain and France could buy goods from the United States if they paid in full and transported them.

..., Freedom of Speech, Religion, Want, from Fear; used by FDR to justify a loan for Britain, if the loan was made, the protection of these freedoms would be ensured

..., a Mexican laborer who worked in the United States on farms and railroads in order to ease labor shortages during World War II

..., systematic killing of a racial or cultural group

..., Communist leader of China; gained power through the Chinese civil war; defeated US backed Chiang Kai Shek

Dwight D. Eisenhower

..., leader of the Allied forces in Europe during WW2--leader of troops in Africa and commander in DDay invasion-elected president-president during integration of Little Rock Central High School

..., Cuban socialist leader who overthrew a dictator in 1959 and established a Marxist socialist state in Cuba (born in 1927)

..., A former State Department official who was accused of being a Communist spy and was convicted of perjury. The case was prosecuted by Richard Nixon.

Joseph McCarthy

..., 1950s; Wisconsin senator claimed to have list of communists in American gov't, but no credible evidence; took advantage of fears of communism post WWII to become incredibly influential; "McCarthyism" was the fearful accusation of any dissenters of being communists

Department of Defense

..., A department of the federal executive branch entrusted with formulating military policies and maintaining American military forces. Its top official is the civilian secretary of defense. It is headquartered in the Pentagon.

National Security Council

..., A committee in the executive branch of government that advises the president on foreign and military and national security

Central Intelligence Agency

..., an agency created after World War 2 to coordinate American intelligence activities abroad, conspiracy, and meddling as well.

Nationalists (koumintang)

..., Chinese nationalists who retreated to Taiwan in 1949 with Chaing Kai-Shek after being defeated by the People's Liberation Army during the Chinese Civil War; established Red China, the Republic of China, and set up the Cold War

South East Asian Treaty Organization

..., Identical to NATO in Asia, one of the reasons that the United States was drawn into the Vietnam War

House Un-American Activities Committee

..., an investigative committee of the United States House of Representatives. In 1969, the House changed the committee's name to "House Committee on Internal Security".When the House abolished the committee in 1975, its functions were transferred to the House Judiciary Committee

..., Founded in 1958 to compete with Russia's space program. It gained prestige and power with Kennedy's charge to reach the moon by the end of the 1960s. Over the years, NASA has sent experditions to the moon, developed and managed the space station and space shuttle programs and sent probes to Mars

The Geneva Convention

..., At this convention in 1954, the region of Indochina was divided into three nations: Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos. The convention also decided to divide Vietnam at the 17th parallel, with the communists led by Ho Chi Minh in the North and anti-communists led by Ngo Dinh Diem in the South. It was further decided that elections to reunite Vietnam would occur in two years.

Cuban Missile Crisis

..., an international crisis in October 1962, the closest approach to nuclear war at any time between the U.S. and the USSR. When the U.S. discovered Soviet nuclear missiles on Cuba, President John F. Kennedy demanded their removal and announced a naval blockade of the island; the Soviet leader Khrushchev acceded to the U.S. demands a week later.

Truman Doctrine

..., First established in 1947 after Britain no longer could afford to provide anti-communist aid to Greece and Turkey, it pledged to provide U.S. military and economic aid to any nation threatened by communism.

American program to aid Europe, in which the United States gave economic support to help rebuild European economies after the end of World War II in order to prevent the spread of Soviet Communism.

..., treaty signed in 1945 that formed an alliance of the Eastern European countries behind the Iron Curtain; USSR, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania

National Security Act

..., Passed in 1947 in response to perceived threats from the Soviet Union after WWII. It established the Department of Defense and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and National Security Council.

Eisenhower Doctrine

..., Eisenhower proposed and obtained a joint resolution from Congress authorizing the use of U.S. military forces to intervene in any country that appeared likely to fall to communism. Used in the Middle East.

..., 1940 act which made it illegal to speak of or advocate overthrowing the U.S. government. Was used by Truman 11 times to prosecute suspected Communists

National Highway Act

..., Eisenhower's plan to build an interstate highway system that would connect the US and help in military movements during a war.

..., It was built in 1956 to control the flooding of the Nile River. The dam gives Egyptian farmers a more dependable source of water for their crops. It also gives Egypt electrical power.

..., In April 1961, a group of Cuban exiles organized and supported by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency landed on the southern coast of Cuba in an effort to overthrow Fidel Castro. When the invasion ended in disaster, President Kennedy took full responsibility for the failure.

..., Joint effort by the US and Britian to fly food and supplies into W Berlin after the Soviet blocked off all ground routes into the city

..., The principle of not backing down in a crisis, even if it meant taking the country to the brink of war. Policy of both the U.S. and U.S.S.R. during the Cold War.

massive retaliation

..., The "new look" defense policy of the Eisenhower administration of the 1950's was to threaten "massive retaliation" with nuclear weapons in response to any act of aggression by a potential enemy.

S.O.S. red phone

hotline between nation's presidents during cold war

..., The term associated with Senator Joseph McCarthy who led the search for communists in America during the early 1950s through his leadership in the House Un-American Activities Committee.

..., First artificial Earth satellite, it was launched by Moscow in 1957 and sparked U.S. fears of Soviet dominance in technology and outer space. It led to the creation of NASA and the space race.

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.

..., An African-American Civil Right's Activist who was peaceful. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his cause. He was assasinated in 1968 in Tennesee

..., NAACP member who initiated the Montgomery Bus Boycott in 1955 when she was arrested for violating Jim Crow rules on a bus; her action and the long boycott that followed became an icon of the quest for civil rights and focused national attention on boycott leader Martin Luther King, Jr.

..., developed the polio vaccine in 1952

..., the chief justice that overturned Plessy v. Ferguson in Brown v. Board of Education (1954); he was the first justice to help the civil rights movement, judicial activism

Little Rock Nine

..., Incident in which nine African-American students were prevented from attending Little Rock Central High in 1957 during the Civil Rights Movement.

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee

..., Involved in the American Civil Rights Movement formed by students whose purpose was coordinate a nonviolent attack on segregation and other forms of racism.

Brown v. Board of Education

..., 1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.

The Feminine Mystique

..., written by Betty Friedan, journalist and mother of three children; described the problems of middle-class American women and the fact that women were being denied equality with men; said that women were kept from reaching their full human capacities

..., 50's movement where middle-class white Americans fled to suburbs leaving inner cities to decay

..., a United States youth subculture of the 1950s that rebelled against the mundane horrors of middle class life.

Richard M. Nixon

..., 37th President of the United States (1969-1974) and the only president to resign the office. He initially escalated the Vietnam War, overseeing secret bombing campaigns, but soon withdrew American troops and successfully negotiated a ceasefire with North Vietnam, effectively ending American involvement in the war. Watergate Scandal.

John F. Kennedy

..., president during part of the cold war and especially during the superpower rivalry and the cuban missile crisis. he was the president who went on tv and told the public about hte crisis and allowed the leader of the soviet uinon to withdraw their missiles. other events, which were during his terms was the building of the berlin wall, the space race, and early events of the Vietnamese war.

..., 1952; renamed himself X to signify the loss of his African heritage; converted to Nation of Islam in jail in the 50s, became Black Muslims' most dynamic street orator and recruiter; his beliefs were the basis of a lot of the Black Power movement built on seperationist and nationalist impulsesto achieve true independence and equality

Stokely Carmichael

..., head of the SNCC making a separatist philosophy of black power as the official objective of the organization

..., Vietnamese communist statesman who fought the Japanese in World War II and the French until 1954 and South Vietnam until 1975 (1890-1969)

Warren Commission

...Investigated JFK's assassination

The department of Housing and Urban Development

..., This department was founded in 1966 to provide low-cost housing and federal funding to rid cities of urban blight.

The Nation of Islam

..., The Black Muslims - believe in separation between the blacks and whites

Kerner Commission

..., created in July, 1967 by President Lyndon B. Johnson to investigate the causes of the 1967 race riots in the United States

..., the guerrilla soldiers of the Communist faction in Vietnam, also know as the National Liberation Front

National Organization of Women

..., founded by Betty Friedan, Bella Abzug, and Aileen Hernandez; lobbied for equal opportunity where the EEOC was lacking (gender discrimination); lawsuits and mobilization of public opinion

..., The campaign program advocated by JFK in the 1960 election. He promised to revitalize the stagnant economy and enact reform legislation in education, health care, and civil rights.

..., In 1964, when blacks and whites together challenged segregation and led a massive drive to register blacks to vote.

..., 3 day rock concert in upstate N.Y. August 1969, exemplified the counterculture of the late 1960s, nearly 1/2M gather in a 600 acre field

..., 1968; National Liberation Front and North Vietnamese forces launched a huge attack on the Vietnamese New Year (Tet), which was defeated after a month of fighting and many thousands of casualties; major defeat for communism, but Americans reacted sharply, with declining approval of LBJ and more anti-war sentiment

Ho Chi Minh Trail

..., A network of jungle paths winding from North Vietnam through Laos and Cambodia into South Vietnam, used as a military route by North Vietnam to supply the Vietcong during the Vietnam War.

The Great Society

...,1964 Lyndon Johnson's program for poverty relief, healthcare, civil rights, etc. during his presidency. Improved nation's moral and people's lives

Immigration Act of 1965

..., Abolished the national-origins quotas and providing for the admission each year of 170,000 immigrants from the Eastern Hemisphere and 120,000 from the Western Hemisphere

civil rights act of 1964

..., the law that made racial discrimination against any group in hotels, motels, and restaurants illegal and forbade many forms of job discrimination

voting rights act of 1965

..., a law designed to help end formal and informal barriers to African American suffrage. Under the law, hundreds of thousands of African Americans were registered and the number of African American elected officials increased dramatically.

gulf of tonkin resolution

..., The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution was a joint resolution of the U.S. Congress passed on August 7, 1964 in direct response to a minor naval engagement known as the Gulf of Tonkin Incident. It is of historical significance because it gave U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson authorization, without a formal declaration of war by Congress, for the use of military force in Southeast Asia.

port huron statement

...,1962 Manifesto of the Students for a Democratic Society, which criticized the federal government for racial inequality, poverty, and also the Cold War and international peace.

equal rights amendment

..., constitutional amendment passed by Congress but never ratified that would have banned discrimination on the basis of gender

..., Assassinated Robert Kennedy on June 6, 1968 in Chicago after hearing pro-Israeli remarks in his victory statement after having won the California primaries.

Henry Kissinger

..., The main negotiator of the peace treaty with the North Vietnamese; secretary of state during Nixon's presidency (1970s).

..., Former President of Egypt (1st Arab leader to recognize and make peace with Israel) He was assassinated Oct. 6 1981 for making peace with Israel.

..., Leader of Israel who signed a peace treaty with Egypt withdrawing from Sinai Peninsula and Gaza Strip and returning them to Egypt

Ayatollah Khomeini

..., Shi'ite philosopher and cleric who led the overthrow of the shah of Iran in 1979 and created an Islamic republic. (p. 859)

George H. W. Bush

..., republican, former director of CIA, oil company founder/owner, foreign policy (panama, gulf war), raised taxes eventhough said he wouldnt, more centrist than his son, NAFTA negotiation

American Independent Party

..., headed by George Wallace who entered the 1968 election and called for the continuation of segregation of blacks

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

..., an economic organization consisting primarily of Arab nations that controls the price of oil and the amount of oil its members produce and sell to other nations.

Committee to Re-elect the Presdient

... was a fundraising organization of United States President Richard Nixon's administration. Besides its re-election activities, CRP employed money laundering and slush funds and was directly and actively involved in the Watergate scandal.[1]

Commonwealth of Independent States

..., Confederacy of independent states of the former Soviet Union that have united because of their common economic and administrative needs

..., Egypt and Syria attacked Israel in October 1973 (on Yom Kippur)

Reagan Revolution

..., the policies of the first reagan administration which increased defense spending reduced social programs and cut taxes they were based on supply side theory of growing the economy by cutting government interference and taxes

Iran-Contra Scandal

..., Reagan sent money to the Contra's in Nicaragua with the money he got for selling arms to Iran

Solidarity movement

..., Polish nationalists who began to protest the SOviet oppression

..., Notify Congress within 48 hours of deploying troops; had to gain congress' approval to stay longer than 90 days; designed to curtail President's power

strategic arms limitation treaty (salt 1)

..., treaty between the US and the Soviet to stabilize the nuclear arms competition between the two countries. Talks began in 1969 and agreements were signed on May 26, 1972

camp david accords

..., The first signed agreement between Israel and an Arab country, in which Egyptian president Anwar Sadat recognized Israel as a legitimate state and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin agreed to return the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt.

..., Second Strategic Arms Limitations Talks. A second treaty was signed on June 18, 1977 to cut back the weaponry of the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. because it was getting too competitive. Set limits on the numbers of weapons produced. Not passed by the Senate as retaliation for U.S.S.R.'s invasion of Afghanistan, and later superseded by the START treaty.

..., Bush and Gorbachev signed the this. It reduced nuclear warheads to less than 10000 each. It led to Start II which reduced weapon level to 1960s level. The cold war was officially over.

..., In 1961, the Soviet Union built a high barrier to seal off their sector of Berlin in order to stop the flow of refugees out of the Soviet zone of Germany. The wall was torn down in 1989.

..., President Richard Nixons strategy for ending U.S involvement in the vietnam war, involving a gradual withdrawl of American troops and replacement of them with South Vietnamese forces

..., relaxation of tensions between the United States and its two major communist rivals, the Soviet Union and China

..., ECONOMIC CONDITION CHARACTERIZED BY RISING INFLATION AND UNEMPLOYMENT

..., A politician running for an office that he does not hold at the time of the election. Challengers run against incumbents or in open-seat elections.

..., Strategic Defense Initiative pursued by Reagan in the 1980s; involved satellite defense against missiles

..., Policy of openness initiated by Gorbachev in the 1980s that provided increased opportunities for freedom of speech, association and the press in the Soviet Union.

..., a policy initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev that involved restructuring of the social and economic status quo in communist Russia towards a market based economy and society

..., someone who manages a government agency or department

..., (n.) a special right, benefit, or permission

William (Bill) Clinton

..., Democratic president (1993-2001) whose two-term presidency witnessed rapid economic growth but also a sexual scandal that fueled an impeachment effort, which he survived.

Timothy McVeigh

..., in 1995, the murrow federal building in oklahoma city was attacked by a large bomb that killed 168 people; the bombing was the act of this extremist

Osama Bin Laden

..., Saudi-born Muslim extremist who funded the al Qaeda organization that was responsible for several terrorist attacks, including those on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon in 2001.

..., 1946 - 43rd president of the US who began a campaign toward energy self-sufficiency and against terrorism in 2001

..., President of Iraq from 1979 to 2003. Waged war on Iran in 1980-1988. In 1990 he ordered an invasion of Kuwait but was defeated by United States and its allies in the Gulf War (1991). Defeated by US led invasion in 2003.

Hillary Clinton

..., Prominent child care advocate and health care reformer in Clinton administration; won U.S. senate seat in 2000; secretary of state

..., Illinois Senator who won the presidency in 2008, first African-American President, advocate for universal healthcare, an end to the Iraqi War, and economic recovery.

..., This Republican senator was a prisoner of war during the Vietnam War and is seeking the Republican nomination in the 2008 presidential election

..., governor of Alaska who was the first female to ever be nominated for VP as a Republican

..., a network of Islamic terrorist organizations, led by Osama bin Laden, that carried out the attacks on the US embassies in Tanzania and Kenya in 1998, the USS Cole in Yemen in 2000, and the World Trade Center and the Pentagon in 2001

..., a group of fundamentalist Muslims who took control of Afghanistan's government in 1996

"War on Terror"

..., Initiated by President George W. Bush after the attacks of September 11, 2001, the broadly defined war on terror aimed to weed out terrorist operatives and their supporters throughout the world.

..., A series of coordinated suicide attacks by al-Qaeda upon the United States on September 11, 2001. On that morning, 19 al-Qaeda terrorists hijacked four commercial passenger jet airliners. The hijackers intentionally crashed two of the airliners into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City, killing everyone on board and many others working in the buildings.

..., 1964 riots which started in an African-American ghetoo of Los Angeles and left 30 dead and 1,000 wounded. Riots lasted a week, and spurred hundreds more around the country.

Hurricane Katrina

..., highest storm surge on record, costliest hurricane on record, 1836 dead, permanent displacement of over 500,000 people, evacuation of large urban population center, storm surge of 25 ft on coast of Mississippi

2008 Financial Crisis

..., Occurred because of bad practices in the financial sector related to home mortgages. The government eventually bailed out the banks with over 700 billion dollars. the real estate bubble burst in the US, setting in motion a financial crisis of enormous proportions

Immigration Act of 1965

..., Abolished the national-origins quotas and providing for the admission each year of 170,000 immigrants from the Eastern Hemisphere and 120,000 from the Western Hemisphere

Immigration and Control Act of 1986

..., Provided an opportunity for illegal immigrants to become legal residents (one time amnesty). Penalties to employers who knowingly hired illegal immigrants.

Proposition 209

..., 1996 California initiative that banned all affirmative action programs.

International Money Fund

..., encourage world trade by regulating currency exchange rates (founded International Bank for Reconstruction and Development=World Bank) to promote economic growth in war ravaged and underdeveloped areas

North American Free Trade Agreement

..., NAFTA an alliance that merges canada, mexico and the united states into a single market

..., This law passed after 9/11 expanded the tools used to fight terrorism and improved communication between law enforcement and intelligence agencies

..., This plan, supported by President Carter was meant to reduce the amount of gasoline expended by the average American.

Three Mile Island

..., 1979 - A mechanical failure and a human error at this power plant in Pennsylvania combined to permit an escape of radiation over a 16 mile radius.

..., a serious (often fatal) disease of the immune system transmitted through blood products especially by sexual contact or contaminated needles

weapons of mass destruction

..., nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons that can kill tens of thousands of people all at once

..., Computer network consisting of a collection of internet sites that offer text and graphics and sound and animation resources through the hypertext transfer protocol

..., a computer network consisting of a worldwide network of computer networks that use the TCP/IP network protocols to facilitate data transmission and exchange

reverse discrimination

..., Using race or sex to give preferential treatment to some people.

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