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US History Regents Review

Key Concepts:

Terms in this set (142)

Mayflower Compact

A document written by the Pilgrims setting guidelines for self-government

Virginia House of Burgesses

First representative government in the colonies, self-government

Economic system where the mother country benefits - raw materials sent from the colonies, colonists buy finished products from the mother country.

1776: a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that claimed the colonies had a right to be an independent nation

French and Indian War

Caused England to raise taxes on the American colonies, leading to protests

Proclamation Line of 1763

British say colonists can't settle past Appalachian Mountains, don't want conflict with Native Americans.

Declaration of Independence

1776 statement, issued by the Second Continental Congress, explaining why the colonies wanted independence from Britain.

Colonists thought they were unfair because they lacked representation in Parliament,

"No taxation without representation."

Articles of Confederation

First government of the United States that failed because it lacked the power to collect taxes

U.S. Constitution

A document written by delegates at the Constitutional Convention that established a national government in the United States.

Bicameral Legislature

a lawmaking body with 2 houses - the Senate and the House of Representatives

Great Compromise

Created the House (population) and Senate (equal) while resolving the dispute between the large and small states. Bicameral legislature

each slave would count for 3/5 of a person for taxation and representation purposes

Anti-Federalists

People who opposed the constitution

Supporters of the Constitution during ratification.

a statement of fundamental rights and privileges (first ten amendments to the United States Constitution)

Strict vs. Loose interpretation

Strict interpretation: go exactly by what the constitution says- Thomas Jefferson

Loose: have more liberal views-Alexander Hamilton

A system in which power is divided between the national and state governments

Part of the Constitution which allows Congress to make all laws that are "necessary and proper" to carry out the powers of the Constitution.

Separation of Powers

Constitutional division of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, with the legislative branch making law, the executive applying and enforcing the law, and the judiciary interpreting the law

George Washington's Farewell address

He advised the nation: 1. to stay away from permanent alliances with foreign nations 2. stay away from political parties

Louisiana Purchase

Made by Jefferson in 1803 that doubled the size of the US and gave it total control of the Mississippi River

Marbury V. Madison

Established judicial review

President of the United States, first "regular guy" to be elected.

Indian Removal Act

AKA "Trail of Tears" congressional act that authorized the removal of Native Americans who lived east of the Mississippi River

Nullification Crisis

South Carolina tried to assert control over government, President Jackson stopped it. States rights issue

Manifest Destiny

A notion held by a nineteenth-century Americans that the United States was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic the Pacific.

Mexican Cession

Land taken by the US after the Mexican American War

Mexican-American War

President Polk declared war on Mexico over the dispute of land in Texas.

Missouri Compromise

An agreement between slave and free states resulting in Missouri becoming a slave state, Maine a free state and the rest of the Louisiana Purchase divided at the 36th Parallel

Compromise of 1850

An agreement between slave and free states resulting in California becoming a free state but the creation of the Fugitive Slave Act

Fugitive Slave Act

A law that made it a crime to help runaway slaves; allowed for the arrest of escaped slaves in areas where slavery was illegal and required their return to slaveholders

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Allowing new states to decide slavery by popular sovereignty

Popular Sovereignty

The right of the people to decide if there would be slavery in their state or not.

Loyalty to one's own region of the country, rather than to the nation as a whole such as the North and South before and during the Civil War.

Uncle Tom's Cabin

Popular book before the Civil War that made people aware of how harsh treatment was for slaves

Abolitionist (wanted to get rid of slavery) who tried to incite slaves in Virginia to rebel against their masters. Failed, was executed.

Dred Scott v. Sanford (aka Dred Scott Decision)

Supreme Court case which ruled that slaves are not citizens but are property - made South happy, made abolitionists work harder

A state withdraws from the Union. South Carolina was the first to secede

Abraham Lincoln

President of the United States during the Civil War, his election in 1860 made the South want to secede.

Emancipation Proclamation

Order issued by President Abraham Lincoln freeing the slaves in states rebelling against the Union, took effect January 1, 1863

Period after the Civil War in the United States when the southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union

Radical Republicans

Political group who wanted equality and to punish the former Confederacy after the Civil War

Abolished Slavery

Declared that all persons born in the US were citizenship and entitled to due process.

Citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of race, color , or precious condition of servitude

Laws denying most legal rights to newly freed slaves; passed by southern states following the Civil War

Laws designed to enforce segregation of blacks from whites

Freedmen's Bureau

1865 - Agency set up to aid former slaves in adjusting themselves to freedom.

White supremacy organization that intimidated blacks out of their newly found liberties

A system used on southern farms after the Civil War in which farmers worked land owned by someone else in return for a portion of the crops. Trapped a lot of former slaves in debt.

A requirement that citizens pay a tax in order to register to vote, directed at African Americans.

A test administered as a precondition for voting, often used to prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote.

Plessy V Ferguson

Supreme Court case (1896) Legalized segregation under the Constitution with the concept of "separate but equal."

Transcontinental Railroad

Completed in 1868, connected east and west coasts of America allowing for faster trade and travel

A period in the late 1800s and early 1900s where businesses boomed but there was a big gap between the wealthy and the poor

Vertical Integration

the combination in one company of two or more stages of production normally operated by separate companies.

Horizontal Integration

is the process of a company increasing production of goods or services at the same part of the supply chain. Leads to a monopoly

a derogatory metaphor of social criticism originally applied to certain late 19th-century American businessmen who used unscrupulous methods to get rich.

Andrew Carnegie

Steel robber barron, wrote about the rich's responsibility to help the poorer people

the exclusive possession or control of the supply or trade in a commodity or service.

another term for a monopoly

Social Darwinism

"Survival of the fittest"

Laissez-faire capitalism

Hands off approach to the economy. No government regulations

This 1906 work by Upton Sinclair pointed out the abuses of the meat packing industry. The book led to the passage of the 1906 Meat Inspection Act.

Early 1900's muckraker who exposed social and political evils in the U.S. with his novel "How The Other Half Lives"; exposed the poor conditions of the poor tenements in NYC and Hell's Kitchen

muckraker who shocked the nation when he published The Jungle, a novel that revealed gruesome details about the meat packing industry in Chicago.

Leading muckraking journalist whose articles documented the Standard Oil Company's abuse of power

African American journalist. published statistics about lynching

A building in which several families rent rooms or apartments, often with little sanitation or safety

Anti-immigrant sentiment (KKK)

Progressive Era

Late 19th and Early 20th Century, t response to the abuses of big business - "progress" in society.

one who inquires into and publishes scandal and allegations of corruption among political and business leaders

process in which America remained isolated from foreign affairs

Yellow Journalism

Journalism that exaggerated the truth ("Remember the Maine!" started the Spanish American War)

the state of not supporting or helping either side in a conflict, disagreement, etc.; impartiality.

A British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat on May 7, 1915. 128 Americans died

Zimmerman Telegram

Message from Germany to Mexico asking for their support in attacking America in WWI and in return they would get their land back. Got America into WWI

Treaty of Versailles

Ended WWI, established the League of Nations

League of Nations

An international organization established after World War I under the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles. Didn't stop WWII from happening

John Peter Zenger

Journalist who questioned the policies of the governor of New York in the 1700's and sued when he was arrested for freedom of speech and press

An organization formed by workers to strive for better wages and working conditions

Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890)

an 1890 law that banned the formation of trusts and monopolies in the United States

Monroe Doctrine

an American foreign policy opposing interference in the Western hemisphere from outside powers

Roosevelt Corollary

Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force

Open Door Policy

A policy of the United States that stated China should be open to all nations that wish to trade with them. This policy did not include the consent of the Chinese, and was another form of imperialism.

Chinese Exclusion Act

1882 law that prohibited the immigration of Chinese laborers

Reasons for US entry in WWI

Unrestricted submarine warfare, sinking of the Lusitania, Zimmermann Telegram, Russian Revolution

The defendant did not have a First Amendment right to free speech against the draft during World War I.

Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1920) extended the right to vote to women in federal or state elections.

In a factory, an arrangement where a product is moved from worker to worker, with each person performing a single task in the making of the product.

Harlem Renaissance

A period in the 1920s when African-American achievements in art and music and literature flourished

A law forbidding the sale of alcoholic beverages (18th Amendment)

A place where alcoholic drinks were sold and consumed illegally during prohibition

someone who makes or sells illegal liquor

Nickname for the 1920s because of a boom in business, flappers, jazz etc.

The Great Depression

a time period during the 1930s when there was a worldwide economic depression and mass unemployment

Stock Market Crash

Another leading component to the start of the Great Depression. The stock became very popular in the 1920's, then in 1929 in took a steep downturn and many lost their money and hope they had put in to the stock.

A drought in the 1930s that turned the Great Planes very dry and caused people from Oklahoma to migrate to California

Franklin Delano Roosevelt

man who ran for president in 1932. He promises a New Deal to get people out of Hoovervilles and back on the road to prosperity.

1933-1937 Government sponsored programs implemented by President Franklin D. Roosevelt to revitalize the economy and alleviate poverty and despair caused by the Depression.

Social Security Act
.

A 1935 law passed during the Great Depression that was intended to provide a minimal level of sustenance to older Americans and thus save them from poverty

"Packing the Court"

In response to the Supreme Court declaring President Franklin Roosevelt's legislation unconstitutional, Roosevelt tried to add more members to the Supreme Court to support his interests. Not allowed - upsets checks and balances

began when Germany invaded Poland in 1934; US became involved in WWII when Pearl Harbor was bombed by Japan in 1941

Neutrality Act of 1935

Act that allowed nations at war to buy goods and arms in the United States if they paid cash and carried the merchandise on their own ships

United States military base on Hawaii that was bombed by Japan, bringing the United States into World War II. Pearl Harbor was attacked on December 7, 1941.

Japanese Internment

110,000 Japanese men, women, and children were rounded up and put in camps on the West Coast. Issued by executive order by FDR

Korematsu v. US

1944 Supreme Court case where the Supreme Court upheld the order providing for the relocation of Japanese Americans. It was not until 1988 that Congress formally apologized and agreed to pay $20,000 2 each survivor

A conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted each other on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years.

Truman Doctrine

1947, President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology, mainly helped Greece and Turkey - CONTAINMENT

A plan that the US came up with to revive war-torn economies of Europe. This plan offered $13 billion in aid to western and Southern Europe. - CONTAINMENT

Preventing the spread of communism during the Cold War

The conflict between Communist North Korea and Non-Communist South Korea. The United Nations (led by the United States) helped South Korea.

The term associated with Senator Joseph McCarthy who led the search for communists in America during the early 1950s through his leadership in the House Un-American Activities Committee.

A theory that if one nation comes under Communist control, then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control.

Brown V. Board of Education

(1954) U.S. Supreme Court decision that struck down racial segregation in public education and declared "separate but equal'' unconstitutional.

Little Rock Nine

Incident in which nine African-American students were prevented from attending Little Rock Central High in 1957 during the Civil Rights Movement.

John F. Kennedy(JFK)

Elected president in 1960; Democrat; 1stCatholic president; televised debates between Nixon

In April 1961, the U.S. went to Cuba in an effort to overthrow communist Fidel Castro. Was a failure.

Cuban Missile Crisis

1962 crisis that arose between the United States and the Soviet Union over a Soviet attempt to deploy nuclear missiles in Cuba

Lyndon B Johnson (LBJ)

Became President after Kennedy was assassinated, signed the civil rights act of 1964 into law and the voting rights act of 1965. Created Medicaid, medicare etc called "Great Society Programs"

Civil Rights Act of 1964

(1964) law under Johnson that made segregation illegal in all public facilities, Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

A prolonged war (1954-1975) between the communist armies of North Vietnam who were and the non-communist armies of South Vietnam who were supported by the United States. NOT popular in the United States.

Civil Rights Movement

Movement in the United States beginning in the 1960s and led primarily by Blacks in an effort to establish the civil rights of individual Black citizens

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.

An African-American Civil Right's Activist who used peaceful protest such as boycotts and sit-ins. He was assasinated in 1968.

Led the civil rights group Nation of Islam, his beliefs were the basis of a lot of the Black Power movement built on separationist and nationalist impulses to achieve true independence and equality

the downfall of President Nixon- a cover up of a burglary of the Democratic headquarters at the Watergate apartments

President Nixon

President from 1969-1974, only US President to resign from office

no person, not even the President of the United States, is completely above law; and the president cannot use executive privilege as an excuse to withhold evidence that is 'demonstrably relevant in a criminal trial

President Johnson called his version of the Democratic reform program. In 1965, Congress passed many measures, including Medicare, civil rights legislation, and federal aid to education.

This supreme court case followed the movement of 100,000 Japanese Americans moved to internment camps during WWII; the case upheld the US govt's internment policy as justified in wartime.

The 1961 Supreme Court decision ruling that the Fourth Amendment's protection against "unreasonable searches and seizures" must be extended to the states as well as to the federal government

Miranda V Arizona

1966 ruling that upon arrest, a suspect has the "right to remain silent" and the right to consult with a lawyer. (Law and Order rights)

a bar in Greenwich Village, New York, where the modern Gay Pride movement began after rioters protested the police treatment of the LGBT community there

Obergefell v. Hodges

Upholds same sex marriage via 14th amendment equal protection clause

wrote The Feminine Mystique

Feminist Movement

the movement aimed at equal rights for women

Republican president who favored conservative social and economic policies

the belief that lower taxes for businesses and people would promote spending, which would create jobs for lower class people

negotiations between the United States and the Soviet Union to limit both countries' stock of nuclear weapons

Camp David Accords

A peace treaty between Israel and Egypt where Egypt agreed to recognize the nation state of Israel

An agreement in 1993 in which Israeli prime minister Rabin granted Palestinian self-rule in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank.

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