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ANT 202 Midterm #1

Terms in this set (87)

Archbishop church of ireland
Used the bible to determine the earth is 6000 years old

1812
compared fossils found to modern fossils and realized there were extinct species

Uniformitarianism - "The present is the key to the past"

Found acheulian hand axe below the diluvium

Discovered in 1974 by Donald Johanson

Australopithecus afarensis

3.2 million years old

Small brain

Spent time in trees and bipedal

'salaam' (Lucy's baby)

3.3 MYA

nearly complete infant

australopithecus afarensis

Australopithecus africanus

3.0-2.5 MYA

1925 by Raymond Dart

Bigger brain than a chimp

Louis and Mary Leakey

anthropologists that were the discoverers of the bones of early man, they defined a creature called homo erectus (upright man).

Created Scavenging hypothesis

Passive, Active, and hunting

Found Sahelanthropus tchadensis that is nicknamed "toumai"

(Definitely not a chimp)

Donald Johanson

Discovered 'Lucy' in 1974

Found Ardi

Argues that ardipithecus ramidus were bipedal but also spend time in trees

Found the 'tuang baby'

Australopithecus

Found that Lucy died from a fall meaning she most likely spent time in trees

Zeresenay Alemseged

Found Salam - Lucy's baby

David Lordkipanidze

Discovered five skulls

one adult skull had tooth and jaw decay which showed others cared for it

Found homo sapiens neanderthalensis in the shanidar cave

Dendrochonology

tree ring dating

Radiocarbon dating

a chemical analysis used to determine the age of organic materials based on their content of the radioisotope carbon-14

Archaeomagnetism

the study and interpretation of the signatures of the Earth's magnetic field at past times recorded in archaeological materials.

the study of pollen and spores

o18/o16 paleoclimatic

measuring the ratio tells the temperature of a given time period

Reconstructions

reconstructing facial features from the broken bones given

Three Age System

Stone Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age

The era lasting from 66 mya until the present

The period from 2.6 million ya to present

The period form 65 million ya to 2.6 million ya

Epoch. 12,000 ya to present

Epoch. Ice ages. 2.6 million ya to 12,000 ya

Epoch. 5.5 million ya to 2.6 million ya

Epoch. 25 million ya to 5.5 million ya

England

Dug through the deulvium and found hand axes

British Royal Society declared that the earth was older than 6000 years (1859)

Mary Leakey found three sets of footprints dating about 3.5 MYA

Left by australopithecines

Homo Habilis first found by the Leakeys

Location

"Java Man"

Eugene Dubois

between 0.8 MYA - 1.0MYA or 1.7MYA

Example of homo erectus

Poorly dated, but some parts of this site are 1.8My by K/Ar dating. Jaw, skull with teeth, juvenile jaw, child's skull cap). No definite tools have been found yet

Homo Erectus

Multiple skulls

CC range from 900-1200

postcrania totally modern

pollen showed they may have had clothing

Evidence of fire found

Homo Erectus

5 skulls

One skull with tooth/jaw decay showing others cared for it

Wooden spears recovered

Germany

0.4 MYA

Ambrona and Torralba

350,000 BP

Hand axes and elephant bones possibly from hunting

Homo Heidelbergensis

First homo heidelbergensis found

0.6 MYA

1.5 MYA

Evidence for the movement of homo erectus out of africa

1.2 MYA

choppers, animal remains and 5-6 hominins

Hominins show butcher marks suggesting cannibalism

Sima de Los Huesos

Pit of Bones

350,000 YA

28 human skeleton dumped in a cave

500,000 YA

earliest area in northern europe with acheulian tradition

show butchery of animal carcasses by homo heidelbergensis

40,000 YA

Where the first homo sapiens neanderthalensis discovered

Location

found an intentional burial

pollen analysis showed flowers were laid with the body

possibly means a belief in the afterlife

17,000 YA

cave paintings from the upper paleolithic

depictions of animals that are now extinct in europe

Evidence of symbolic behaviors

100,000 YA

cave in Spain where first cave paintings were found

Grotte de Chauvet

36,000 - 24,000 BP

Recently discovered cave art

55 bear skulls in a circle

Sahelanthropus tchadensis

Pre-homo but not chimp

found by Michel Brunet

6-7 MYA

"Toumai"

Orrorin tugenensis

Pre-homo but not chimp

6.0-5.5 MYA

"Millenium Man"

Femur strongly suggests bipedalism

Ardipithecus ramidus

Pre-homo

4.4 MYA

"Ardi"

Bipedal but spend a lot of time in trees

Australopithecus afarensis

Pre-homo

"Lucy"

Large pelvis

Small CC

Australopithecus africanus

3.0-2.3 MYA

"Tuang Baby"

Paranthropus (Robust line)

Doesn't lead to us
500cc Cranial capacity
Coexisted with gracile line

First to make stone tools

2.4-1.8 MYA

500-800 CC

1.9 MYA

fully modern post-cranially

Homo Heidelbergensis

0.6 MYA

slightly larger brain than homo erectus

Homo sapiens idalto

160,000 YA

1450cc

Found in Africa

between erectus and sapien

Homo sapiens neanderthalensis

230,000 to 30,000 years BCE
Neanderthals (shorter/stronger, intelligent)
Africa, Near East, Europe, Asia
community (worked together to hunt and trap animals, cared for sick, rituals)
skilled toolmakers

a species also referred to as Homo Sapiens; seem to have replaced Neanderthals

Homo sapeins sapeins

modern day humans

asia 120,000 ya

Europe 40,000-35,000 ya

0.3 MYA

Australopithecine post-cranium

Lived independently but at the same time

0.6 MYA

Oldest known specimen of homo

Medieval Concept of Order

What we see now has always been

Uniformitarianism

the processes that are shaping the earth's surface today are the same ones that have been happening forever

James Hutton

Relative dating

Method of determining the age of a fossil by comparing its placement with that of fossils in other layers of rock

Absolute dating

A technique used to determine the actual age of a fossil

carbon dating, potassium-argon dating, historic records, dendrochronology

scale used by paleontologists to represent evolutionary time

Law of superposition

The top rock layer and its fossils is the youngest and the bottom is the oldest.

Natural selection

Organisms most well adapted to prevailing conditions will pass on their superior characteristics

hunting and gathering leading to agriculture

First in africa then ancestors colonize

Social Complexity

Organizing people/ leadership/ positions/ divisions/ social inequality

the ability to walk upright on two legs

Killer Ape Hypothesis

Raymond Dart
Australopithecines hunted and killed animals and ate their flesh

Active Scavenging

fighting off predators for food

Belief in afterlife

possibly evidenced in Shanidar cave

flowers laid on bodies

Passive Scavenging

waited for larger predators to be done, snuck up and gathered a few scraps

Out of Africa Theory

All early humans developed and migrated from Africa.

Lifeways of Homo Erectus

Improved stone tool technologies

Hunting

Wooden spears

Fire

Clothing?

Gender division of labor?

Food sharing and cooperation?

Pair bonding?

Incest taboo

Cannibalism

Multi-Regional Theory

theory
Homo Sapiens evolved from Homo Erectus at similar times in Africa, Asia, and Europe

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