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Sociology 152A Midterm 3

Terms in this set (169)

Sex Therapy
1) goal is to reduce anxiety
2) sensate focus
3) efforts to resolve relationship problems
4) may be combined with drug treatment
self help methods for females
1) masturbation
2) she and her partner can explore/experiment
3) vibrators
4) increase stimulation by increased muscle tension
5) fantasize
6) increase "positive internal monologue"
self help method: she and her partner can explore/experiment
-different patterns of clitoral stimulation
-different levels of pressure
-the "three finger technique" 3-4-5 (pinky)
-oral stimulation
phimosis
tightening of the foreskin, preventing it from retracting
anal beads
silicone or plastic beads on a string that are inserted into the anus and then pulled out slowly
-can be highly arousing
cock rings
placed around the base of the penis
-used to enhance erection or extend time before ejaculating bc they restrict flow of blood out of the penis
masturbatory sleeves
basically the opposite of dildos
-for men
-designed to resemble the vulva, anus or mouth
-have an inner sleeve with a flesh like feel
erotic dolls
may be simple blow up or very realistic
Sensate Focus
A form of sex therapy that involves graduated touching exercises
Primary Disorder
A disorder that is not preceded by any period of healthy function
Secondary Disorder
A disorder that follows some period of healthy function
Situational Disorder
A disorder that appears only in certain circumstances
Premature Ejaculation
Ejaculation before the man wishes, often immediately on commencement of coitus. Also called rapid ejaculation
Box 14.1 Sexual Health: Sensate Focus
progression of touching partner in non erogenous zones slowly moving to erogenous in order to improve the pleasure of sexual encounters
steps:
1) Time: find free time and space
2) Prepare: undress and lie down facing each other
3) Relax: spend 5 minutes breathing, relaxing
4) Start Simple: gently caress partner's not erogenous zones
5) Focus: focus on the feeling
6) Switch: switch roles
7) Discuss
Stop Start Method
A sex therapy technique for the treatment of premature ejaculation that involves alternating between stimulating and not stimulating the penis
Zibergeld's Therapy:
1. male masturbates using stop-start for 15 min and then to orgasm, do 3-4x/week
---1) masturbate using stop start
---2) use lube, more like vagina
---3) "subtle adjustments" whats exciting
---4) do w sex fantasy and stop start
---5) do with sex fantasies and subtle adjustments
---6) have a quickie to feel the contrast
2. female partner does the same to him
3. then they have sex, starting slowly and stopping when he nears orgasm
Delayed Ejaculation
Difficulty achieving or inability to achieve orgasm and/or ejaculation (male orgasmic disorder)
Erectile Disorder (ED)
A persistent inability to achieve or maintain an erection sufficient to accomplish a desired sexual behavior such as coitus to orgasm (erectile dysfunction)
Prostaglandin E1
A hormone that is injected into the penis to produce an erection
Vacuum Constriction System
A device for treating erectile disorder that creates a partial vacuum around the penis thus drawing blood into the erectile tissue
Penile Implant
An implanted device for treatment of erectile disorder
Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder
Low or absent interest in sex, when this condition causes distress
Dyspareunia
Pain during coitus
Female Sexual Arousal Disorder
Lack or insufficiency of pysiological sexual arousal in women
Sexual Interest/Arousal Disorder
Lack of interest in sex or insufficient sexual arousal, when it causes distress
Persistent Genital Arousal Disorder
Long-lasting physiological arousal in women, unaccompanied by subjective arousal or pleasure
Vulvodynia
Painful sensitivity of the vulva to touch
Vaginismus
Inability to experience coitus due to spasm of the muscles surrounding the outer vagina combined with pain, or fear of pain
Box 14.2 Sexual health: Dyspareunia: A Case History
story of couple who had problems in the bedroom bc of genital pain, went to therapy and came out drastically improved
Vaginal Dilator
A plastic cylinder used to enlarge the vagina or to counteract vaginismus
Anorgasmia
Difficulty experiencing or inability to experience orgasm (female orgasm disorder)
Coital Alignment Technique (CAT)
A variation of the man-above position for coitus that increases clitoral stimulation
Kegel Exercises
Exercises to strengthen pelvic floor muscles with the aim of improving sexual function or alleviating urinary leakage
Box 14.3 Sexual Health: Kegel Exercises
-Arnold Kegel, a urological surgeon at UCLA-- developed to help incontinence
-strong pelvic floor muscles can help overcome incontinence and improve sexual function
-squeeze, hold, release
-one study: women who did kegel exercises experienced significantly greater sexual arousal
Discrepant Sexual Desire
The situation in which one partner in a relationship has much more interest in sex than the other
Hypersexuality
Excessive sexual desire or behavior
Sex Addiction
The idea that a person may be addicted to sexual behavior by a mechanism similar to that of substance addiction
Compulsive Sexual Behavior
Sexual behavior perceived subjectively as involuntary and diagnosed as a symptom of a compulsive disorder
Box 14.4 Sexual Health: Sexual Minorities and Sexual Disorders
-gay men in heterosexual marriages can have trouble performing, but also a lot are good at faking it
-lesbian, gay and bi ppl can feel shameful about sexual desire
-some gay men fear sex bc of AIDS
-anal penetration can be a problem for gay men bc pain and difficulty relaxing
-trans ppl can be dissatisfied w genitals and not want to use them
-lesbians lose interest in sex more commonly than most
Deep Kissing
Kissing with entry of the tongue into partner's mouth
Necking
Kissing or caressing of the head and neck
Petting
Sexually touching the partner's body (often taken to exclude the breasts or genitalia)
Heavy Petting
Sexually touching the parnter's genitalia or breasts
Mutual Masturbation
Reciprocal simultaneous manual stimulation of a partners genitals
Fondling
Any kind of sexual touching of the partners body
Outercourse
Sexual activities other than coitus, promoted as a means for preventing unwanted pregnancy and reducing the risk of STI transmission
Tribadism
rubbing vulvas
Afterplay
Sexual behavior engaged in after coitus or orgasm, or at the end of a sexual encounter
Fellatio
Sexual contact between the mouth of one person and the penis of another
Cunnilingus
Sexual contact between the tongue or mouth of one person and the vulva of another
Anilingus
Sexual contact between the mouth or tongue of one person and the anus of another
Coitus
Penetration of the vagina by the penis
Box 6.2 Research Highlights: Progress in Coitus Research
-Leonardo da Vinci anatomical drawing of couple having sex: not necessarily correct anatomy but sends the message that sex is an acceptable thing to study
-Willibrord Schultz and colleagues tried to use MRI to check Leonardo's drawing but found difficulty bc MRI machines are small and typically only fit one person, first couple to succeed were amateur acrobats; also, an MRI pic takes a minute and men usually can't maintain an erection without stimulation for that long
-5 years later, an MRI that only took 12 secs and Viagra were invented, so they got the pic
-discovered that positions other than missionary are better for women pleasure
Box 6.3 Research Highlights: Sex and the Seasons
-animals show variations in sexual behavior around the year, driven by day length, temperature, etc
-human conception peaks at times of moderate temp and 12-hour daylight, at least for those that live close to nature
-these spring and fall peaks not really seen in US cuz ppl spend most of their time indoors
-one study found that there are peaks in sex behavior of humans in summer and winter; could be caused by social factors like vacation time in summer and alcohol/partying in December
-peak in births caused by December peaks only; most likely bc alcohol causes less caution
Anal Sex
Penetration of the anus by the penis or any sexual behavior involving the anus
Sphincter
A circular muscle around a tube or orifice whose contraction closes it
Rectum
The final, straight portion of the large bowel, it connects the exterior via the anus
Premature Ejaculation
Ejaculation before the man wishes, often immediately on commencement of coitus (rapid ejaculation)
Vibrator
An electrically powered vibrating device used to provide sexual stimulation
pros: can have many orgasms, easy way to first orgasm
cons: can get 'hooked', partner jealousy, loss of sensitivity, can lose ability to fantasize
Dildo
A sex toy, often shaped like a penis, used to penetrate the vagina or anus
Sex Play
A variety of playful activities that add pleasure to sexual interactions
Box 6.4 Personal points of View: What is "Great Sex"?
-researchers studied ppl who claimed to have "great sex"
-8 major components:
1. Being present and focused
2. Connection
3. Intimacy
4. Communication-verbal and nonverbal
5. Authenticity, transparency
6. Transcendence, bliss
7. Exploration, risk taking
8. Vulnerability
-orgasm and intense attraction are also important
-concluded that performance and technique came second in importance
Seminal Nurture
the Aka people believe that fetuses require repeated infusions of semen to grow
Box 6.5 Personal Points of View: On Seeing a Sex Surrogate
-person who had polio as a child and had to spend most of his life in a mechanical reporter tried to achieve sexual fulfillment using a sex surrogate
-tells the story
Quadriplegia
Paralysis affecting almost the entire body below the neck
Paraplegia
Paralysis affecting the lower half of the body
Typical Use Failure Rate
The percentage of women using a contraceptive techninque with a typical degree of care who will become pregnant in the course of one year
Perfect Use Failure Rate
The percentage of women using a contraceptive technique correctly who will become pregnant in the course of one year
Male condom
A sheath placed over the penis as a contraceptive and/or to prevent disease trasmission
Barrier Method
Any contraceptive technique in which a physical barrier, such as a condom or diaphragm prevents sperm from reaching the ovum
Female Condom
what: A nitrile rubber pouch inserted into the vagina as a contraceptive and/or to prevent disease transmission
advantages: STD protection, spontaneity, male doesn't need to maintain erection
disadvantages: can decrease sensation and make noise, can accidentally insert penis outside of condom but into vagina
PUFR: 5%
Box 9.2 Research Highlights: Male Contraceptives of the Future?
-researchers are looking for other ways of male contraception besides condoms
-heat: heat impairs sperm but can cause a risk of long term harm
-intra-vas devices (IVDs): plugs placed inside the vasa deferentia, blocking the flow of sperm; also, injection of gel can block the vas deferens
-Androgens: testosterone and other androgens can cause inhibition of sperm count, drugs w androgenic activity might be delivered by depot injection
-"Dry orgasm" pills: drugs that prevent the mix of sperm with semen or cause the semen to be ejaculated backwards into bladder
-immunology: tricking body into developing antibodies against sperm
-retinoic acid blockers: drugs that prevent attachment of retinoid acid to its receptors in the testicles block sperm production
-Adjudin: drugs that block spermatogenesis
-its uncertain if any of these methods will make it through clinical trials into general use
Diaphragm
what: A dome shaped barrier placed over the cervix to prevent semen from entering the cervix
advantages: more spontaneity than condom, no change in sensation, cheap
disadvantages: less STD protection than condoms, can be dislodged during sex
PUFR: 6%
Cervical Cap
what: A small rubber or plastic cap that adheres by suction to the cervix, often used with spermicide
advantages: spontaneity, doesn't affect sensation
disadvantages: difficult to insert, can be dislodged
PUFR: 18%
FemCap
A type of cervical cap that has a raised brim
Spermicide
what: A chemical that kills sperm, available as a contraceptive in a variety of forms, such as foams ,creams, and suppositories
advantages: easily accessible, cheap, few side effects
disadvantages: little STD protection, not very effective when used alone
PUFR: 9-18%
Intrauterine Device (IUD)
what: A t-shaped device placed in the uterus as a contraceptive
advantages: as effective as female sterilization, few side effects
disadvantages: expensive, can cause cramping, no STD protection
PUFR: 0.2-0.6%
Paragard
A copper containing IUD
Mirena
A hormone releasing IUD that is effective for 5 years
Skyla
A hormone releasing IUD that is effective for 3 years
Combination Pill
what: An oral contraceptive with estrogen and progestin
advantages: reliable with perfect use, lighter menstrual flow
disadvantages: no STD protection, have to take every day, can be side effects
PUFR: 0.3%
Triphasic Combination Pill
An oral contraceptive regimen that varies the doses of estrogens and progestins around the menstrual cycle
Seasonale
An extended use contraceptive pill
Seasonique
An extended use contraceptive pill
Lybrel
a contraceptive pill designed for complete elimination of menstrual periods
Extended Use Regimen
A regimen of contraceptive pills that allows for fewer or no menstrual periods
Progestin Only Pill
what: An oral contraceptive that contains progestin but no estrogen (mini pill)
advantages: reliable when properly used, less side effects than estrogen
disadvantages: no STD protection, not as effective if forget to take, can have side effects
PUFR: 0.3%
Depo Provera
what: An injectable form of medroxyprogesterone acetate used as a contraceptive in women or to decrease the sex drive in male sex offenders
advantages: spontaneity, little side effects, no more periods
disadvantages: repeated medical visits, not STD protection, can cause loss of bone density
PUFR: 0.3%
Depo SubQ Provera
A form of Depo Provera designed for subcutaneous injection
Ortho Evra
what: patch containing hormones that diffuse slowly into the body through the skin
advantages: spontaneity, reliable,
disadvantages: can cause skin reaction, expensive, patch could fall off
PUFR: 0.3%
NuvaRing
what: A contraceptive ring placed in the vagina that releases estrogen and progestin
advantages: nothing is visible, spontaneity, low hormones
disadvantages: could slip out, sometimes can feel it during sex
PUFR: 0.3%
Contraceptive Implant
what: A device implanted in the body that slowly releases a hormonal contraceptive
advantages: as reliable as female sterilization, no action required once implanted
disadvantages: surgical procedure, can be expensive, no STD protection
PUFR: 0.05%
Nexplanon
Implanted hormonal contraceptive
Fertility awareness methods
Contraceptive techniques that rely on avoiding coitus during the woman's fertility window. Also called rythm methods or periodic abstinence methods
Standard day Methods
A simplified fertility awareness calendar method of contraception usable by women with regular cycles
Calendar Rythm Method
A fertility awareness method of contraception that takes account of variability in the length of a woman's menstrual cycles
Cervical Mucus Method
A fertility awareness method of contraception that depends on observing changes in the cervical mucus
Sympto-Thermal Method
A fertility awareness method of contraception that depends on the measurement of basal body temp and the testing of cervical mucus
withdrawal method
a method of contraception in which the man withdraws his penis from the vagina prior to ejaculation
Outercourse
placing penis between any part of the body other than vagina, anus, etc
Emergency Contraception
Use of high dose contraceptives to prevent pregnancy after unprotected sex
Plan B One Step
A progestin used for emergency contraception
Next Choice One Dose
A progestin used for emergency contraception
Ella
A form of emergency contraception that is effective for 5 days after sex
Sterilization
A surgical procedure to eliminate fertility in either sex
Vasectomy
A male sterilization technique that involves cutting or tying off the vas deferens from each testicle
Vasovasostomy
Surgery to reverse a vasectomy
Tubal Sterilization
Any procedure that prevents sperm transport in the oviducts
Tubal ligation
A procedure in which the ovidcuts are blocked by tying them off
Laparoscopy
Abdominal surgery such as tubal sterilization performed through a small incision with the aid of a laparoscope
Mini Laparotomy
Abdominal surgery such as tubal sterilization performed through a short incision
Essure
A method of tubal sterilizaton that blocks the oviducts by use of metal coils
Induced Abortion
An abortion performed intentionally by medical or surgical means
Therapeutic Abortion
An abortion performed to safeguard a woman's life or health
Elective Abortion
An abortion performed in circumstances when the woman's health is not at risk
Box 9.3 Society, Values, and the Law: Abortion in the US: Key Stats
-21% of terminated pregnancies in the US (aside from miscarriage) is abortion, a percent that is dropping
-18% of abortions are preformed on teens
-most are done for social, not medical reasons
-about half who have abortions were using some form of contraceptive
-legal abortion is very safe
-abortion is legal in all of US, but 27 states have strict laws
Surgical Abortion
An abortion induced by a surgical procedure
Medical Abortion
An abortion induced with drugs
Vacuum Aspiration
An abortion procedure in which the conceptus is destroyed and removed by suction
Dilation and Evacuation (D&E)
A procedure involving the opening of the cervix and the scarping out of the contents of the uterus with a curette (spoonlike instrument) D&E may be done as an abortion procedure or for other purposes
Saline- Induced Abortion
An abortion induced by use of a strong salt solution
Hysterotomy
An abortion performed via a surgical incision in the abdominal wall and the uterus
Mifepristone
An anti-progesterone drug used to induce abortion (RU-486)
Misoprostol
A prostaglandin used in medical abortions; Induces contractions
Methotrexate
A drug used in some medical abortions
Box 9.4 Controversies: Does Abortion Traumatize Women?
-pro-life activists claim that women who have an abortion will experience "post-abortion" syndrome (psychological issues)
-study at UCSF found that women who have abortion do experience more psychological issues but it usually was caused by history of abuse or mental illness
-student in Denmark indicated that higher rate of psychological problems after abortion is simply a continuation of a history of problems from earlier in life
-despite there being no proof of "post-abortion syndrome" it still effects laws
20 US states require abortion providers to have a consultation in which they discuss the possible psychological effects with patient
-in 7 of these states, only negative effects are covered
Sexual Orientation
The direction of a person's sexual feelings: sexual attraction toward persons of the opposite sex (heterosexual), the same sex (homosexual), or both sexes (bisexual)
Heterosexuality
Sexual attraction only (or predominantly) to persons of the other sex
Homosexuality
Sexual attraction only (or predominantly) to persons of one's own sex
Bisexuality
Sexual attraction to persons of both sexes
Straight
Colloquial term for heterosexual
Gay
Colloquial term for homosexual
Bi
Colloquial term for bisexual
Lesbian
Homosexual - applied to women only
Kinsey Scale
A 7 point scale of sexual orientation devised by Alfred Kinsey
-group 0 (exclusively attracted to opposite sex)
-group 6 (exclusively attracted to same sex)
Gender Variant
Atypical in gender characteristics
Gaydar
The ability to recognize gay people on the basis of unconscious behaviors, voice quality, gait, and so on
Box 12.1 Research Highlights: Boys Will Be Girls
-"folk wisdom" says that feminine boys have a high chance of becoming gay when they grow up
-psychiatrist at UCLA did a study in which he recruited families with very feminine boys and some who were chosen without regard to characteristics
-he interviewed them throughout their life into young adulthood
-the normal boys were heater and the feminine ones were mostly gay and bi
-their were some feminine boys who claimed to be heater but not sure if this is true bc there are a lot who pretend especially during the era of this study
-childhood characteristics are not entirely predictive, a lot of gay men had a normal childhood
Gynephilic
Sexually attracted to women
Androphilic
Sexually attracted to men
Medial Preoptic Area
A region of the hypothalamus involved in the regulation of sexual behaviors typically shown by males
INAH3
a neuronal cell group in the hypothalamus that differs in size between men and women and between gay men and straight men
Box 12.2 Research Highlights: Why Gay Genes?
-if gay ppl are less likely to have kids why hasn't the gene died out?
-one theory is that just bc you have a gay gene doesn't mean you are gay; example of if boy is gay, his sisters most likely have the same gene which could cause them to be "hyper heterosexual" and be more attracted to men and have more kids
-another idea is that gay men might be able to devote some of their resources to their sisters bc they are not parents; evidence for this doesn't seem to prove it; however, native inhabitants of American Samoa, among them are fa'afafine (males who assume a third gender role and are attracted to conventional men) do provide substantial support to sisters
-many other theories
Box 12.3 Society, Values, and the Law: Gay Martyrs
-Harvey Milk was a city supervisor of SF and was the first openly gay man to be elected to city govt in the US
-helped with gay rights
-after helping reject Prop 6, which would make it legal to fire openly gay teachers, him an SF mayor were shot dead by an anti-gay city supervisor
-he was only sentenced to 8 years in prison, but committed suicide when he got out
-David Kato started Sexual Minorities Uganda and was possibly the first Ugandan to come out
-a Ugandan tabloid newspaper published photos of Kato and other gay Ugandans with the title "kill them"
-Kato was beaten to death by a man with a hammer, who was sentenced to 30 years
Box 12.4 Society, Values, and the Law: Global Perspectives on Sexual Orientation
-western countries tend to consider sexual orientation as a part of identity
-non western cultures: conventional gender or transgender; not considered a core aspect of their identity; just bc they have sex with someone of the same-sex doesn't mean they will in the future and doesn't define them as gay
-in societies when women are hidden, men will have sex with young boys as an outlet
-a normal same-sex relationship, however is often not recognized in non-western cultures
-there have likely been gay relationships in most cultures, they were just not recognized as they are now
Box 12.5 Society, Values, and the Law: Gay and Homeless
-about 40% of homeless youth in the US are LGBT
-typical reasons include: ran away cuz family rejected sexual identity, forced out by parents, left bc of abuse, aged out of foster care system, left bc of financial/emotional neglect
-other reasons include substance abuse, mental illness, and release from juvy
-many turn to protitution
-homeless gay youth are mostly ppl of color
bathhouse
a facility, usually in the form of a private club, used for casual sex btwn men
butch
masculine-acting, often used to describe certain lesbians
femme
feminine-acting, often used to describe certain lesbians or bisexual women
bear
in gay slang, a burly gay man with plenty of body hair; more generally, a member of a gay male subculture that rejects many of the prevailing standards of gay male attractiveness and behavior
gay bashing
hate crimes against get ppl. sometimes includes verbal abuse as well as physical violence
implicit association test
a psychological test that is intended to reveal unconscious or unstated preferences
heterosexism
the cultural establishment of heterosexuality as the normal and preferred form of sexual expression
femiphobia
prejudice against femininity, especially in males
pansexuality
sexual attraction to ppl of any sex or gender
biphobia
prejudice against bisexuals
bisexual erasure
ignoring or denying the existence of bisexual ppl
squeeze-tease technique
squeeze the base of penis when man nears orgasm
steps:
1. Manual stimulation
2. Female on top
3. Side by side
4. Male on top
non-therapies
1. less foreplay for male, more for female
2. have a quickie first and second time will take longer
3. distraction
4. use a condom, cuts down on sensation
5. empty bladder before sex
6. have a couple drinks before, relaxes you
7. use anesthesia on penis
Master's & Johnson's methods
-woman sits between mans legs so he can touch her
-stimulate clit
-female on top position
7 steps to pleasure for girl:
1. Look at own body
2. Feel own body
3. Touch parts that feel arousing
4. Get sexually aroused
5. Extended masturbation
6. Partner watches her masturbate
7. Male imitates
A Study in Chicago and NYC
conclusion: teaching about condoms and giving them away for free does NOT promote an increase in teen sex
non-methods (do not work)
1. douche
2. wishful thinking
3. assuming you're infertile
Study: teen sex in 5 advanced nations
-teens started sex at similar ages
-similar % of teens had sex
-US teens are:
1. more likely to begin sex before 15
2. more likely to have more than 2 partners in the last year
3. less likely to use birth control
4.higher STI rates
Kama Sutra
"love guide"- the classic work on how to make love
the Aka people
-sex positive society
-seminal nurture
-engage in sex about 3x a week
-attach no value to masturbation
disabilities affecting sex life
1. arthritis
2. spinal cord injury
"Stonewall Rebellion"
-often viewed as starting point of gay right movement
-Before rebellion, homosexuality was officially listed as a mental disorder and gay people had no legal protection
steps to coming out
1. coming out to oneself
2. coming out to others
3. joining a gay or lesbian community
4. integrate gay side with who they are
cultural indoctrination of gays
-transmits homophobia across generations
1) Receiving anti-gay messages from parents, teachers, religious authorities, etc.
2) Regular participation in organized worship = strongest demographic predictor that a person disapproves of gay sex
3) Silence can also convey an anti-gay message
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