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BIO Ch. 8 Immune System

Terms in this set (76)

The immune system can be divided into innate and ? immunity?
adaptive
Which type of immunity is composed of defenses that are always active, but that cannot target a specific invader and cannot maintain immunologic memory?
innate
innate immunity is also known as ? immunity
non-specific
? immunity is composed of defenses that take time to activate, but that target a specific invader and can maintain immunologic memory
adaptive
specific immunity is also known as ?
adaptive immunity
The ? is the site of T-cell maturation
thymus
Immune cells are made in the?
bone marrow
Two places where immune responses can be mounted and where B-cells are activated include the spleen and?
lymph nodes
Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) includes the tonsils and ?
adenoids
Skin and mucus are both a part of the ? immune system
innate
The skin is a part of the innate immune system and acts as a physical barrier and secretes antimicrobial compounds like ?
defensins
Tears and saliva contain ?, an antibacterial compound
lysozyme
The ? system can punch holes in the cell walls of bacteria, making them osmotically unstable
complement
Stomach acid is an example of which immune system
innate
? are given off by virally infected cells and help prevent viral replication and dispersion to nearby cells
interferons
Macrophages and major histocompatibility complex molecules are members of the ? immune system
innate
? ingest pathogens and present them on major histocompatability complex (MHC) molecules
macrophages
? are chemical substances released by macrophages that stimulate inflammation and recruit additional immune cells to the area
cytokines
Which type of MHC class is present in all nucleated cells?
MHC 1
Which MHC class displays endogenous antigens (proteins from within the cell) to cytotoxic T cells?
MHC 1
Cytotoxic T cells are also known as
CD8+ cells
Which MHC class is present in all antigen-presenting cells?
MHC 2
macrophages, dendritic cells, some B cells and certain activated epithelial cells are all ?
professional antigen-presenting cells
Exogenous antigens (proteins from outside the cell) are displayed by ?
MHC 2 molecules
MHC2 cells display exogenous antigens to ?
CD4 cells
helper T cells are also known as ?
CD4 cells
Which cells are antigen-presenting and located in the skin?
dendritic
What type of cells attack cells not presenting MHC molecules, including virally infected cells and cancer cells?
Natural killer cells
Neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils are all known as?
granulocytes
Which type of granulocyte ingests bacteria, particularly opsonized bacteria (those marked with antibodies)?
neutrophils
Neutrophils follow bacteria using ?
chemotaxis
? are used in allergic reactions and invasive parasitic infections
eosinophils
Which type of granulocyte releases histamine, causing an inflammatory response?
eosinophils
Mast cells are related cells found in the ?
skin
Which type of granulocytes (2) are involved in allergic reactions?
basophils and eosinophils
Plasma cells are located in ?
b-cells
`? immunity is centered on antibody production by plasma cells
humoral
? contain two heavy chains and two light chains
Antibodies
Antibodies target a particular ?
antigen
Antibodies have a constant region and a ? region
variable
Where on an antibody is the antigen-binding region located?
tip of the variable region
When activated, the antigen-binding region undergoes ? to improve the specificity of the antibody produced
hypermutation
IgM, IgD, IgG, IgE, and IgA are all ?
antibodies
Cells may be given signals to switch ? of antibody
isotypes (IgM, IgD, IgE, or IgA)
Circulating antibodies can mark pathogens for destruction using a process called ?
opsonization
Antibodies can cause agglutination causing pathogens to be clumped into insoluble complexes that are ingested by ?
phagocytes
Cell-surface antibodies can activate immune cells or mediate ?
allergic reactions
What type of adaptive immunity cells lie in wait for a second exposure to a pathogen and can then mount a more rapid and vigorous immune response (secondary response)
Memory b-cells
The adaptive immune system is also known as ? immunity
humoral
Cell-mediated (cytotoxic) immunity is centered on the functions of which type of cells?
T-cells
T-cells undergo maturation in the ?
thymus
T-cells undergo maturation in the thymus through positive selection which means?
Only selecting for T-cells that can react to antigen presented on MHC
Causing apoptosis in self-reactive T-cells is also known as ?
negative selection
Which peptide hormone promotes T-cell development?
thymosin
Th and CD4+ cells are also known as ?
helper T-cells
Helper T-cells respond to antigen on MHC-II and coordinate the rest of the immune system, secreting ? to activate various arms of the immune defense?
lymphokines
Th1 cells secrete interferon gamma, which activates ?
macrophages
Th2 cells activate ?
b cells
Cytotoxic T-cells (Tc, CTL, or CD8+) respond to antigen on MHC-1 and kill?
virally infected cells
Treg are also known as ? T cells that tone down the immune response after an infection and promote self-tolerance
Suppressor (regulatory) T cells
Memory T-cells serve a similar function to ?
memory B-cells
When a self-antigen is recognized as foreign, and the immune system attacks normal cells, this is known as an?
autoimmune condition
Immunization is a method of inducing ? immunity
active
The activation of B-cells that produce antibodies to an antigen is a method of inducing active immunity known as ?
immunization
? immunity is the transfer of antibodies to an individual
passive
? is a circulatory system that consists of one-way vessels with intermittent lymph nodes
lymphatic system
The lymphatic system connects to the cardiovascular system via the ?
thoracic duct
The ? system equalizes fluid distribution, transports fats and fat-soluble compounds
lymphatic
The lymphatic system transports fats and fat-soluble compounds in ?
chylomicrons
The ? system provides sites for mounting of immune responses
lymphatic
When the adaptive immune system encounters an antigen, and only the cells w/ receptors specific to that antigen are activated. This is known as?
clonal selection
All immune cells are derived from The ?
hematopoetic stem cell
T, B and NK cells are all derived from?
lymphoid stem cell
Platelets, RBCs, granulocytes and macrophages are all derived from?
myeloid stem cell
Mast cells are derived from ?
basophil progenitor
macrophages are derived from monocytes which are further derived from?
granulocyte
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