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acoustics section ii

Terms in this set (101)

squamous
fan-shaped part of temporal bone with mandibular fossa
mandibular fossa
place of articulation for the condylar process
tympanic
part of temporal bone that contains opening for exterior auditory meatus and styloid
mastoid
part of temporal bone contains mastoid process and hair cells
petrous
triangular part of temporal bone, houses labyrinth, vestibular system and portions of the VII and VIII nerves, carotid canal, and jugular fossa
facial
nerve V
Vestibulocochlear
VIII nerve
bony labyrinth
provides support and protection for the delicate anatomical structures of hearing and balance
membranous labyrinth
contained within the bony labyrinth, which contain the fluids and sense organs of hearing and balance
occipital, ipsilateral, sphenoid, mandible, zygomatic
bones that articulate with the temporal bone (5)
temporomandibular joint
articulation between the condylar process (mandible) and the mandibular fossa (temporal bone)
pinna, auricle
visible ear (2 terms), protrudes from head at 15-30 degrees, made of cartilage and ligaments
helix
ridged rim along the posterior and superior region of the pinna
darwin's tubercle
thickened area of helix
lobe (lobule)
inferior-most extremity of pinna
tragus
cartilaginous flap, partially occludes opening of ear canal
antitragus
a widening in the inferior-most region of the antihelix
antihelix
ridge located anterior to scaphoid fossa, runs parallel to helix until it splits into crura
crura
two split segments of the antihelix
triangular fossa
prominent depression observed in triangular area formed by branching antihelix
concha
large, cup shape depression which forms the entrance to the canal, resonates the high frequencies
intertragalincisure (intertragic notch)
a notch separating the tragus and antitragus
scaphoid fossa
groove located immediately anterior to the helix
extrinsic auricular muscles
anterior, superior, posterior; attach to auricle, serve little function, VII nerve
intrinsic auricular muscles
connect to different parts of auricle, making small changes to shape of pinna, VII nerve
external auditory meatus
ear canal, transmits sound to middle ear; 1/3 cartilaginous, 2/3 bony
subepithelial stroma
contain rich blood supply, hair follicles and many ceruminal glands
sebaceous glands
produce oily substance that lubricates ear canal
epidermal lining
covers ear canal and forms the lateral-most layer of tympanic membrane
isthmus (of ear canal)
a constriction, which marks the junction of the cartilaginous framework with the bony framework
bony portion (ear canal)
medial 2/3, formed by squamous and tympanic portions of temporal bone and condoyle of the mandible
arnold's reflex
cough resulting from stimulation of the Auricular or Arnold's branch of Xth nerve (innervates posterior portion of EAM)
cerumen
waxy water-resistant substance with acidic pH, antibacterial, protects ear canal from drying out
vagus
nerve X
2500 (-2700) Hz
ear canal resonates at around these frequencies
eardrum (tympanic membrane)
cone shaped medial boundary of EAM on an angle, 3 layers of tissue
cutaneous (cuticular) layer
superficial layer of eardrum, continuous with lining of EAM
fibrous middle (intermediate) layer
largely responsible for the compliance of the eardrum, radial and circular fibers
radial (superficial) fibers
layer of fibrous membrane that radiate like the spokes of a wheel
circular fibers
concentric rings in fibrous membrane, greater density towards periphery and by manubrium of the malleus
annulus
thickened fibrocartilaginous ring around tympanic membrane
tympanic sulcus
groove in the bony wall of the meatus that accommodates the annulus
notch of rivinus
opening or deficiency in the superior aspect of the tympanic annulus, caused by interruption in tympanic sulcus
malleolar stria
opaque, whitish streak in the superior and slightly anterior direction, formed by the attachment of the manubrium of the malleus
malleolar prominence
formed by the attachment of the lateral process of the malleus to the eardrum, upper end of the malleolar stria
anterior and posterior malleolar folds
ligamentous bands that run from both sides of the malleolar prominence to the notch of rivinus
pars flaccida (schrapnell's membrane)
triangular area between anterior and posterior malleolar folds, region of tympanic membrane where fibers are sparse
umbo
point of attachment of eardrum and manubrium, draws membrane inwards, cone of light radiates from here
pars tensa
thick, taut, central-inferior section of tympanic membrane, divided into 4 quadrants
otoscope
instrument for examining the ear
cone of light
wedge-shaped reflected spot of light, radiates from center to periphery of inferior anterior quadrant
malleus
first bone of ossicular chain, three processes: manubrium, anterior and lateral process
manubrium
process of malleus, attaches firmly to tympanic membrane at umbo
anterior process
spine-like process seen in the region of the juncture of the manubrium and head of malleus
lateral process
process of malleus directed laterally and attaches to the upper portion of the tympanic membrane
articular facet
posterior surface of malleus, serves as point of connection with incus
incus
middle bone in the ossicular chain
short process
roughly horizontal plane on the incus, occupies the same space as the fossa
long process
process of the incus, directed vertically and parallel to the manubrium of the malleus
lenticular process
process at the inferior-most end of the incus' long process, makes an abrupt medial turn terminating in rounded projection, point of connection with stapes
stapes
third bone in ossicular chain, smallest in human body
superior malleolar ligament
extends from head of malleus to tegment tympani
lateral malleolar ligament
extends from neck of malleus to the bony wall near the notch of Rivinus
anterior malleolar ligament
extends from anterior process of malleus to anterior or carotid wall of middle ear cavity
superior ligament of the incus
crosses from the body of the incus to the roof of the tympanic cavity, posterior to the superior ligament of the malleus
posterior ligament of the incus
courses from the tip of the short process to the fossa incudis
annular ligament of the stapes
medial surface and the periphery of the footplate covered by hyaline cartilage fastened to bony wall of the oval window
incudomalleal joint
malleus and incus are articulated by a diarthrodial (double saddle) joint by this name
incudostapedial joint
enarthroidal (ball and socket) joint, only slightly movable
pennate muscles
many short fibers directed obliquely to impinge on a tendon at the midline, only the tendons enter the tympanic cavity
tensor tympani
larger tympanic muscle, origin on eustachian tube and wing of sphenoid bone, insertion on upper part of manubrium, pulls malleux anteromedially, increases eardrum tension, V (trigeminal) nerve
cochleariform process
curved lateral terminal of tensor tympani muscle
stapedius
tympanic muscle, origin at bony canal running parallel to facial nerve canal, insertion on posterior neck of stapes, muscle vertical, tendon horizontal, VII (facial) nerve
trigeminal
V nerve
acoustic reflex
function of tympanic muscles, intensity control/protection, unilateral stimulation of sounds = bilateral contraction of tympanic muscles
tympanic cavity proper
large area in lower portion of middle ear cavity
epitympanic recess, attic
small upper area of middle ear cavity, above tympanic membrane, occupied by incus and head of malleus
lateral (membranous)
wall formed by eardrum and part of the squamous portion of temporal bone
medial (labrynthian)
wall formed by oval window, round window, promontory
oval window
kidney shaped opening into vestibule of the inner ear, occupied by footplate of the stapes
round window
circular opening into basal turn of scala tympani of the cochlea, closed by thin membrane, beneath oval window
promontory
rounded prominence projecting into middle ear cavity, formed by lateral projection of the basal turn of the cochlea
prominence of the facial nerve
canal through which the facial nerve courses, superior to oval window
anterior (cartoid)
wall with entry to eustachian tube, separated from carotid canal by thin plate of bone, exit for tendon of tensor tympani muscle
eustachian tube
brings aeration to middle ear, maintains equilibrium of pressure; osseous, cartilaginous, and membranous portions, 45 degree angle, runs from anterior wall of middle ear cavity to posterior wall of nasopharynx
trochleariform process
acts as pulley for the tendon of the tensor tympani
posterior (mastoid)
wall of middle ear cavity with tympanic aditus, pyramidal eminence, fossa incudes, and chorda tympani
tympanic (mastoid) aditus
entrance to tympanic antrum
pyramidal eminence
hollow eminence containing stapedius muscle, tendon goes through apex
fossa incudes
smal evacuation in lower back part of epitympanic recess, accommodates short process of incus
chorda tympani
small branch of facial nerve joins lingual branch of trigeminal nerve, supplies taste to anterior 2/3 of tongue
roof
wall that separates the tympanic cavity from the cranium and meningeal coverings of the brain, tegmen tympani
tegmen tympani
paper-thin plate of bone that is the superior boundary of the tympanic cavity
floor
wall formed by tympanic plate, separates tympanic cavity from the jugular fossa, narrower than the roof
tympanic plate
plate that forms the floor of the tympanic cavity
jugular fossa
large groove that accommodates the jugular vein
impedance
opposition to the flow of energy or reluctance to accept energy, determined by resistance factor and reactance factor
resistance factor
loss of energy caused by friction
reactance factor
mass reactance and stiffness reactance
mass reactance
objects with greater mass tend to be preferential to low frequency sounds and offer greater resistance to high frequency sounds
stiffness reactance
objects with greater stiffness are preferential to high frequency sounds and impede low frequency sounds
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