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Exam 1: Memory (Chapter 3)

Terms in this set (114)

The neural structures and which processes make up the working memory.
a. cognitive
b. behavioral
c. memory
d. structural
a
Cognitive Psychologists seldom use the term for this type of memory.
a. long-term
b. short-term
c. medium memory
d. working memory
b
Primary memory is a term to mean what type of memory?
a. long-term
b. medial
c. ordinal
d. short-term
d
Memory system that holds literal information for a fraction of a second to allow
cognitive processing is:
a. short-term.
b. long-term.
c. sensory.
d. vertical.
c
The iconic memory system contains what type of memory?
a. visual sensory
b. short-term sensory
c. functional memory
d. long-term sensory
a
The echoic memory system contains what type of memory?
a. visual sensory
b. primary memory
c. auditory sensory
d. participating sensory
c
This 1960 experiment used a grid for a very brief flash. What type of memory function
was being measured?
a. primary memory
b. sensory memory
c. long-term memory
d. short-term memory
b
What is the term for the amount of information that can be maintained in working
memory?
a. capacity
b. term
c. knowledge
d. objectiveness
a
What task measures a list of digits presented by an experimenter?
a. hearing and sight
b. sensory learning
c. retrograde learning
d. digital span
d
The term used for a basic unit of information in working memory which may be
decomposable into more information.
a. cap
b. digit
c. span
d. chunk
d
Which of the following represents the amount of time to say aloud the items being
rehearsed in working memory?
a. span time
b. auditory time
c. iconic time
d. pronunciation time
d
Effect explaining that longer words are more difficult to maintain in working memory
than are shorter words is:
a. syllable length.
b. parietal length.
c. digit length.
d. word length
d
Actively maintaining the items in working memory by repeating them over and over
is called:
a. rehearsal.
b. maintenance rehearsal.
c. elaborative rehearsal.
d. working rehearsal.
a
The term for repeating information over and over is called:
a. maintenance rehearsal.
b. rehearsal.
c. elaborative rehearsal.
d. attention rehearsal.
a
The term used for processing the meaning of information in working memory is:
a. maintenance rehearsal.
b. elaborative rehearsal.
c. learning.
d. iconic rehearsal.
b
The Duration of Information in Working Memory is defined as the amount of time
information will remain in working memory if not:
a. maintained.
b. rehearsed.
c. exercised.
d. elaborated.
b
A task that prevents maintaining of working memory is:
a. maintenance prevention.
b. rehearsal prevention.
c. elaborated prevention.
d. exercise prevention.
b
The term for new information enters working memory and displaces information
already present is:
a. unelaborated.
b. nonmaintained.
c. unrehearsed.
d. interference.
d
With training, people can increase their digit span by focusing on:
a. concurrent retrieval.
b. developing complex chunking strategies.
c. using constant maintenance rehearsal.
d. using elaborative rehearsal.
b
Most estimates of the duration of working memory are around:
a. 3-8 seconds.
b. 30-35 seconds.
c. 1-7 seconds.
d. 15-30 seconds.
d
In the Brown-Peterson task,
a. maintenance rehearsal is reversed.
b. the secondary task creates interference, making the to-be-remembered items less
likely to be in working memory.
c. the secondary task creates a word-length effect, which causes massive forgetting.
d. the primacy effect is negated.
b
Waugh and Norman (1965) presented participants with a sequential list of 16 digits.
After viewing all 16 digits, the participants were presented with one of the digits that
they had seen in the list. They found that:
a. the fewer items that preceded the probe digit, the better memory was for that probe
items.
b. interference was not a factor in this experimental design.
c. the fewer items that preceded the probe digit, the better memory was for that probe
items.
d. the fewer items that followed the probe digit, the better memory was for the item that
preceded it.
d
The serial position curve measures:
a. the number of digits recalled in a digit-span task.
b. the likelihood of correct free recall of items as a function of the input order at
presentation.
c. the ability to order a serial list.
d. the order of input of the phonological loop.
b
The standard explanation of why primacy effects occur is that:
a. we recall the items using sensory memory.
b. we recall the items because they were stored in long-term memory.
c. we recall the items because the experimenter always makes the first items the
easiest.
d. we recall the items because the primacy words are no longer be encoded
elaboratively.
b
An experimenter presents a list of words for participants to free recall in any order.
Immediately after the list is presented, the participants must do math problems before
they recall. Relative to a condition in which recall is immediate, the participants who did
math problems will show:
a. a decrease in their primacy effect but not their recency effect.
b. a decrease in their recency effect, but not their primacy effect.
c. no differences.
d. both primacy and recency will decrease by approximately the same amount.
b
An experimenter presents a list of words for participants to free recall in any order.
She uses two conditions—one in which the words are read slowly and one in which the
words are read fast. You should expect her to find:
a. reduced recency effects for both lists.
b.the list read slower should show no recency effect.
c. the list read faster should show reduced primacy effects.
d. reduced primacy effects for both lists.
c
The standard explanation of why recency effects occur is:
a. we recall the items using sensory memory.
b. we recall the items because they were stored in long-term memory.
c. we recall the items because we know their source.
d. we recall the items because they are still accessible in working memory.
d
When examining errors made during retrieval in a serial position curve experiment,
the tendency is that:
a. people make errors based on meaning during the recency portion of the curve.
b. people make errors based on meaning during the primacy portion of the curve.
c. people make errors based on sound during the primacy portion of the curve.
d. people never make errors for recency items because they use working memory.
b
In a classic experiment by Crowder and Roediger (1976), people were asked to
retrieve as many U.S. presidents as they could think of. They found that:
a. people's memory of U.S. presidents was consistent with their political leanings.
b. most people could not name any presidents, suggesting that Americans need to
spend more time learning history.
c. participants showed both a primacy effect and a recency effect.
d. many participants erroneously reported both Benjamin Franklin and Winston Churchill
as U.S. presidents.
c
Angie is a participant in an experiment on the serial position curve. One of the words
on the list she hears is "lemon." Later, when asked to recall the list, she erroneously
reports "lime." The word "lemon" was most likely:
a. the very last word on the list.
b. written in bold letters, causing her to experience a Von Restorff effect.
c. one of the first three items of the list.
d. the only word from the category "fruit" on the list.
c
Baddeley's model of working memory states that:
a. working memory is not necessary for a working cognition system.
b. working memory is composed of separable sub-systems.
c. working memory is equivalent to the phonological loop.
d. previous models of working memory had no validity.
b
In working memory, the sub-system responsible for attention and control is known
as the:
a. phonological loop.
b. visuospatial sketchpad.
c. episodic buffer.
d. central executive.
d
In working memory, the sub-system responsible for working memory for sounds is
the:
a. phonological loop.
b. visuospatial sketchpad.
c. episodic buffer.
d. central executive.
a
In working memory, the sub-system responsible for working memory for visual
images is the:
a. phonological loop.
b. visuospatial sketchpad.
c. episodic buffer.
d. central executive.
b
A concurrent task is:
a. a task that occupies only the central executive.
b. a task that is done prior to the main probe task.
c. a task that is done simultaneously with another task.
d. a task that is done subsequent to the main probe task.
c
When can we expect to see interference between visual and auditory working
memory tasks?
a. when the tasks are so easy that each task can be performed by the other system
b. only when the concurrent tasks occur simultaneously
c. when the tasks are difficult enough that they require allocation of attentional
resources by the central executive
d. when participants expect that visual images will interfere with visual processing
c
The observation that memory is usually superior for items at the beginning of a
serial position curve is thought to be caused by the encoding of those short items into
long-term memory. What type of effect would be generated by a large dip in
performance for items in the middle of a list?
a. serial
b. primacy
c. rehearsal
d. interference
b
If new information enters working memory and displaces information already
present, this type of information is called:
a. primacy.
b. cognitive.
c. rehearsal.
d. interference.
d
Peterson and Johnson (1971) also did a digit span task with a simultaneously
performed concurrent task. Peterson and Johnson asked participants to repeat simple
words over and over (e.g., "the," "the," "the," "the," etc.) while they were also supposed
to be rehearsing the digits for the digit span task. They found that:
a. participants recalled more digits because the concurrent task stimulated the use of
the phonological loop.
b. participants could not simultaneously repeat the word and suppress the digits.
c. participants recalled fewer digits because both tasks occupied the phonological loop.
d. the articulatory suppression prevented the use of the episodic buffer in this task.
c
If maintenance rehearsal repeats information over and over and elaborative
rehearsal processes the meaning of information, what type of operation is this called?
a. interference
b. task memory
c. rehearsal
d. duration memory
c
If items in working memory are remembered due to maintenance of those items, the
observation that memory is usually superior for items at the end of a serial position
curve is known as the:
a. primacy effect.
b. recency effect.
c. serial effect.
d. curve effect.
b
Which is the current term used to refer to systems of memory holding information up
to 30 seconds?
a. working memory
b. primary memory
c. unemployed memory
d. short-term memory
a
Wei-lin likes to listen to her favorite singer on her iPod while she studies. Research
on the irrelevant speech effect suggests that:
a. listening to singing will reduce the capacity of her visuospatial sketchpad.
b. listening to singing will allow her to perform source-monitoring tasks with greater
accuracy.
c. listening to singing will mean she can store fewer items in her phonological loop.
d. listening to singing will interfere with her appreciation of the musical chords.
c
Salame and Baddeley (1989) asked participants to maintain information in working
memory while listening to either singing, music without singing, or no sounds at all.
They found that:
a. music helps young adults to study, but hurts the ability of older adults to learn.
b. singing most interfered with maintaining information in the phonological loop.
c. all three conditions led to relatively good performance.
d. the condition without any sound was the most challenging.
b
Brooks (1968) asked participants to make judgments about letters when they were
only imagining the letter. He showed that:
a. visual tasks can interfere with auditory imagery.
b. the phonological loop is a static entity.
c. using a visual mode of responding interfered with performance on a visual imagery
task.
d. visual imagery can be influenced by semantic factors, such as the shape and size of
the letters.
c
The visuospatial sketchpad can be defined as:
a. a limited capacity working memory system that stores auditory information for a short
period of time.
b. an attentional resource for visual information.
c. a limited capacity long-term memory system for representing visual images.
d. a limited-capacity working memory system that stores visual and spatial information
for a short period of time.
d
Teasdale (1995) asked participants to generate random numbers. The participants
most deviated from the instructions when:
a. the phonological loop was occupied with irrelevant speech.
b. the visuospatial sketchpad was being used for imagery.
c. during the primacy part of a serial position curve.
d. when the central executive was not providing focus on the task.
d
Warrington and Shallice (1969) studied a young brain-damaged man identified in
their paper by the initial KF. They found that KF:
a. had a deficit in working memory, particularly with respect to the central executive.
b. had a deficit in working memory, particularly with respect to the phonological loop.
c. had impaired long-term memory but no deficit in working memory.
d. recovered much lost function in working memory after therapy with Warrington and
Shallice.
b
PET and fMRI data show that working memory functions are housed in the:
a. amygdale.
b. occipital lobe.
c. angular gyrus.
d. pre-frontal lobe.
d
Daneman and Carpenter have shown that good working memory:
a. is correlated with performance on reading fluency tests.
b. is correlated with performance of athletic fitness.
c. has no correlations with individual differences in cognitive performance.
d. is better in those whose first language is a Celtic language.
a
Strayer and his colleagues have found:
a. that cell-phone use during driving always causes accidents.
b. that cell-phone use during driving causes more accidents relative to non-cell phone
use when hazards are present that people react more slowly to.
c. that cell-phone use during driving cause more accidents relative to non-cell use when
the driver is otherwise distracted by other stimuli.
d. that cell-phone use during driving is only detrimental in older drivers.
b
Strayer and his colleagues link the decrement in driving performance with cell-
phone use to:
a. problems in semantic memory.
b. cell-phone use exaggerates the recency effect.
c. cell-phone use taxes the central executive (attentional control).
d. cell-phone use requires the phonological loop to be suppressed.
c
What concept refers to a very brief memory system that holds literal information for
a fraction of a second to allow cognitive processing?
a. sensory memory
b. erstwhile memory
c. autobiographical memory
d. Von Restorff memory
a
If you have not rehearsed a bit of knowledge and you remember it more than two
minutes after learning it, you are retrieving from:
a. the phonological loop.
b. the episodic buffer.
c. long-term memory.
d. short-term memory.
c
According to George Miller, the capacity of working memory is estimated to be:
a. 7 plus or minus 2.
b. 8 plus or minus 1.
c. exactly 4.
d. there is no limit to its capacity.
a
Anders Ericsson and his colleagues trained a normal college student to:
a. never forget autobiographical information.
b. to obtain an 80-number digit span.
c. remember every item in a series of serial position curve.
d. overcome the word length effect.
b
The pronunciation time effect demonstrates that:
a. the capacity of working memory is determined only by the difficulty of pronouncing
the words.
b. words that that are harder to pronounce are less likely to be free recall from long-term
memory.
c. the word length effect only works in long-term memory.
d. the magic number 7 plus or minus two does not completely explain working memory
in the digit-span task.
d
Navah-Benjamin and Ayres (1986) found that:
a. digit spans could not be measured unless novel words were used.
b. digit spans were related to pronunciation times of those digits in each the language
tested.
c. digit spans are better in Semitic languages than Indo-European languages.
d. digits spans also show primacy effects.
b
In the Brown-Peterson task, rehearsal prevention means that:
a. a secondary task is given which prevents maintenance rehearsal of the to-be-
remembered items.
b. participants are instructed not to use maintenance rehearsal.
c. maintenance rehearsal is prevented by presenting the words in a language not
spoken by the participant.
d. participants use non-verbal coding of verbal materials.
a
Peterson & Peterson estimated that within how many seconds all information in
working memory is lost?
a. 10
b. 40
c. 12
d. 18
d
The serial position curve measures:
a. the number of digits recalled in a digit-span task.
b. the order of input of the phonological loop.
c. the ability to order a serial list.
d. the likelihood of correct free recall of items as a function of the input order at
presentation.
d
George Sperling (1960) demonstrated the hypothetical existence of iconic memory
or visual sensory memory. Regarding this experiment, which of the following statements
is true?
a. Participants in the partial-report condition could remember 3 from that line,
suggesting that 9 letters were accessible visually at the time of recall.
b. The whole-report technique led to a greater estimate of letters that were visually
accessible.
c. More information was accessible when echoic memory was used than when iconic
memory was used.
d. No information was accessible when echoic memory was used.
a
Research on training working memory shows that:
a. training working memory immediately generalizes to long-term memory tasks.
b. by training our working memory, we can boost our ability to learn and remember facts
and vocabulary words.
c. With practice, we can improve our ability to remember digit spans and other
measures of working memory, but improving on these tasks does not automatically
translate to better reading comprehension.
d. memory is really not retrainable.
c
In a task, participants are asked to hold a visual image of what their best friends
look like. While holding that image, they are asked to perform a digit span task. You
would expect:
a. the participants holding the visual image would perform just as well as a control group
not holding a visual image because the two tasks use different working memory sub-
systems.
b. the participants holding the visual image would perform better than the control group
not holding a visual image because the two tasks use different working memory sub-
systems.
c. the participants holding the visual image would perform worse than control group not
holding a visual image because the two tasks use different working memory sub-
systems.
d. the participants holding the visual image soon lost interest.
a
Rudolf is given a list of seven reindeer games to remember. Rudolf rehearses the
names of the games in working memory. According to the capacity theory of working
memory, Rudolf:
a. will be unable to remember all the games because the number exceeds the capacity
of working memory.
b. with rehearsal, should be able to keep the items in working memory as he has not
exceeded the capacity of working memory
c. rehearsal only applies to digits, not names.
d. will have to chunk all of the items in order to recall them.
b
Articulatory suppression requires the use of the:
a. coconcurrent task loop.
b. phonological loop.
c. phonological task.
d. phonological encoding.
b
Short-term memory for a short period of time is for what kind of introspection?
a. unconscious
b. subliminal
c. conscious
d. spiritual
c
The Central Executive coordinates the visuospatial sketchpad and the phonological
loop to control:
a. focus of attention.
b. episodic memory.
c. sensory memory.
d. metacognition
a
The episodic buffer holds episodic memories for a brief time to allow them to
transfer between the work and what type of memory?
a. long-term
b. short-term
c. preterm
d. postterm
a
This is the workings of our auditory working memory system.
a. Phonological Loop
b. Visuospatial Sketchpad
c. Sounding instrument
d. Episodic Buffer
a
The phonological loop is mildly impaired in the presence of background speech.
This is known as what type of speech?
a. loud
b. buffered
c. slurred
d. irrelevant
d
This is a widespread myth of learning that was to improve learning.
a. Hamlet
b. Mozart
c. Vallar
d. Baddeley
b
To obtain positive effects of learning can be processed in the phonological loop
through:
a. memory rehearsal.
b. recall rehearsal.
c. quiet study.
d. music.
c
Irrelevant speech has direct implications on this kind of improvement.
a. sensory
b. rehearsal
c. mnemonic
d. neuron
c
Which type of tasks interfere less with the visuospatial sketchpad?
a. auditory
b. visual
c. sensory
d. both visual and auditory
a
Integrated information in a short-term memory system requires an:
a. executive central.
b. integrated code.
c. arithmetic code.
d. episodic buffer.
d
The n-back task is the reporting of a digit that occurred n-digits that occur
somewhere in a line of digits.
a. before
b. after
c. in place
d. summarizing
c
The working memory model proposed by Baddeley states that working memory is
actually composed of a number of systems bound together by an:
a. associative bond.
b. n-backed test.
c. executive centrals.
d. attentional mechanism.
d
An episodic buffer links two systems together and is activated when meaning needs
to be extracted from the:
a. episodic memory.
b. n-back task.
c. phonological loop.
d. visuospatial sketchpad.
c
1.The current contents of working memory are thought to be equivalent to conscious
awareness.
True
The memory is a limited capacity system and can only hold so much memory.
True
Sensory memory holds literal iformation.
True
4.Primary memory is long term memory.
False
The digit span task reports the amount of information that can be maintained in
working memory.
F
Word length does not affect memory.
False
Elaborative rehearsal and elaborative rehearsal do basically the same thing in
memory.
True
The rehearsal prevention task prevents a participant from maintaining information in
working memory.
True
Phonological loop effect is not impaired in the presence of background noise.
False
Duration of information in working memory is the amount of time information will
remain in working memory but only if not rehearsed.
True
Duration of information in working memory is the amount of time information will
remain in working memory but only if not rehearsed.
True
Articulatoy suppression tasks prevent rehersal within the phonological loop.
True
In an n-backed task a cue will indicate a must report that a digit occurred n digits
before, n will vary depending on the task requirements.
True
Baddeley stated that working memory is a single system within itself.
False
Working memory is not considered to be in the active contents of consciousness.
False
Alzheimer's disease is accompanied by a deficit in working memory and therefore
can be distinguished during the early phases from other organic deficits by examining
working memory performance.
True
Primary memory is a term used to mean ______ memory.
short-term
______ memory holds literal information for a fraction of a second.
sensory
______ memory is auditory sensory memory.
iconic
______ memory is visual sensory memory.
iconic
______ is the amount of memory that can be stored in working memory.
capacity
A ______ span task can only be used in specific experiments. These experiments
involve memory presented by an experimenter to determine memory.
digital
The work of G.A. Miller involved a specific type of information system involving
possible decomposable ______ involving more information.
chunks
Baddely considered working memory as having a space of time between the visual
and auditory working memory. He termed this space as the _____.
phonological loop
An individual was involved in a traumatic occurrence and did not seem to be able to
remember more than a few words but could still maintain a working memory. However,
his speech was slower than normal. The amount of time it took him to pronounce a word
is called ______.
pronunciation time
`Most of us will find it easy to remember shorter names of people. However, when
introducing friends with longer names to others, we cannot remember those names as
quickly as the folks with shorter names. This is referred to the ______ length effect.
word
Describe the working memory system of the phonological loop.
Auditory, rehearsal, short-term memory to long-term memory, and limited-capacity
system that holds auditory information for brief periods.
Explain the irrelevant speech effect.
Mildly impaired phonological loop.
List and describe the three main units for visuospatial information processing.
Visuospatial sketch pad, episodic buffer, and phonological loop.
Explain Articulatory suppression.
Prevents rehearsal in the phonological loop.
Explain sensory memory, iconic memory, and echoic memory.
Brief memory, literal information, visual sensory memory, and auditory sensory
memory.
Describe working memory.
Neural structures, cognitive process, and short-term.
Explain the two types of rehearsal maintenance of memory.
Maintenance and elaborative
Explain a rehearsal prevention task and give one example.
It prevents maintenance of working memory and participants in remembering
words in a list.
Explain the primacy effect.
Encoding items into long-term memory.
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