EMT Chapters 12 & 13 - Shock and BLS

Which of the following is NOT an indication to stop CPR once you have started?care is transferred to a bystanderYou should attempt to maintain a chest compression fraction of at least:60%What is the correct management of a conscious infant who is choking?back blows and chest thrustsThe main benefit of using a mechanical device for chest compressions is:the elimination of rescuer fatigue that results from manual compressionsTo ensure that you will deliver the appropriate number of chest compressions during one-rescuer adult CPR, you should compress the patient's chest at a rate of:100-120 bpm (5-6 cycles/2 min)If your patient has no pulse, you should immediately __________.begin chest compressionsWhich of the following is considered an obvious sign of death and would not require the initiation of CPR?dependent blood poolingWhich of the following maneuvers should be used to open a patient's airway when a spinal injury is suspected?jaw-thrustYou and your partner arrive at the side of a 60-year-old woman who collapsed about 7 minutes ago. She is unresponsive, apneic, and pulseless. You should:begin CPR and apply the AED as soon as it is availableYour initial attempt to ventilate an unresponsive, apneic 30-year-old man is met with resistance and you do not see the chest rise. Your second ventilation attempt is also unsuccessful. You should:perform 30 chest compressionsSeveral attempts to adequately open a trauma patient's airway with the jaw-thrust maneuver have been unsuccessful. You should:carefully perform the head tilt-chin lift maneuverWhich of the following is NOT a BLS intervention?cardiac monitoringDuring two-rescuer CPR, the compressor and ventilator switch positions. While rescuer one is finishing his or her cycle of 30 compressions, rescuer two should:move to the opposite side of the pt's chestAbdominal thrusts in a conscious child or adult with a severe upper airway obstruction are performed:until he/she loses consciousnessAfter establishing that an adult patient is unresponsive, you should:open the airwayAn apneic infant or child should be ventilated a maximum of _______ times per minute.20Which of the following techniques should you use to dislodge a foreign body airway obstruction in a patient who is in an advanced stage of pregnancy or who is very obese?chest thrustsWhat is the minimum number of chest compressions that should be delivered per minute to a 4-month-old infant?100What percentage of exhaled oxygen is delivered during mouth-to-mask breathing without supplemental oxygen?16%The proper depth of chest compressions on a 9-month-old infant is:one third - one half the diameter of the chestSigns of a sudden severe upper airway obstruction include all of the following, EXCEPT:forceful coughing (SIGNS = acute cyanosis, inability to speak, grasping at the throat)You should deliver chest compressions to an unconscious adult patient in cardiac arrest by:compressing the sternum between the nipplesCPR will NOT be effective if the patient is:proneComplications associated with chest compressions include all of the following, EXCEPT:gastric distentionYou have assessed an unresponsive middle-aged female and determined that she is in cardiac arrest. When you apply the AED pads, you note that she has a medication patch over the same area where one of the AED pads will be placed. You should:remove the medication patch, wipe away any residue, and apply the AED padsTo ensure that you will deliver the appropriate number of chest compressions during one-rescuer adult CPR, you should compress the patient's chest at a rate of about _______ per minute.100CPR should be initiated when:a valid living will is unavailableWhen performing CPR on a child, you should compress the chest:with one or two handsIf gastric distention is interfering with your ability to adequately ventilate a patient, you may have to:apply manual pressure to the abdomenWhen assessing the pulse of an unresponsive infant, you should palpate the ________ artery.brachialGastric distention will MOST likely occur:if you ventilate a pt too fastThe MOST appropriate treatment for a patient with a mild upper airway obstruction includes:administering O2 and transporting immediatelyWhich of the following statements regarding ventricular fibrillation (V-fib) is MOST correct?survival rates decrease by 7-10% every minute that v-fib persistsMost prehospital cardiac arrests occur as the result of:a cardiac arrhythmiaThe impedance threshold device may improve circulation during CPR by:limiting the amount of air that enters the lungs during the recoil phase between chest compressions which results in negative intrathoracic pressure and improved cardiac fillingInitial treatment to dislodge a severe foreign body airway obstruction in a responsive infant involves:back slapsThe AED gives a "no shock" message to a patient who is in cardiac arrest. What should you do?resume chest compressionsWhat is the maximum amount of time that should be spent checking for spontaneous breathing in an unresponsive child?10 secondsWhen performing CPR on an adult, you should compress the chest to what depth and at what a rate of compressions per minute?5-6 cm; 100-120 compressions/minWhen you are performing CPR on an adult or child, approximately how often should you reassess the patient for return of respirations and/or circulation?every 2 minutesWhat is the preferred method of removing a foreign body in an unresponsive child?abdominal thrustsYou are off duty and you come across an unresponsive child lying on the ground at a playground. She does not have a pulse and no one witnessed the collapse. What should you do?do 5 cycles of chest compressions and call 911You respond to a call in which a 6-year-old was hit by a car. She is responsive but struggling to breathe. What position should you place her in?a position of comfortWhen performing CPR on an infant, which of the following is correct?place two fingers in the middle of the sternum below the nipple lineCPR is in progress on a pregnant woman. Shortly after manually displacing her uterus to the left, return of spontaneous circulation occurs. Which of the following would MOST likely explain this?pressure was relieved from her aorta and vena cava, improving the effectiveness of chest compressionsIf an object is visible in the unconscious patient's airway, you should __________.remove itYour conscious patient has a mild partial airway obstruction. You should:encourage the pt to coughWhich intervention(s) would have the MOST positive impact on the cardiac arrest patient's outcome?Early CPR and defibrillationThe AED gives a "no shock" message to a patient who is in cardiac arrest. What should you do?Resume chest compressionsWhat is the maximum amount of time that should be spent checking for spontaneous breathing in an unresponsive child?10 secondsWhen performing CPR on an adult, you should compress the chest to what depth and at what a rate of compressions per minute?2 to 2.4 inches (5 to 6 cm); 100 to 120 compressions per minuteWhat is the proper compression-to-ventilation ratio for adult two-rescuer CPR?30:2When you are performing CPR on an adult or child, approximately how often should you reassess the patient for return of respirations and/or circulation?Every 2 minutesWhat is the preferred method of removing a foreign body in an unresponsive child?Abdominal thrustsYou are off duty and you come across an unresponsive child lying on the ground at a playground. She does not have a pulse and no one witnessed the collapse. What should you do?Do 5 cycles of chest compressions, and then call 9-1-1.You respond to a call in which a 6-year-old was hit by a car. She is responsive but struggling to breathe. What position should you place her in?Any position of comfortWhen performing CPR on an infant, which of the following is correct?Place two fingers in the middle of the sternum, just below the nipple lineA 60-year-old man is found to be unresponsive, pulseless, and apneic. You should:Begin CPR until an AED is availableBasic life support (BLS) is defined as:Noninvasive emergency care that is used to treat conditions such as airway obstruction, respiratory arrest, and cardiac arrestBetween each chest compression, you should __________.Allow full chest recoilComplications associated with chest compressions include all of the following, EXCEPT:Gastric distentionCPR is in progress on a pregnant woman. Shortly after manually displacing her uterus to the left, return of spontaneous circulation occurs. Which of the following would MOST likely explain this?Pressure was relieved from her aorta and vena cava, which improved chest compression effectivenessCPR retraining is the MOST effective when it:Involves hands-on practiceCPR should be initiated when:A valid living will is unavailableCPR will NOT be effective if the patient is:ProneGastric distention will MOST likely occur:If you ventilate a patient too quicklyIf an object is visible in the unconscious patient's airway, you should __________.Remove ItIn most cases, cardiopulmonary arrest in infants and children is caused by:Respiratory ArrestSeveral attempts to adequately open a trauma patient's airway with the jaw-thrust maneuver have been unsuccessful. You should:If you ventilate a patient too quicklySigns of a sudden severe upper airway obstruction include all of the following, EXCEPT:Forceful CoughingThe impedance threshold device (ITD) may improve circulation during active compression-decompression CPR by:Limiting the amount of air that enters the lungs during the recoil phase between chest compressions, which results in negative intrathoracic pressure and improved cardiac fillingWhat is the correct compression-to-ventilation ratio for adult CPR?30:2When performing CPR on a child, you should compress the chest:With one or two handsWhile rescuer one is finishing his or her fifth cycle of 30 compressions, rescuer two should:Move to the opposite side of the patient's chestWithout practice, your CPR skills will __________.Deteriorate over timeYour conscious patient has a mild partial airway obstruction. You should:Encourage the patient to coughYour partner is performing one-rescuer CPR on a middle-aged woman in cardiac arrest. When you apply the AED pads, you note that she has a medication patch over the same area where one of the AED pads will be placed. You should:Remove the medication patch, wipe away any medication residue, and apply the AED padsWhich of the following is considered an obvious sign of death and would not require the initiation of CPR?Dependent blood poolingYour initial attempt to ventilate an unresponsive, apneic 30-year-old man is met with resistance and you do not see the chest rise. Your second ventilation attempt is also unsuccessful. You should:Perform 30 chest compressionsThe main benefit of using a mechanical device for chest compressions is:The elimination of rescuer fatigue that results from manual compressions.Which of the following statements regarding the use of an AED in children is correct?AED use in children up to 8 years of age involves pediatric pads and an energy reducer.In two-rescuer adult CPR, you should deliver a compression to ventilation ratio of:30:2What is the correct management of a conscious infant who is choking?Back blows and chest thrustsAfter an advanced airway device has been inserted during two-rescuer CPR, you should:Deliver one rescue breath every 6 secondsA patient should be placed in the recovery position when he or she:Is unresponsive, uninjured, and breathing adequatelyWhich of the following is NOT an indication to stop CPR once you have started?Care is transferred to a bystanderIf your patient has no pulse, you should immediately __________.Begin chest compressionsA team of EMTs and paramedics are attempting to resuscitate a man who is in cardiac arrest while his wife and son are present. Which of the following should occur during the resuscitation attempt?One EMT should update the family on the interventions that have been performed and how the patient has responded.When ventilating an apneic adult with a bag-valve mask, you should deliver each breath:While watching for adequate chest riseWhich of the following statements regarding CPR is correct?CPR temporarily provides minimal circulation and ventilationRespiratory arrest usually occurs before cardiac arrest in __________.ChildrenTo ensure that you will deliver the appropriate number of chest compressions during one-rescuer adult CPR, you should compress the patient's chest at a rate of: .100 to 120 compressions per minuteWhich of the following maneuvers should be used to open a patient's airway when a spinal injury is suspected?Jaw-thrustYou should attempt to maintain a chest compression fraction of at least:60%Which of the following is true of infants and children?They consume oxygen much faster than adultsYou and your partner arrive at the side of a 60-year-old woman who collapsed about 7 minutes ago. She is unresponsive, apneic, and pulseless. You should:Begin CPR and apply the AED as soon as it is availableAfter ________ minutes without oxygen, permanent brain damage is possible.4 to 6Which of the following is a nonhemorrhagic cause of hypovolemic shock?DiarrheaWhy is it most important to frequently reassess vital signs for a patient with possible shock?To observe trends in the patient's conditionOne of the primary waste products of normal cellular metabolism that must be removed from the body by the lungs is:Carbon DioxideA 59-year-old male presents with severe vomiting and diarrhea of 3 days' duration. He is confused and diaphoretic, and his radial pulses are absent. His blood pressure is 78/50 mm Hg. After applying supplemental oxygen, you should:prepare for immediate transport.A 27-year-old male was stabbed in the chest during a disagreement at a poker game. As you approach him, you see that a knife is impaled in his chest. Before you make physical contact with the patient, it is MOST important to:Follow standard precautions.Patients develop septic shock secondary to:poor vessel function and severe volume loss.Shock is the result of:hypoperfusion to the cells of the body.Which of the following patients is in decompensated shock?A 20-year-old female with absent radial pulses and dilated pupilsA construction worker fell approximately 30 feet. He is semiconscious with rapid, shallow respirations. Further assessment reveals deformity to the thoracic region of his spine. His blood pressure is 70/50 mm Hg, his pulse is 66 beats/min and weak, and his skin is warm and dry. In addition to spinal immobilization and rapid transport, the MOST appropriate treatment for this patient includes:assisted ventilation, thermal management, and elevation of the lower extremities.You are on the scene of an unresponsive patient struck by a vehicle. You have completed the primary assessment. What should you do next?Transport the patientHypotension in a child with blunt or penetrating trauma is particularly significant because:it often indicates the loss of half of his or her blood volume.Cardiogenic shock may result from all of the following, EXCEPT:Increased preload.Capillary sphincters are:circular muscular walls that regulate blood flow through the capillaries.Which of the following would MOST likely result in hemorrhagic shock?Liver laceration.Widespread vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, and bronchoconstriction are the result of ___________.anaphylactic shockTemporary, widespread vasodilation and syncope caused by a sudden nervous system reaction MOST accurately describespsychogenic shock.The body's attempt to maintain balance of all systems of the body is called ________.homeostasisAll of the following conditions should make you suspect shock, EXCEPT:ischemic strokeIn order to recognize and treat early shock, the EMT must ___________.understand the pathophysiology of shockWhich of the following will assume control of involuntary functions during shock?Sympathetic nervous systemWhat are the three parts of the Perfusion triangle?A pump- the heart A set of pipes- the blood vessels or arteries The contents- the blood.Cardiogenic shockCaused by inadequate function of the heart, or pump failure.EdemaThe presence of abnormally large amounts of fluid between cells in the body tissue, causing swelling of the affected area.Obstructive shockCaused by a mechanical obstruction which prevents an adequate volume of blood to fill the heart chambers.Pulmonary embolismA blood clot that occurs in the pulmonary circulation and blocks the flow of blood through the pulmonary vessels.Distributive shockResults when there is a widespread dilation of the small arterioles, small venules, or bothWhat are the four most common types of distributive shock?Septic, Neurogenic, Anaphylactic, and Psychogenic.Hypovolemic shockThe result of an inadequate amount of fluid or volume in the circulatory system.What is the last factor to be affected by shock and once it does its too late?Blood pressure______ shock is characterized by rapid, weak pulse; low blood pressure; a change in mental status; cyanosis; cool, clammy skin; and an increased respiratory rate.hypovelmic shockshocka state of collapse and failure of the cardiovascular systemafterloadThe force or resistance against which the heart pumps.anaphalactic shocksevere shock caused by an allergic reactionAnaphylaxisan extreme, often life-threatening allergic reaction to an antigen to which the body has become hypersensitive.aneurysmA swelling or enlargement of a part of an artery, resulting from weakening of the arterial wall.autonomic nervous systemthe part of the nervous system that regulates involuntary activities such as heart rate, blood pressure, and digestion of foodcardiac tamponadeCompression of the heart as the result of buildup of blood or other fluid in the pericardial sac, leading to decreased cardiac output.cardiogenic shockA state in which not enough oxygen is delivered to the tissues of the body, caused by low output of blood from the heart. It can be a severe complication of a large acute myocardial infarction, as well as other conditions.Compensated shockThe early stage of shock, in which the body can still compensate for blood loss.cyanosisblue discoloration of the skin caused by a lack of adequate oxygen in the blooddecompensated shockThe late stage of shock when blood pressure is falling.dehydrationLoss of water from the tissues of the body.distributive shockA condition that occurs when there is widespread dilation of the small arterioles, small venules, or both.edemaThe presence of abnormally large amounts of fluid between cells in body tissues, causing swelling of the affected area.homeostasisa balance of all systems in the bodyhypothermiathe condition of having an abnormally low body temperature, typically one that is dangerously low.myocardial contractilityThe ability of the heart muscle to contract.neurogenic shockCirculatory failure caused by paralysis of the nerves that control the size of the blood vessels, leading to widespread dilation; seen in patients with spinal cord injuries.pericardial effusiona collection of fluid between the pericardial sac and the myocardiumpulse pressurethe difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressuresensitizationDeveloping a sensitivity to a substance that initially caused no allergic reaction.sphinctersCircular muscles that encircle and, by contracting, constrict a duct, tube, or opening.syncopefainting or sudden loss of consciousness caused by lack of blood supply to the cerebrumabdominal-thrust maneuverThe preferred method to dislodge a severe airway obstruction in adults and children; also called the Heimlich maneuver.active compression-decompression CPRA technique that involves compressing the chest and then actively pulling it back up to its neutral position or beyond (decompression); may increase the amount of blood that returns to the heart, and thus, the amount of blood ejected from the heart during the compression phase.chest compression fractionThe total percentage of time during a resuscitation attempt in which active chest compressions are being performed.dependent lividityBlood settling to the lowest point of the body, causing discoloration of the skin.gastric distentionA condition in which air fills the stomach, often as a result of high volume and pressure during artificial ventilation.hyperventilationventilation of the lungs beyond normal body needsimpendance threshold device (ITD)A valve device placed between the endotracheal tube and a bag-valve mask that limits the amount of air entering the lungs during the recoil phase between chest compressions.ischemiaA lack of oxygen that deprives tissues of necessary nutrients, resulting from partial or complete blockage of blood flow; potentially reversible because permanent injury has not yet occurred.load-distributing band (LDB)A circumferential chest compression device composed of a constricting band and backboard that is either electrically or pneumatically driven to compress the heart by putting inward pressure on the thorax.mechanical piston deviceA device that depresses the sternum via a compressed gas-powered plunger mounted on a backboard.recovery positionA side-lying position used to maintain a clear airway in unconscious patients without injuries who are breathing adequately.return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC)The return of a pulse and effective blood flow to the body in a patient who previously was in cardiac arrest.rigor mortisstiffness of the body that sets in several hours after deathstridorHarsh or high-pitched respiratory sound, caused by an obstruction of the air passagesventilationExchange of air between the lungs and the environment, spontaneously by the patient or with assistance from another person, such as an EMT.Capillary hydrostatic pressure (CHP)forces fluid out of capillaries into interstitiuminterstitial fluid hydrostatic pressurethe pressure created by fluid located in the interstitial spaces which helps push fluid and solutes into capillariesMicrocirculationterm used to describe the small vessels in the vasculature that are embedded within organs and responsible for the distribution of blood within tissuesHow many compressions to reestablish effective blood flow5-10 compressions

EMT Chapters 12 & 13 - Shock and BLS

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