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Unit 4 Exam - Human A&P

Terms in this set (168)

Which type of muscle requires voluntary nervous stimulation for activation?

cardiac
smooth
skeletal
visceral
Skeletal


In order to contract, skeletal muscle fibers must be voluntarily stimulated by the nervous system. The site of muscle stimulation, where the nerve fiber communicates with the muscle fiber, is called the neuromuscular junction.
Which of the following are correctly paired?

cardiac muscle; voluntary control
smooth muscle; striated
cardiac muscle; nonstriated
skeletal muscle; voluntary control
skeletal muscle; voluntary control
Which of the following statements is true?


- Smooth muscle cells have T tubules.

- Cardiac muscle cells are found in the heart and large blood vessels.

- Skeletal muscle cells are long and cylindrical with many nuclei.

- Cardiac muscle cells have many nuclei.
Skeletal muscle cells are long and cylindrical with many nuclei.
In the intro video, I compared the origin to: ___________

an anchor that keeps a boat from moving
heavy weight that is too large to move
closed and locked door that will not budge
gravity
an anchor that keeps a boat from moving
The _____________ is the non-moving attachment site of a muscle.

insertion
proximous attachment
origin
medial attachment
Origin
The_______________ is the site of muscle attachment to a bone that is moved by that muscle.

proximous attachment
origin
insertion
distal attachment
moving attachment site
Insertion



When a muscle contracts, the movable bone, the muscle's insertion, moves toward the immovable or less movable bone, the origin.
Arrow A points to the origin- attachment site that does not move
Which letter is pointing to the origin?

Arrow A points to the origin- attachment site that does move

Arrow B points to the origin- attachment site that does move

Arrow A points to the origin- attachment site that does not move

Arrow B points to the origin- attachment site that does not move
Which muscle is the antagonist of the triceps brachii?

biceps brachii
pronator teres
brachialis
deltoid
biceps brachii
Which pair or group of muscles would correctly be classed as synergistic?

occipitalis and frontalis
buccinator and zygomaticus minor
temporalis and masseter
platysma and temporalis
temporalis and masseter




synergistic muscles work together to perform a similar movement. The masseter is the prime mover of the mandible, it elevates the mandible. The temporalis also elevates the mandible, but is not as strong and works to assist during elevation.

Hint: Clench your teeth together and place a finger at the lower corner of the jaw in front of your ear. You will feel the masseter bulge out and you can feel how large this muscle truly is. Again clench your teeth, but now place fingers over your temple, to the side of your forehead and you will only feel a slight bulge of the temporalis muscle.
Which term best identifies a muscle cell?

muscle fiber
muscle fascicle
myofibril
sarcomere
muscle fiber
A fascicle is ______________________.

a connective tissue covering
an organelle within muscle fibers
a group or bundle of muscle cells
a group or bundle of muscle cells
B
Which of the following corresponds to a single fascicle?

A
B
C
D
circular
This muscle has a ___________ arrangement of fascicles.

fusiform
circular
bipennate
multipennate
parallel
convergent
Which muscle has a multi pennate type of fascicle arrangment?

zygomaticus major
external oblique
pectoralis major
deltoid
rectus femoris
Deltoid
parallel
This muscle has a ___________ arrangement of fascicles.

fusiform
circular
bipennate
multipennate
parallel
convergent
The ability of a muscle to shorten in length when stimulated is: _________

elasticity
extensibility
excitability
contractility
contractility
The ability of a muscle to receive and respond to stimulation by a nerve cell : _________

contractility
excitability
extensibility
elasticity
excitability
The ability of a muscle to stretch past its normal resting length is: _________

excitability
elasticity
extensibility
contractility
extensibility
How to do we name muscles?
How many different reasons (or criteria) was discussed?

10 of the 100 reasons
5 reasons
7 reasons
3 of the 10 reasons
7 reasons
Shape
This muscle was named due to:

direction of fibers
relative size
number of origins
shape
location
action
points of attachment
Deltoid
Which other muscle was mentioned that was also named for its shape?

Frontalis
Deltoid
Zygomaticus
Levator ani
The temporalis muscle was named due to:

direction of fibers
relative size
number of origins
shape
location
action
location
external oblique
This muscle is the external _________:

external oblique
external aponeurosis
external abdominus
external linea alba
Location
External indicates:

direction of fibers
relative size
number of origins
shape
location
action
points of attachment
direction of fibers
Oblique indicates:

direction of fibers
relative size
number of origins
shape
location
action
points of attachment
direction of fibers
These 3 trunk muscles were named due to:

direction of fibers
number of origins
shape
action
Relative size
These 2 muscles were named to due:

direction of fibers
relative size
number of origins
shape
action
Biceps
Both of these muscles have the same 1st name:

Bicep
Tricep
pectoralis
Biceps
Triceps
location and number of origins
Both muscles were named for two reasons: ____________ and _____________.

number of origins and action
location and number of origins
number of insertions and location
attachment points and direction of fibers
relative size and location
The zygomatic major was named due to 2 reasons:

location and number of origins
number of insertions and action
attachment points and direction of fibers
relative size and location
Pronator teres
Which muscle was named due to this action?

Brachioradialis
Trapezius
Pronator teres
Biceps brachii
Group: Adductors, named due to action
This is the ___________ and is named due to ___________.

Group Abductors, named due to action
Group: Adductors, named due to action
Group: flexors, named due to action
Group: Extensors, named due to action
One single muscle cell is also known as a _____________

muscle filament
myomere
muscle fiber
muscle sarcon
muscle fiber
muscle fibers
Letter B is pointing to: ___

muscle fibers
myofilaments
myofibrils
myosin fibers
B


A fascicle is an organized group of muscle fibers bounded by a perimysium.
Which structure corresponds to a single fascicle?

A
B
C
D
C

Note that a skeletal muscle cell is commonly termed a muscle fiber.
In the figure above, which structure corresponds to a single skeletal muscle cell?

A
B
C
D
epimysium
Letter A is pointing to ___________ which is connective tissue that surrounds the entire muscle

endomysium
epimysium
perimysium
sarcolemma
tendon
The connective tissue that covers structure A is continuous with which of the following?

ligament
endomysium
tendon
sarcolemma
Which of the following surrounds the individual muscle cell?

epimysium
endomysium
fascicle
perimysium
endomysium
The connective tissue sheaths of skeletal muscle, in order from internal to external, are the ________.

epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium
epimysium, endomysium, and perimysium
endomysium, epimysium, and perimysium
endomysium, perimysium, and epimysium
perimysium, endomysium, and epimysium
endomysium, perimysium, and epimysium
mys
sarc
myo
mes
mys
metria
sarc
myo
skeletal muscle and liver
only within skeletal muscle
skeletal muscle and spleen
skeletal muscle and liver
only within liver and spleen
1 muscle fiber
Letter D is pointing to a: __

1 myofibril
1 muscle fiber
1 myofilament
fascicle
True
A myofibril is larger than a myofilament. (T/F)
sarcolemma
Letter C is pointing to the: ___

fascicle
sarcomere
sarcolemma
T tubule
myofibrils
Name these rod like structures found within 1 muscle cell at Arrow B:

myofilaments
myofibrils
muscle fibers, actin or myosin
sarcomeres
80%
80%
50%
75%
100%
T tubule
A
A band
B
I band
C
Sarcolemma
D
Triad
E
Terminal cisterns
F
Myofibrils
G
Calcium
Calcium
Iron
ATP
glycogen
sarcomere

Sarcomere -a man made term describing the length from triad to triad (which corresponds to Z line to Z line). This unit repeats over and over along the entire length of a muscle cell.
Letter A at the red bracket is pointing to a _________ which is a man made term for a repeating unit (from Triad to triad)

troponin
sarcon
sarcolemma
sarcomere
terminal cisternae of sarcoplasmic reticulum
T tubule
Which are found in a Triad?

terminal cisternae of sarcoplasmic reticulum
troponin
T tubule
tropomyosin
Transverse tubule
terminal tubule
Transverse tubule
terminal cisternae
troponin
tropomyosin
actin
Thin myofilaments are made of which protein? ____

dystrophin
myosin
actin
collagen
striations
This picture shows skeletal muscle cells: the faint stripes are known as _________.

Z lines
striations
striae
myostripes
thick myofilament
Myosin is a protein found within: ___

muscle sarcon
thick myofilament
thin myofilament
T tubule of the triad
The Dark band is known as the "A" band
The Dark band is known as the "K" band
The Dark band is known as the "A" band
The Dark band is known as the "I" band
The Dark band is known as the "D" band
1 thin myofilament
Letter G is pointing to a: __

1 muscle fiber
fascicle
1 myofibril
1 thin myofilament
1 thick myofilament
Z line
A sarcomere is a man made term that designates a repeating unit of the muscle fiber and is labeled in the image below.

Arrow A points to 2 places that border that sarcomere on either side. What does letter A point to?

dark band
thin myofilament
thick myofilament
Z line
thick
Letter B in RED is pointing to the ________ myofilament.

titin
thick
actin
thin
Sarcomere
Myosin myofilament
Actin myofilament
Sarcomere
covers the binding sites on the actin myofilament
What is the function of the rope like structure at Letter B

binds to ATP
recognizes calcium
covers the binding sites on the actin myofilament
provides elasticity during contraction
Calcium
Tropomyosin
Actin
Calcium
Sarcolemma
myosin
Tropomyosin
Actin
ATP molecule
A synaptic cleft is _________________

the fusion point of neural tissue with muscle tissue
the contact site for the axon terminal and the myosin head
the small gap between the axon terminal and the sarcolemma
the ion gated channel that has a receptor for Acetylcholine
the small gap between the axon terminal and the sarcoplasm
the small gap between the axon terminal and the sarcolemma
In a neuromuscular junction, synaptic vesicles in the motor neuron contain which neurotransmitter?

acetylcholine (ACh)
norepinephrine
dopamine
serotonin
acetylcholine (ACh)
When an action potential arrives at the axon terminal of a motor neuron, which ion channels open?

voltage-gated potassium channels
voltage-gated sodium channels
chemically gated calcium channels
voltage-gated calcium channels
voltage-gated calcium channels
What means of membrane transport is used to release the neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft?

exocytosis
a channel
a protein carrier
exocytosis
How is acetylcholine (ACh) removed from the synaptic cleft?

acetylcholinesterase (AChE; an enzyme) only
simple diffusion away from the synaptic cleft and acetylcholinesterase (AChE; an enzyme)
acetylcholinesterase (AChE; an enzyme) and endocytosis into the muscle fiber
simple diffusion away from the synaptic cleft and endocytosis into the muscle fiber
simple diffusion away from the synaptic cleft and acetylcholinesterase (AChE; an enzyme)
The action potential on the muscle cell leads to contraction due to the release of calcium ions. Where are calcium ions stored in the muscle cell?

sarcolemma
terminal cisterns (cisternae) of the sarcoplasmic reticulum
T tubule
cytosol
terminal cisterns (cisternae) of the sarcoplasmic reticulum
acetylcholine, binds to a specific receptor on the sarcolemma
___________is a chemical neurotransmitter that is released from the neuron, crosses the synaptic cleft and binds to a specific receptor on the ________.

acetic acid, binds to a specific receptor on the myofibril
acetylcholine, binds to a specific receptor on the actin myofilament
dopamine, binds to a specific receptor on the sarcomere
acetylcholine, binds to a specific receptor on the sarcolemma
Which is the next step that happens after the action potential is re-generated on the sarcolemma of the muscle cell?

Calcium is released
myosin retracts the head portion
ATP binds to myosin
action potential moves through sarcolemma and then down the T tubule
action potential moves through sarcolemma and then down the T tubule
Transverse tubule
The red arrow is pointing to the extension of the sarcolemma, the __________

cisternae
Transverse tubule
troponin
triad
Calcium

be sure that you know the steps of the sliding filament theory in order for the exam
actin
tropomyosin
ATP
Calcium
Potassium
change in voltage
ATP hydolysis
binding of a neurotransmitter
change in voltage
osmotic pressure differences
calcium binds to troponin
calcium binds to tropomyosin
calcium binds to troponin
myosin retracts the head portion
ATP enters the sarcoplasmic reticulum
ATP binds to troponin
When troponin changes shape, it moves tropomyosin (the long, ropelike protein on actin) and this _____

allows myosin to bind to tropomyosin
uncovers the binding sites on actin, allowing myosin to bind to actin
uncovers the binding sites on actin, allowing ATP to bind
exposes ATP and allows myosin to reduce its overall size and shape
uncovers the binding sites on actin, allowing myosin to bind to actin
Once the action potential causes calcium to be released from the Sarcoplasmic reticulum, the actual events that cause contraction occur in a cycle that will repeat over and over until either: full contraction of the muscle or: stop signalling the muscle to contract.

Which is the 1st of the 4 steps of the cross bridge cycle?

return of myosin to high energy state
new ATP binds myosin and myosin creates the "power stroke"
myosin head detaches from actin
myosin crossbridge formation
myosin crossbridge formation
The energy molecule, ATP, is responsible for 3 important steps of the sliding filament theory.

Which is NOT 1 of the 3 ?


ATP molecule required to disconnect myosin from actin
ATP required to bind myosin head to tropomyosin
ATP needed to transport calcium back to the terminal cisternae of sarcoplasmic reticulum after contraction
ATP energizes the head of the myosin myofilament to allow the "power stroke"
ATP required to bind myosin head to tropomyosin
The cross bridge cycle is a series of molecular events that occur after excitation of the sarcolemma. What is a cross bridge?

ATP bound to a myosin head
A myosin head bound to actin
Troponin bound to tropomyosin
Calcium bound to troponin
A myosin head bound to actin
Part B Part completeWhat structure is the functional unit of contraction in a skeletal muscle fiber?

The cross bridge
The sarcomere
The junctional folds of the sarcolemma
The triad
The sarcomere
Calcium ions couple excitation of a skeletal muscle fiber to contraction of the fiber. Where are calcium ions stored within the fiber?

Calcium ions are stored in the transverse tubules.
Calcium ions are stored in the nuclei.
Calcium ions are stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
Calcium ions are stored in the mitochondria.
Calcium ions are stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
After a power stroke, the myosin head must detach from actin before another power stroke can occur. What causes cross bridge detachment?

Acetylcholine binds to receptors in the junctional folds of the sarcolemma.
ADP and inorganic phosphate are bound to the myosin head.
ATP binds to the myosin head.
Calcium ions bind to troponin.
ATP binds to the myosin head.
How does the myosin head obtain the energy required for activation?

The energy comes from the direct phosphorylation of ADP by creatine phosphate.
The energy comes from the hydrolysis of ATP.
The energy comes from the hydrolysis of GTP.
The energy comes from oxidative phophorylation.
The energy comes from the hydrolysis of ATP.
What specific event triggers the uncovering of the myosin binding site on actin?

Calcium ions bind to tropomyosin and change its shape.
Calcium ions bind to troponin and change its shape.
Calcium release channels open in the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and calcium levels rise in the sarcoplasm.
Sodium ions bind to troponin and change its shape.
Calcium ions bind to troponin and change its shape.
When does cross bridge cycling end

Cross bridge cycling ends when ATP binds to the myosin head.
Cross bridge cycling ends when sufficient calcium has been actively transported back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum to allow calcium to unbind from troponin.
Cross bridge cycling ends when calcium release channels in the sarcoplasmic reticulum open.
Cross bridge cycling ends when calcium ions are passively transported back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
Cross bridge cycling ends when sufficient calcium has been actively transported back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum to allow calcium to unbind from troponin.
What causes the release of calcium from the terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum within a muscle cell?

arrival of an action potential
ATP
calcium ion pump
troponin
arrival of an action potential
The binding of calcium to which molecule causes the myosin binding sites to be exposed?

actin
troponin
tropomyosin
myosin
troponin
A myosin head binds to which molecule to form a cross bridge?

actin
tropomyosin
troponin
actin
What causes the myosin head to disconnect from actin?

binding of troponin
hydrolysis of ATP
binding of ATP
binding of calcium
binding of ATP
What causes the power stroke?

release of ADP and Pi
hydrolysis of ATP
calcium
binding of ATP
release of ADP and Pi
terminal cisternae of the Sarcoplasmic reticulum
On either side of this T tubule is a ______ of the Sarcoplasmic reticulum (at tips of 2 red arrows)

terminal partition of the mycoplasm
terminal cisternae of the Sarcoplasmic reticulum
plexus of the sarcoplasmic reticulum
tropomyosin of the Sarcoplasmic reticulum
triad
The central T tubule plus the 2 areas at the tip of the 2 red arrows is known as a :____

trioplex
trimyosarcoplexium
triad
triple myoplex
shortens in length. (z line gets closer to z line)
During a contraction, the sarcomere (indicated by the red bracket) : __________

fragments into 3 portions known as the "triad"
remains the same length
lengthens (z lines get farther apart)
shortens in length. (z line gets closer to z line)
adenosine diphosphate
During muscle contraction, ATP transfers energy to the myosin head, 1 phosphate group is broken off, leaving: _____

adenosine triphosphatine
Adenosine monophosphate
AMP
adenosine diphosphate
When a muscle fiber contracts, the first energy source that will be used is:

stored glycogen
glucose within the cell and nearby bloodstream
creatine phosphate molecules
ATP within that muscle fiber
ATP within that muscle fiber
Which of the following is the only carbohydrate that will enter the muscle cell (to be used in production of ATP)?

adipose
glucose
lactose
sucrose
glucose
Glycogen is an energy storage molecule found in skeletal muscle, composed of branched chains of_______________

starch
sucrose
disaccharides
glucose
glucose
Where in the human body do we store glycogen?

subcutaneous fat
skeletal muscle and spleen
all internal organs and in blood
skeletal muscle and the liver
skeletal muscle and the liver
Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose which occurs in the ___________ of the muscle cell.

sarcolemma
sarcoplasmic reticulum
sarcoplasm
mitochondria
sarcoplasm
How does a muscle cell produce the majority of ATP ?

glucose is broken down by structures known as ribosomes
majority of cellular ATP is produced in the organelle, the mitochondria
none of the choices are true
all of the cellular ATP is made in the organelle, the lysosome
majority of cellular ATP is produced in the organelle, the mitochondria
Which pathway for regenerating ATP provides the majority of the energy used for muscle activity during 30 minutes of light to moderate exercise?

use of stored ATP
anaerobic glycolysis
aerobic respiration
direct phosphorylation of ADP by creatine phosphate
aerobic respiration
When muscle cells break down glucose to generate ATP under oxygen deficient conditions, they will form ________.

glycogen
glucose
fatty acids
lactic acid
lactic acid
During vigorous exercise, there may be insufficient oxygen available to completely break down pyruvic acid for energy. As a result, the pyruvic acid is converted to ________.

lactic acid
stearic acid
a strong base
hydrochloric acid
lactic acid
The 100 meter dash is a quick and short run requiring explosive speed. On completion of the dash the runners will continue to breathe hard for several seconds to minutes even though they are no longer running. Which of the following is the best explanation for why this is so?

The runners' use of stored oxygen, glucose and creatine phosphate is being replenished and this requires a prolonged increase of oxygen intake.
Since the exercise was mostly aerobic exercise, the runners' bodies have not yet realized the run is over.
The runners' fast oxidative muscles are so slow to utilize oxygen it only begins aerobic respiration by the time the run has finished.
Slow oxidative fibers are recruited last and have only started to work at completion of the run.
The runners' use of stored oxygen, glucose and creatine phosphate is being replenished and this requires a prolonged increase of oxygen intake.
After a muscle cell uses all ATP present in that cell, it will then recreate ATP molecules from ADP by using __________

creatinine oxylate enzyme
ATP enzyme
breakdown of creatine phosphate
glycolysis
breakdown of creatine phosphate
Creatine phosphate functions in the muscle cell by ________.

forming a chemical compound with actin
forming a temporary chemical compound with myosin
storing energy that will be transferred to ADP to resynthesize ATP
inducing a conformational change in the myofilaments
storing energy that will be transferred to ADP to resynthesize ATP
What happens during long periods of muscle contraction, when the body cannot supply enough oxygen fast enough?

How do the muscle cells produce ATP?

anaerobic respiration
uses fat deposits stored within muscle cell
aerobic respiration
cells use ADP instead
anaerobic respiration
Which method or methods of energy production do NOT require oxygen to produce ATP?

breakdown of creatine phosphate
both glycolysis and creatine phosphate breakdown do not require oxygen
glycolysis, the breakdown of glucose
aerobic respiration (TCA cycle,ETS chain within mitochondria)
both glycolysis and creatine phosphate breakdown do not require oxygen
What is the purpose or function of myoglobin, a protein found in muscle fibers?

glucose storage
increases ATP storage
storage of extra oxygen
increases creatine phosphate production
storage of extra oxygen
What color is myoglobin?

brown (due to melanin pigments)
blue
red
clear, or colorless
red
Rigor mortis occurs because ________.

no ATP is available to release attached actin and myosin molecules
the cells are dead
sodium ions leak into the muscle causing continued contractions
proteins are beginning to break down, thus preventing a flow of calcium ions
no ATP is available to release attached actin and myosin molecules
Excitability
This describes the muscle characteristic: _________

Contractility
Extensibility
Excitability
Elasticity
a motor neuron
a motor nerve
a nerve
a sensory neuron
a motor neuron
a nerve cell
A motor unit is composed of 1 motor neuron and _________________________.
all the muscles fibers it stimulates (or controls)
2
How many motor units are illustrated in the figure?

1
2
5
9
4
4
3
5
2
10
What does recruitment mean?

increase number of motor units being stimulated by nerve
increase number of muscle twitches
addition of more fascicles to muscle
binding of ATP to a fascicle to increase strength
increase number of motor units being stimulated by nerve
recruitment of muscle fibers
The image below is an example of:

gradation of muscle diastasis
hyperflexion of muscle fibers
recruitment of muscle fibers
retention of muscle fibers
increase stimulation and/or increase number of motor units can lead to graded responses
by increasing frequency of stimulation of that muscle
increase number of motor units
increase stimulation and/or increase number of motor units can lead to graded responses
increase size of muscle fibers by increasing number of neural contacts
The response of a motor unit to a single action potential of its motor neuron is called ________.

wave summation
recruitment
a muscle twitch
a tetanic contraction
a muscle twitch
recruitment

Recruitment refers to the increased force generated by the activation of increasing numbers of motor units.
If both of the neurons in the figure were activated, more muscle fibers would contract than if either neuron alone were active. This mechanism for control of the force of muscle contraction is known as ______.

wave summation
tetanus
excitation-contraction coupling
recruitment
The muscle would increase in tension to a level greater than that measured at the beginning of phase C.
What result would be expected if an additional stimulus, equal in intensity to the first, were to be applied to the muscle at the 60 millisecond (ms) time point?

The muscle would increase in tension to a level greater than that measured at the beginning of phase C.
The tension exerted by the muscle would continue to decrease, but at a significantly slower rate than observed without the second stimulus.
The muscle would quickly return to the fully relaxed state of minimum tension.
Tension would increase to the same maximum force measured at the beginning of phase C.
The Muscle twitch is voluntarily controlled
The twitching eye is voluntarily controlled
The Muscle twitch is voluntarily controlled
Neither is voluntarily controlled
Both are voluntarily controlled
A muscle twitch is the response of a muscle fiber to a nerve (contraction and relaxation) ; it is an involuntary contraction.

false
true
False
What is the primary function of wave summation?

increase muscle tension
prevent muscle relaxation
produce smooth, continuous muscle contraction
prevent muscle fatigue
produce smooth, continuous muscle contraction
B
In which phase of the muscle twitch shown in the figure would the maximum amount of ATP be consumed by myosin head groups?

A
B
C
C
In which phase in the figure would the net movement of Ca2+ into the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) be greatest?

A
B
C
calcium
During a real contraction of a muscle, the neuron keeps firing and keeps signalling which creates "wave summation" , leading to a smooth contraction due to this fusion of singular muscle twitches.

acetylcholine
calcium
ATP
troponin
neurotransmitter
False
The largest motor units (such as motor unit 3 in the picture below) will be stimulated first, and most often.

False
True
Muscle tone is ________.

a state of sustained partial contraction
the feeling of well-being following exercise
the condition of athletes after intensive training
the ability of a muscle to efficiently cause skeletal movements
a state of sustained partial contraction
Botox is used cosmetically to reduce wrinkles on the face and forehead.

Regarding muscle contraction, botox will cause ______?

hypertonia
isotonia
hypotonia
hypotonia
Which of the following can cause infantile botulism (in children less than 2 years of age)?
this leads to hypotonia....

honey
frozen ice cream or yogurt
asbestos or lead
IV solution with high glucose levels
Honey
The force of a muscle contraction is NOT affected by __________.

the number of muscle fibers stimulated
the size of the muscle fibers stimulated
the frequency of the stimulation
the amount of ATP stored in the muscle cells
the degree of muscle stretch
the amount of ATP stored in the muscle cells
In an isotonic contraction, the muscle ________.

rapidly resynthesizes creatine phosphate and ATP
changes in length and moves the "load"
does not change in length but increases tension
never converts pyruvate to lactate
changes in length and moves the "load"
A contraction in which the muscle does not shorten but its tension increases is called isometric contraction.

True
False
True
Which of the following statements is most accurate?

Muscle tension remains relatively constant during isotonic contraction.
T tubules may be sliding during isotonic contraction.
The I band lengthens during isotonic contraction.
Myofilaments slide during isometric contractions.
Muscle tension remains relatively constant during isotonic contraction.
During isometric contraction, the energy used appears as movement.

True
False
False
During an isometric type exercise, maximum tension may be reached, but no actual energy is expended.


true
false
False
In which type of contraction will tension reach maximum, but the muscle does not shorten or lengthen?

isotonic- eccentric
either isometric or isotonic
isometric
isotonic- concentric
isovolumetric- concentric
isometric
Referring to muscle contraction, both the muscle tension and the muscle's load will change during a contraction.

true
false
False
concentric
Which type of muscle contraction is seen in this image?

egocentric
concentric
isometric
eccentric
muscle tension will increase, load will remain constant
During this type of contraction, ______________

muscle tension will increase, load will decrease
muscle tone will decrease and the load will remain constant
muscle tension will increase, load will remain constant
muscle tension and muscle load will both increase
isometric
Which type of contraction is seen in the image below?

isotonic
eccentric
concentric
isovolumetric
isometric
Isometric contractions are important contractions that allow humans to hold their posture over time.

True
False
True
isotonic
Both contraction types shown in the image below are: _

isovolumetric
hypotonic
isometric
isotonic
In a/an _____type contraction, the muscle shortens as it contracts.

isotonic- concentric
isotonic- eccentric
isometric
either isometric or isotonic (muscle always shortens during a contraction)
isovolumetric- concentric
isotonic- concentric
What is the primary purpose of an eccentric contraction?

to increase the strength of the primary mover in the muscle pair
to provide a controlled resistance to gravity as the body part extends and flexes
to stabilize the joint and to provide controlled resistance to gravity during an extension
to stabilize the joint during an isometric contraction
to stabilize the joint and to provide controlled resistance to gravity during an extension
Part complete
A muscle that is lengthening while it produces tension is performing a(n) __________ contraction.

maximal
concentric
isometric
eccentric
eccentric
Most skeletal muscles contain ________.

a mixture of fiber types
a predominance of fast oxidative fibers
muscle fibers of the same type
a predominance of slow oxidative fibers
a mixture of fiber types
Why would slow twitch fibers appear "redder" in color?

no one knows....
they contain more myoglobin and the muscle has a rich supply of blood vessels
their muscle fibers are thinner, which makes the blood stand out in color
they contain more myofibrils, packed more densely together
they contain more myoglobin and the muscle has a rich supply of blood vessels
An increase in the percentage of red fibers allows an athlete to resist fatigue better than "white" fibers.

true
false
true
An average person who does not train for a specific sport, will not have any fast or slow twitch fibers.

They will only have the normal sarcophilic muscle fibers.

true
false
false
Slow oxidative muscle fibers are best suited for __________.

running a marathon
lifting heavy weights at the gym
hitting a baseball
running a 100-yard dash
running a marathon
1. _____________________ Depends on oxygen delivery and aerobic mechanisms.
2. ____________________ Have very fast-acting myosin ATPases and depend upon anaerobic metabolism during contraction.
3. ____________________ Red fibers, the smallest of the fiber types.
4. ___________________ Contain abundant amounts of glycogen.
5. ___________________ Abundant in muscles used to maintain posture.
6. ___________________ A relatively high percentage are found in successful marathon runners.
1. Slow (oxidative), fatigue-resistant fibers -Depends on oxygen delivery and aerobic mechanisms.

2. Fast (oxidative or glycolytic), fatigable fibers - Have very fast-acting myosin ATPases and depend upon anaerobic metabolism during contraction.

3. Slow (oxidative), fatigue-resistant fibers - Red fibers, the smallest of the fiber types.

4. Fast (oxidative or glycolytic), fatigable fibers - Contain abundant amounts of glycogen.

5. Slow (oxidative), fatigue-resistant fibers - Abundant in muscles used to maintain posture.

6. Slow (oxidative), fatigue-resistant fibers - A relatively high percentage are found in successful marathon runners.
Which muscle-fiber type is best suited for endurance activities, such as long-distance jogging?

slow glycolytic fibers
fast glycolytic fibers
fast oxidative fibers
slow oxidative fibers
slow oxidative fibers
An athlete with a higher percent of white fibers will have larger, bulkier muscles. (an example is a sprinter or a bodybuilder)

true
false
true
A marathon runner would most likely have a higher percentage of the fast twitch muscle fibers.

true
false
false
A muscle twitch is not the same thing as a muscle spasm.


false
true
true
Both the muscle cramp and the muscle spasm are involuntary contractions of a muscle, but how are they different?

both last long periods of time, but only the cramp is painful
a spasm is painful while a cramp is not
they are different due to different lengths of time and whether or not they are painful
location of the muscle will indicate if it is a spasm or a cramp
they are different due to different lengths of time and whether or not they are painful
A patient that has been in bed for months, sick with a terminal disease, will lose muscle mass due to: ____

muscle hypertrophy
muscular dystrophy
muscle atrophy
sarcopenia
muscle hypotrophy
muscle atrophy
In a bedridden patient recovering from a badly fractured femur, disuse atrophy in the thigh muscles is caused by _________.

decreased ability of muscle cells to produce ATP, resulting in decreased ability of the muscles to contract
decreased ability to synthesize acetylcholine in the neurons that innervate the thigh muscles
decreased synthesis of muscle proteins and/or increased breakdown of muscle proteins
none of the above
decreased synthesis of muscle proteins and/or increased breakdown of muscle proteins
PAD, peripheral artery disease, is a disorder in which the patient feels severe cramping pain in their leg muscles when walking.

PAD is due to:_____.

lack of blood flow carrying oxygen
increased blood flow due to high blood pressure
decrease in blood pressure
buildup of fatty plaque in arteries that decrease Carbon dioxide flow
lack of blood flow carrying oxygen
Which are 2 risk factors that were discussed, for PAD (peripheral artery disease)?

high blood pressure, history of any surgical procedure
cigarette smoking, recent travel out of country
death, diabetes
over 50 years old, history of heart disease
over 50 years old, history of heart disease
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