Derek, 7, refuses to enter closets unless he has a flashlight and someone with him. If a ball or Hot Wheel rolls under his bed, he will ask his mother to get it for him. He believes there are "monsters and ghosts" hiding in the closets, under beds, and in dark places in general. Does he exhibit a specific fear?
a. No, Derek actually meets the criteria for claustrophobia.
b. Yes, because Derek senses danger in the dark.
c. No, because Derek has an irrational fear of imaginary beings.
d. Yes, however, in Derek's imagination, he has substituted monsters and ghosts for animals. Vicente, 13, admits to his therapist Dean that, as a Hispanic, he always feels "cheated compared to the other kids and that's why I feel bad all the time." Since Vicente comes from a middle-class home, albeit both parents have to work more than one job, what Vicente says supports current research about a child's depression vis-à-vis his or her ethnicity and socioeconomic background?
a. For Vicente, that part of the brain that senses reward doesn't connect in a way that makes him feel good about himself.
b. Vicente evinces a neurological cause for his depression that is specific to Hispanic children.
c. For Vicente, his socioeconomic stress (SES) results in a misperception of his real circumstances and, with that, a precondition for his depression.
d. Vicente proves that children from economically stressed backgrounds have a form of depression that is imprinted on the brain early in childhood. This season was different. For over a month, Lucas. 12, keeps blocking the door when his parents have bowling night. This surprises them because he was proud that he never needed a babysitter. But now he worries that his parents might be changed into zombies or vampires. Which of the following symptoms for separation anxiety disorder (SAD) does he exhibit?
a. Persistent or excessive worry about losing major attachment figures or about possible harm to them, such as illness, injury, disasters, or death.
b. Persistent and excessive fear of or reluctance about being alone or without major attachment figures at home or in other settings.
c. Persistent and excessive fear of or reluctance about being alone or without major attachment figures at home or in other settings.
d. Persistent and excessive worry about experiencing an untoward event (e.g., getting lost, being kidnapped, having an accident, becoming ill) that causes separation from a major attachment figure. Teddy, 7, refuses to go outside in the dark. Ever since watching a documentary about UFOs, he is afraid that he will abducted. A plane, with its flashing lights in the night sky, terrifies him now. Which primary criterion for a specific phobia best describes his phobia?
a. The phobic object or situation almost always provokes immediate fear or anxiety.
b. Marked fear or anxiety about a specific object or situation (e.g., flying, heights, animals, receiving an injection, seeing blood).
c. None, since Teddy's fear is more in keeping with an obsession.
d. The fear or anxiety is out of proportion to the actual danger posed by the specific object or situation and to the sociocultural context. For the second summer in a row, Jimmy, 8, won't wear a bathing suit because "I'm a fat kid" and so won't go to the public pool unless his mother makes him. Once at the pool, he refuses to change his clothes and instead plays in the pool's video arcade until it is time to leave. Should Dean, his therapist, diagnose him as a child with SOC?
a. Jimmy's avoidance is persistent, from summer to summer. So, it typically last for 6 months or more.
b. No, Jimmy, being obese, has a medical condition.
c. Jimmy's fear or anxiety is marked by a social situation in which he is exposed to possible scrutiny by others.
d. Yes, Jimmy's fear is out of proportion to the actual danger posed by the sociocultural context. Lisa had cancer in middle school. Since then, the disease has been in remission for over a year year. Yet she started to touching her hair and sometimes plucking out individual hairs to "make sure it's staying in." Could she have hair-pulling disorder?
a. Yes, her hair pulling is associated with preventing a dreaded event, that is, the return of her cancer.
b. No, Lisa has another stress disorder unrelated to OCD and OCD-type behaviors.
c. Possibly, for Lisa associates hair loss with the cancer, a medical condition that cannot be the real cause for her behavior. (Getting cancer again is, nevertheless, the cause of her obsession and compulsive hair pulling.)
d. Not likely, for Lisa's hair pulling is associated with another medical condition. Derek, 7, refuses to enter closets unless he has a flashlight and someone with him. If a ball or Hot Wheel rolls under his bed, he will ask his mother to get it for him. He believes there are "monsters and ghosts" hiding in the closets, under beds, and in dark places in general. Does he exhibit a specific fear?
a. No, Derek actually meets the criteria for claustrophobia.
b. Yes, because Derek senses danger in the dark.
c. No, because Derek has an irrational fear of imaginary beings.
d. Yes, however, in Derek's imagination, he has substituted monsters and ghosts for animals. Vicente, 13, admits to his therapist Dean that, as a Hispanic, he always feels "cheated compared to the other kids and that's why I feel bad all the time." Since Vicente comes from a middle-class home, albeit both parents have to work more than one job, what Vicente says supports current research about a child's depression vis-à-vis his or her ethnicity and socioeconomic background?
a. For Vicente, that part of the brain that senses reward doesn't connect in a way that makes him feel good about himself.
b. Vicente evinces a neurological cause for his depression that is specific to Hispanic children.
c. For Vicente, his socioeconomic stress (SES) results in a misperception of his real circumstances and, with that, a precondition for his depression.
d. Vicente proves that children from economically stressed backgrounds have a form of depression that is imprinted on the brain early in childhood.