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oxygenation

Terms in this set (112)

Hypoxia
inadequate amount of oxygen to cells
dyspnea
difficulty breathing
hypoventilation
decreased rate or depth of air movement into the lungs
what is often caused by hypoxia?
hypoventilation
Factors affecting respiratory functioning
Level of health, developmental considerations, medications, lifestyle, environment, and psychological health
respiratory rate in an infant
30-60 breaths/min
respiratory rate in early childhood
20-40 breaths/min
respiratory rate in late childhood
15-25 breaths/min
respiratory rate in adults
16-20 breaths/min
medications that may affect respiratory functioning
opioids
lifestyle habits that may affect respiratory functioning
sedentary activity and smoking
environmental factors that may affect respiratory functioning
air pollution occupational exposure to asbestos
psychological factors that may affect respiratory functioning
stress
hyperventilation
increased rate and depth of ventilation above the body's normal requirements
essential component of assessing respiratory functioning
patients health history
tachypnea
rapid breathing
bradypnea
slow breathing
vesicular sounds
low-pitched, soft sounds heard over peripheral lung fields
bronchial sounds
loud, high-pitched sounds heard primarily over the trachea and larynx
bronchovesicular sounds
medium pitched blowing sounds heard over the major bronchi
adventitious breathing
abnormal lung sounds
crackles
high pitched, discontinuous pooping sounds (fluid)
crackles occur due to
inflammation or congestion
what are crackles associated with
pneumonia, COPD, CHF, and bronchitis
wheezes
continuous, musical sounds
what are wheezes associated with
asthma, tumors, or build up
pleural friction rub
dry grating sounds
pleural friction rub occurs due to
inflammation of pleural surfaces
common diagnostic tests
pulmonary function study, spirometry, peak expiratory flow rate, pulse oximetry, and thoracentesis
spirometry
measures the volume of air in liters exhaled or inhaled over time
peak expiratory flow rate
refers to the point of highest flow during forced expiration
pulse oximetry
noninvasive technique that measures the arterial oxyhemoglobin saturation of arterial blood
thoracentesis
procedure of puncturing the chest wall and aspirating pleural fluid
-extract no more than 1,000 ML
chest tube
Catheter inserted through the thorax into the chest cavity for removing air or fluid; used after chest or heart surgery or pneumothorax.
pneumothorax
collection of air or gas in the pleural space
deep breathing technique
maximizes ventilation, teach to a patient who breaths shallowly
diffusion
the movement of gas/particles from areas of higher pressure to areas of lower pressure
atelectasis
-incomplete lung expansion
-collapse of aveoli
-prevents pressure changes and the exchange of gas by diffusion in the lungs
how do oxygen and carbon dioxide move through the blood
by diffusion
green-yellow sputum
indicates an infection
water-seal chest tube drainage
never separate the tube from the drainage system unless clamped
what will you use to monitor the effectiveness of oxygen therapy
pulse ox.
what would you use peak expiratory flow rate for
to monitor severe respiratory diseases and the degree of disease control
when would you use a spirometer
-post op. to measure the volume of air in Liters exhaled or inhaled and to evaluate lung function and airway obstruction
normal pulse ox. range
95-100%
when are oxygen tents often used
in children who will not leave a face mask or nasal cannula in place
what should you do if a patient vomits as your inserting the oropharyngeal airway
remove airway, turn patient on their side to prevent aspiration, and suction the mouth if necessary
clubbing
-tips of fingers & toes become rounded and enlarged
-can be caused from long term tissue hypoxia
low flow oxygen
nasal cannula 22-44%
what does pursed-lip breathing address
dyspnea & anxiety
what does the incentive spirometer help with
-prevents/reduces atelectasis
-helps mobilize secretions
-maximizes lung inflation
how to measure the appropriate length of nasopharyngeal airway
when holding the airway on side of patients face, it should reach from the tragus of the ear to the nostril plus one inch
what will you find in a client with an impaired gas exchange
high respiratory rate
what should you use if the patient can cough effectively but cannot clear secretions
oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal suctioning
what breath sounds may be heard with left-sided heart failure
inspiratory crackles at lung bases
what can a fever lead do
increase metabolic demands requiring an increased oxygen need
which condition may lead to an inadequate supply of oxygen to the tissue
chronic anemia
bronchospasm
allergic response leading to difficulty breathing (example: a child stung by a bee and develops wheezing in upper airways)
flowmeter
regulates the amount of oxygen delivered to the client
what should you do if you get a weak signal from the pulse ox.
check vitals and the patients condition
what structural changes to the respiratory system should a nurse observe when caring for older adults
respiratory muscles become weaker
caring for a tracheostomy at home
clean rather than sterile technique can be used in the home setting
what drugs should cause to assess for respiratory distress before and after administration
opioid analgesics
FIO2 100%
non rebreather mask
nasal cannula L/min
1 L/min = 24%
2 L/min = 28%
3 L/min = 32%
4 L/min = 36%
5 L/min = 40%
6 L/min = 44%
metered dose inhaler
delivers a controlled medication with each compression of the canister
inhaled through the mouth slowly
spacer/extender may be used to aid delivery
nebulizers
disperse fine particles of liquid medication into the deeper passages of the respiratory tract
corticosteroids
reduce inflammation in airways
bronchodilator
inhaled medications to open narrowed airways
cough syrup
can disturb the metabolic balance of patients with diabetes or can trigger a relapse for recovering alcoholics
peak expiratory flow rate
the point of highest flow during forced expiration
spirometer
an instrument that measures lung volume and airflow
-patient inhales deeply and exhales forcefully into it
abnormal lung sounds
crackles, wheezes, and pleural friction rub
normal breath sounds
vesicular, bronchial, bronchovesicular
cigarette smoking
major contributor to lung disease and respiratory distress
most important risk factor for chronic COPD
hemothorax
blood in pleural space
plural effusion
fluid in the pleural space
tracheostomy
An artificial opening made into the trachea, usually at the level of the second of third cartilaginous ring
If a patient is wearing a mask, it should be removed every ___ hours so the skin can be dried because moisture from condensation can irritate the skin and face
2-3
Which type of mask delivers the highest concentration of oxygen?
non rebreather mask
Which type of mask delivers high flow oxygen and also delivers the most precise concentration of oxygen?
venturi
partial rebreather mask
bag and oxygen msk
-Ordered by % of inspired oxygen
-The bag conserves oxygen as it collects the first part of the patient's exhaled air
-That mixes with the % oxygen from the wall
-KEEPING BAG FULLY INFLATED
simple mask
Lower doses of O2 for short periods of time
Ex. Waking up from minimal anesthesia
nasal cannula
2 prongs in nostrils
deliveres low doses -ordered in liters
what should you do before applying mask to patient
allow bag to fill with oxygen before applying
weaning off of oxygen
1. decrease % of O2
2. Monitor ABgs
3. Monitor SaO2
what is located in the brainstem that controls respiratory function
respiratory center
which disease may result in decreased lung compliance
emphysema
While reading a physician's progress note, a student notes that an assigned patient is having hypoxia. What abnormal assessments would the student expect to find?
Dyspnea, Tachycardia, and Cyanosis
When a patient is described as being dyspneic, what signs/symptoms would they be showing?
SOB, nasal flaring, increased heart rate
function of the respiratory system
gas exchange
Carbon dioxide must be transported from the tissues to the ______.
lungs
The nurse ensures that the simple face mask fits snuggly over the patient's face for what reason?
To ensure they are getting the expected oxygen concentration
signs/symptoms of TB
Fatigue
Persistent cough
Night sweats
Which inhalant requires that the client rinse their mouth after administering the medication
powder inhaler
what are expectorants
These medications loosen bronchial secretions, and are often found in combination with antitussives or analgesics.
Can cause nausea and vomiting (N/V)
what is infiltrate
Cloudiness seen in the lungs, on an xray
What are precautionary methods used to reduce the risk of fire while O2 is in use?
Smoke only outside
Place cautionary signs on the outside of clients doors
Avoid materials that generate static electricity
what is the primary purpose of surfactant
to reduce surface tension of the fluid lining the alveoli
a patient who has difficulty breathing, increased resp. and pulse rates, and pale skin with regions of cyanosis may be suffering from what?
hypoxia
when inspecting a patients chest to assess resp. status, the nurse should be aware of what normal finding?
the chest should be slightly convex with no sternal depression
when percussing a normal lung, what sound should be heard?
resonance
which normal breath sound should be heard over the trachea
bronchial
a patient who develops air in the pleural space is experiencing which condition?
pneumothorax
which cough suppressant is generally preferred, despite its addictive quality?
cough syrup with codeine
a pt. who complains of difficulty breathing should be placed in which position?
fowlers position
which inhaler is used to liquify or loosen thick secretions
mucolytic agents
the brain in sensitive to hypoxia and will sustain irreversible brain damage after how many minutes?
4-6 minutes
how does pursed lip breathing help?
decreases the amount of air trapping and resistance
when caring for a patient with a trach. what should the nurse be aware of?
suctioning must be done using sterile technique
what is the function of the upper airway
purification of inspired air
inspiration
movement of muscles and thorax to bring air into the lungs
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