ventilator-associated events (VAEs)conditions that result in a significant and sustained deterioration in oxygen greater than 20% increase in the daily minimum fraction of inspired oxygen or an increase of at least 3cm h2O in the daily minimum positive end-expiraotry pressure to maintain oxygenationvalsalva maneuverbearing down while holding the breathbarotraumadamage to the lungs by positive pressurevolutraumadamage to the lungs by excess volume delivered to one lung over the other.atelectraumashear injury to alveoli from opening and closingbiotraumainflammatory response-mediated damage to alveoliventilator-associated lung injury/ventilator-induced lung injury (VALI/VILI)damage from prolonged ventilation causing loss of surfactant, increased inflammation, fluid leakage, and noncardiac pulmonary edema.weaningis the process of going from ventilatory dependence to spontaneous breathing.extubationis the removal of the endotracheal tube.stridoris a high pitched, crowing noise during inspiration caused by larngospasm or edema around the epiglottis.flail chestis the result of fractures of at least two neighboring ribs in two or more places.paradoxical chest wall movementinward movement of the thorax during inspiration, with outward movement during expiration.hemothoraxis bleeding into the chest cavity.tension pneumothoraxis a life threatening complication of pneumotheorax in which air continues to enter the pleural space during inspiration and does not exit during expiration.needle thoractostomyquick, temporary method of chest decompression in which large bore needle is used to vent trapped air pending chest tube insertion.
