Upgrade to remove ads
Only $2.99/month

Review checkpoints

Terms in this set (106)

Have variable infective dose of the following :
A.EHEC
B.Giardia
C.Salmonella
D.V.Cholera
Considered to be suitable temp for pathogens multiplication :
10-50 degree cent.
Initial tx of food-borne dz's involve :
Assessment and Reversal of dehydration > ORT / IV fluids
Initial Assessment of food-borne cases is done by ?
-Detailed clinical hx
-Detailed clinical ex
Common source of B.cereus emetic toxin is :
Fried Rice / Cooked Rice / Pasta
Rice Watery Stool indicates food intoxication caused by ?
V.cholera
Most vulnerable gps to foodborne dz's :
-Young children
-Elderly
-Immunocompromised ppl
Chief bacteria that cause more ppl to be hospitalized :
Salmonella > C.jejuni
Globally,_________ cases of infectious diarrhoea
3-5 billion .
Main global Environmental problems :
-Global Warming
-Ozone Depletion
-Transboundary transmission of pollutants
upper atmosphere
Thermosphere & Exosphere
2° air pollutants :
H2SO4 & O3
'Sulfuric Acid droplets' ex on:
particulate material pollutants
Related to %greenhouse gases*:
N-Oxides , C-Oxides , Hydrocarbons
Causes acid precipitation ?
Sulfur oxides
Tropospheric ozone
Man- made pollutant in the lower atmosphere
Stratospheric ozone
essential component that screens out UV radiation in the upper atmosphere
Environmental factors contribute to __________ of all deaths ww and______of all deaths among children 0-14 yo
23%
36%
An estimated _______of COPD is attributable to environmental risks.
42%
Over half of asthma deaths occur in ?
children under the age of 12
Globally, about _______- deaths per year from diarrhoeal dz's are attributable to environmental factors, essentially water, sanitation and hygiene.
1.5 million
Dz's w/ the largest absolute burden attributable to modifiable environmental factors include :
◾Diarrhea
▪ LRTIs
▪ 'other' unintentional injuries
▪ Malaria
The consequences of global warming phenomenon are:
1. Extreme heat
2. Natural disasters
3. Poor air quality
4. Allergens and other nuisances
5. Spreading dz's
The main sources of outdoor air pollution :
transportation and industry
+ Intentional forest fires
Causes of outdoor air pollution :
1-Global warming>Climate change
2-Ozone depletion
3-Temp inversion
The feeling of illness among majority of occupants of a conditioned space is called ______?
Sick Building Syndrome
Possible causes of SBS :
▪ Inadequatee* ventilation.
▪ Insufficientt* supply of outside air.
▪ Fluctuations in temperature & humidityy*.
_________________ was spawned in air conditioning ducts .
Legionnaire's dz
Causes airway restriction?
Nitrogen dioxides
Causes burning eyes, coughing, and chest discomfort ?
O3
Irritate respiratory tract and impair ability of lungs to exchange gases ?
Sulfur Dioxide and Particulate material
Work-related accidents causing injuries :
313million
Work-related fatal accidents :
350k
Globally , work-related deaths according to the ILO :
2.2million
"World day for safety and health at work" is observed annually on ?
28Apr
Theme of "world day for safety and health at work" for 2016 / 2017 / 2018 / 2019
2016 >> Workplace stress
2017 >>Optimize the collection and use of OSH data
2018 >>Safe and healthy generation
2019 >>Safe and healthy future of work
More than _____working children and young workers
500 million
At least _________children lose their lives caused by accidents every year.
22,000
"World day against child labor" is observed annually on ?
12Jun
The main aim of occupational health is :
eliminate the
hazard if not possible is to minimize the risk.
The three heads of occupational dz's prevention :
-Medical measures
-Legislations
-Engineering and environmental measures
Sound that is unwanted or disrupts one's quality of life is called as :
noise
main source of noise pollution in urban areas ?
Transportation systems
The most common occupational hazard for American workers ?
Noise-induced hearing loss
Effects of exposure to loud noise :
-Exposure to loud noise will inevitably cause hearing loss over time.
-Loud noise damages or destroys the nerves in the inner ear.
-Tinnitus
Noise is measured in units called ?
"decibels" or "dB"
Noise above ________causes pain and immediate hearing loss.
140 decibels
The 1st noticeable effect of hearing loss is?
difficulty in hearing speech
Damage from noise exposure depends on?
-loudness
-length of exposure.
Ear Muffs advs&disadvs
Foam insert earplugs advs&disadvs
Semi aural earplugs advs&disadvs
If there is hearing loss of ____________ in the human voice frequencies, you will be sent to the doctor or audiologist.
10 decibels or more
For protection at higher frequencies , best device may be used is ?
Ear muffs
This audiogram shows ?
Noise-induced hearing loss / severe hearing loss
This audiogram shows?
Normal hearing.
The following audiogram shows?
Severe hearing loss
The following audiogram shows ?
Normal hearing
Salmonellosis& Campylobacter transmission ?
Food-borne
Vector-borne dz's ?
-Malaria
-Lyme dz
-Plague
Which following dz's is blood-borne/ sexually transmitted?
A.HIV
B.TB
C.Salmonella
D.Cholera
mode of transmission / direct
Healthcare personnel not performing adequate hand hygiene between patients :
Indirect Contact Transmission
Transmission from mother to fetus through the placenta ?
Vertical / Transplacental
ex--> HIV/AIDS & Syphilis
dried residue of aerosols ?
droplet nuclei
Types of infections
infectious dose for shigellosis(dysentery)?
10-100
"Sharing medical equipment w/o cleaning or disinfection b/w pts" :
Indirect Contact Transmission
Scabies transmission
skin to skin contact (Direct)
ex : ungloved contact w/ infested pt
Which out of the following statements about standard precautions is true :
A.Standard precautions are applied during patient care based on nature of healthcare worker-patient interaction.
B.Standard precautions are intended to protect both the HCW and the patient.
C.Education and training are critical in implementation .
D.All of the above
"group of infection prevention practices intended to be applied to the care of ALL patients in all healthcare settings, regardless of the suspected or confirmed presence of an infectious agent"
Standard Precautions
Precautions of Scabies
precaution of RSV
Precautions of PTB
Precautions of C.difficle
Precautions of S.pneumonia / outbreak
Precautions of S.pneumonia/single pt
Precautions of influenza
Precautions of Norovirus
80% of NCDs deaths occur in ?
LICs & MICs
More than 9 million of all deaths attributed to NCDs occur in what age ?
Before 60YO
Tobacco use kills nearly _______ people a year.
6 million
Its estimated that by 2020; deaths caused by smoking 🚬 will inc to ________.
7.5million deaths/y
accounting for 10% of all deaths.
Incubation period of brucellosis/humans :
Variable ~5days-3months
Leading causes of attributable mortality :
Highest --> HBP
Main NCDs :
-CVDs&Stroke
-Cancer
-Chronic Respiratory Dz's
-Diabetes.
Leading causes of burden of dz
About 30% of cancers are attributable to ?
behavior risk factors
By the year 2030 , deaths attributable to cancer estimated to be _______?
13 million
...
...
Smoking prev by year ,in the US,1990-2010 ?
-1990: 30%
-2010: ~19-20%

((Dec in western countries and inc in the middle east))
Type of cancer that has highest incidence is ?
-Breast Ca
Type of cancer that has highest mortality rates ?
-Lung ca
The region w/ highest incidence and mortality rates of cervical ca is :
Eastern Africa
99% of cervical ca cases are linked to genital infec w/ _______?
HPV
Countries w/ :
1.Highest incidence of BrCa ?
2.Highest mortality of BrCa?
1.Western Europe
2.Southern Africa
2nd most common ca among men ?
Prostate Ca
3rd most common ca?
Colorectal Ca
The primary cause of COPD ?
Exposure to tobacco smoke
Countries w/ highest cig smoking rates among the age gp(13-15yo) ?
Kuwait > Jordan > Lebanon> KSA
6-10% of Major NCDs ww are attributable to ?
Physical inactivity
Leading RF for stroke ?
HTN / Raised Bp
Major RF for CHDs?
HTN/Elevated Bp
_________through HTN is a major cause of CVD deaths and disability
Sodium
Normal levels(ranges) of HDL/LDL/VLDL/TGs
__________leading cause of renal failure ?
Diabetes
YOU MIGHT ALSO LIKE...