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Abnormal Psychology

Terms in this set (98)

A group of emotional, cognitive, or behavioral symptoms that cause significant distress or significant problems is
a(n):
mental disorder
Abnormal psychology is
the scientific study of troublesome feelings, thoughts, and behaviors associated with mental disorders.
The definition of abnormal psychology includes the practice of
scientific study
Which of the following is NOT one of the three criteria which helps determine whether an emotion, thought, or behavior is abnormal?
a. Deviance from the norm
b. Presence of depression
c. Difficulty meeting the demands of daily life
d. Experience of personal distress
B. Presence of depression
Different cultures have different ideas about what normal behavior is. This is a key limitation of which of the following ideas about defining abnormal behavior?
a. Deviance from the norm
b. Presence of depression
c. Difficulties adapting to life demands
d. Experience of personal distress
a. Deviance from the norm
The fact that symptoms of mental disorders vary from culture to culture is important when
a. a professional treats someone from another culture.
b. studying abnormal psychology.
c. identifying causes of a disorder.
d. researching medical records.
a. a professional treats someone from another culture.
According to the textbook, a behavior is
one that interferes with a person's life, including ability to care for oneself, have good relationships with others, and function
well at school or at work.
a. useless
b. withdrawn
c. depressed
d. maladaptive
d. maladaptive
Maladaptive behavior may result in
a. changing one's environment to better accommodate the
behavior.
b. seeking professional assistance.
c. not seeking treatment.
d. any of these may be responses to maladaptive behavior.
d. any of these may be responses to maladaptive behavior.
Which of the following limitations does the text cite regarding the interpretation of statistical deviance from the norm?
a. Labels solve everything
b. Culture conflict is quite minimal
c. Identification is always cut and dry
d. There are arbitrary cutoffs
d. There are arbitrary cutoffs
Defining abnormality successfully involves identifying
a. thoughts, movements, motivations, and intentions.
b. deviance, dysfunction, dangerousness, and personal distress.
c. time, date, functioning, and place.
d. measures developed by each practitioner.
b. deviance, dysfunction, dangerousness, and personal
distress.
We refer to emotions, thoughts, or behaviors as abnormal when they
a. are statistically in the mean.
b. interfere with functioning.
c. are seen by the legal system as being abnormal.
d. cause minimal distress to self or others.
b. interfere with functioning.
When mental health professionals say that behaviors exist on a continuum they are describing
a. the possible magnitude of a potential problem behavior.
b. how they believe a disorder developed.
c. how many similar behaviors exist in a population.
d. none of these are related to the continuum concept.
a. the possible magnitude of a potential problem behavior.
The father of modern medicine who believed the brain was the central organ of the body and that brain dysfunction caused abnormal behavior was
a. Plato.
b. Socrates.
c. Hippocrates.
d. Bhutto.
c. Hippocrates.
The Reform Movement instigated by Pinel was characterized
by
a. a slogan with no meaningful progress.
b. government takeover of mental illness diagnosis.
c. advances in the humane treatment of mental patients.
d. isolation to small towns in France.
c. advances in the humane treatment of mental patients.
stigma happens when the public conveys a general disgrace, while stigma is more when a person assigns a disgrace to him/herself.
a. Private; public
b. Public; self
c. General; specific
d. Specific; general
b. Public; self
The two main methods to fight stigma are
a. rejection of labels and denial of symptoms.
b. communication and denunciation.
c. education and promoting personal contact.
d. influencing and refuting
c. education and promoting personal contact.
Larry was diagnosed with schizophrenia. As part of his treatment, once he has recovered some lucidity, he writes a memoir describing what the experience of having schizophrenia is like. This first-hand account of what it is like to experience schizophrenia is an example of a(n)
a. scenario.
b. narrative.
c. discourse.
d. explanation.
b. narrative.
Mental health professionals use perspectives, called models, to
a. discredit other professional's ideas.
b. understand why someone has problems.
c. separate symptoms from syndromes.
d. apply their own feelings to a diagnosis
b. understand why someone has problems.
There are five main models used to explain mental disorders. These models influence
a. the way we think about mental disorders.
b. the way we assess mental disorders.
c. the way we treat mental disorders.
d. all of these are influenced by the five models.
d. all of these are influenced by the five models.
There are five main models described in your text used to explain mental disorders. Which of the following is NOT one of the models included in your text?
a. Cognitive-behavioral
b. Sociocultural
c. Psychosocial
d. Psychodynamic
c. Psychosocial
The biological model rests on the assumption that mental states, emotions, and behaviors arise from
a. brain function and other physical processes.
b. motives and conflicts within a person.
c. choice, free will, and personal growth.
d. measurable environmental stimuli.
a. brain function and other physical processes.
Emil Kraepelin noticed clusters of symptoms that became
referred to as
a. syndromes.
b. psychosis.
c. diagnostics.
d. diagnosis
a. syndromes.
The research area dedicated to understanding what specific inherited genes contribute to mental disorders is called
a. molecular genetics.
b. behavioral genetics.
c. chromosomal analysis.
d. dementia praecox.
a. molecular genetics.
Nerve cells (neurons) have four basic structures:
dendrites, cell body, axon, and terminal buttons
Decreased neurotransmitter activity happens when ____, and
increased neurotransmitter activity happens when ____.
a. depression occurs; anxiety or mania occurs
b. medications block neurotransmitters; medications block the reabsorption
c. membranes leak; membranes in large
d. enzymes activate; and send deactivate
a. depression occurs; anxiety or mania occurs
The section of the brain that is largely responsible for consciousness, memory, attention, and higher-order functioning is the
cerebral cortex
Findings from the biological model have led to better knowledge about
a. which genes are inherited.
b. how neurotransmitter effects can help treat mental disorder.
c. how brain changes over time lead to abnormal behavior.
d. all of these have been assisted by the biological model.
d. all of these have been assisted by the biological model.
The projective hypothesis is an assumption based on the belief that people
a. demonstrate unconscious needs in behavioral patterns of behavior.
b. think about their unconscious needs and wants.
c. reveal unconscious needs and conflicts when presented with ambiguous stimuli.
d. reveal internal conflicts in brain imaging techniques
c. reveal unconscious needs and conflicts when presented with ambiguous stimuli.
Kalvin is completing a projective assessment. He is shown different cards with pictures on them and asked to generate a story about what the card depicts. His therapist then analyzes his responses for clues as to his unconscious motivations. Kalvin is most likely taking which
personality test?
a. Rorschach Inkblot Test
b. Thematic Apperception Test
c. Myers-Briggs Test
d. The MMPI
b. Thematic Apperception Test
Rogers developed therapy that relies heavily on
unconditional positive regard and empathy.
a. unconditional
b. conditional
c. behavioral
d. client-centered
d. client-centered
Rollo May is responsible for creating ____ psychology.
a. positive
b. biological
c. psychodynamic
d. existential
d. existential
Humanistic theorists support a model of
assessment.
a. quantitative
b. qualitative
c. nondirective
d. directive
b. qualitative
It is most likely inappropriate and unethical to
a. apply identical treatment to all patients.
b. use behavioral analysis.
c. perform personality testing.
d. statistically analyze psychological results.
a. apply identical treatment to all patients.
According to your text, the combination of ______and ______result in the most symptoms of alcohol abuse.
a. predisposition; high stress
b. predisposition; low stress
c. predisposition; moderate stress
d. genetic vulnerability; predisposition
a. predisposition; high stress
In the example described in your text, Mariella may have been troubled because significant college stress triggered her predisposition for depression. However, her friend had the
same type of predisposition and
a. showed no symptoms of depression.
b. experienced the same outcome.
c. failed out of college.
d. developed an anxiety disorder.
a. showed no symptoms of depression.
When mental health professionals study the etiology of a disorder, they are investigating
a. prevention models.
b. treatment outcomes.
c. causes.
d. none of these apply to etiology.
c. causes.
If one person has more tendency toward psychological problems than another person, we can consider the first person to have more
a. weakness.
b. denial and repression.
c. risk factors.
d. self destructive tendencies.
c. risk factors.
Scientists who make observations, survey people, and use other methods to investigate the extent of a public health problem are known as
a. entomologists.
b. epidemiologists.
c. incidence researchers.
d. etiologists.
b. epidemiologists.
Both prevalence and lifetime prevalence estimates help to understand
a. the likelihood of mental disorder.
b. cause of mental disorder.
c. the effects of mental disorder.
d. the severity of mental disorder.
a. the likelihood of mental disorder.
Mental disorders are cause of disability
worldwide.
a. the least likely
b. a moderately likely
c. the leading
d. the second leading cause
c. the leading
Because of the unchanging nature of some risk factors such as gender or family history of a disorder, they are referred to as
a. at risk.
b. epidemiology.
c. preceding factors.
d. fixed.
d. fixed.
People with the lowest lifetime and 1-year prevalence rates of mental disorder are
a. separated.
b. divorced.
c. happily married.
d. hopeful.
c. happily married.
Having a positive temperament, above average intelligence, and social confidence of spirituality are examples of protective factors.
a. individual
b. family
c. community
d. none of these are protective factors
a. individual
Key resiliency factors among children include
a. good social competence.
b. high intelligence.
c. an introverted personality.
d. all of these are key resiliency factors.
a. good social competence.
Social norming is a strategy developed to counteract
a. students' misperceptions about how much others drink.
b. the troubling persistence of conforming to reality.
c. one's tendency to label someone in every group.
d. a resistance to change for the better.
a. students' misperceptions about how much others drink.
Regardless of how serious the college drinking problem actually is,
a. the alcohol industry still pushes a "let's all drink" program.
b. many groups and organizations have developed prevention programs.
c. simple identification and labeling will handle the situation.
d. interpretation is highly subjective.
a. the alcohol industry still pushes a "let's all drink" program.
Binge drinking is associated with
a. poorer academic performance.
b. improved academic performance.
c. increased social stress.
d. decreased social stress
a. poorer academic performance.
The notable Wellness Resource Center uses as guiding principles
a. responsibility, respect, rejuvenation.
b. awareness, empathy, support, continuity.
c. citizenship, adaptation, association, networking.
d. responsible decision-making, social norming, harm reduction, environmental management.
d. responsible decision-making, social norming, harm reduction, environmental management.
Recognition that five of nine main symptoms of depression are
present may lead to a(n)
a. psychosocial feature analysis.
b. unsatisfactory conclusion.
c. categorical label.
d. diagnosis.
d. diagnosis.
Features of a mental disorder according to the DSM-5 include all of the following EXCEPT
a. a group of emotional, cognitive, or behavioral symptoms called a syndrome that occur within a person.
b. symptoms associated with emotional distress, disability, or increased risk of problems.
c. a syndrome that is not simply an expected or culturally
sanctioned response to a specific event.
d. symptoms caused by normal developmental changes.
d. symptoms caused by normal developmental changes.
A suggestion for which treatment is most effective for a particular disorder is one advantage of
a. diagnoses.
b. research.
c. websites.
d. community mental health centers.
a. diagnoses.
Our thoughts, personal and worldviews, emotional
expression, and behavior are impacted by our
a. psychosexual orientation.
b. culture.
c. diagnosis.
d. mental disorder.
b. culture.
An assessment has test-retest reliability when its
a. scores are consistent across some period of time.
b. scores are different, which shows bipolar disorder.
c. some scores or subtests are indicative of certain disorders.
d. scores matched precisely the qualifications for exact disorders
a. scores are consistent across some period of time.
Interrater reliability is demonstrated when
a. two raters are in high agreement for diagnosis.
b. several observers have a moderate agreement.
c. two or more interviewers both need a second opinion.
d. two observers use identical language and description.
a. two raters are in high agreement for diagnosis.
A judgment about whether a test or interview has a relationship to other measures of theoretical expectations is called
a. construct validity.
b. consensus approval.
c. this and that validity.
d. construct approval.
a. construct validity.
Administering or conducting assessment measures in the same way for everyone refers to
a. validation.
b. reliability.
c. standardization.
d. diagnosis.
c. standardization.
Pippa is taking an intelligence test. On the particular part of the test she is working on, the examiner reads her a list of numbers. She has to try to remember them and repeat them back in
the order in which they were read. Each list is a little bit longer than the last one. Pippa is working on the subtest.
a. vocabulary
b. similarities
c. digit span
d. mental rotation
c. digit span
An MMPI-2 interpretation does not rely on a single score but rather a(n) of the person.
a. profile
b. composite
c. IQ
d. personality
d. personality
Which of the following represent types of projective personality assessment?
a. MMPI-2 and Structured Clinical Interview
b. Rorschach and Thematic Apperception Test
c. Computerized axial tomography and functional MRI
d. Functional analysis and naturalistic observation
b. Rorschach and Thematic Apperception Test
Barry has been asked to tell stories about what he sees on a series of cards. A mental health professional can learn
a. about various childhoods from these stories.
b. about Barry's personality from these stories.
c. about his ability to tell stories.
d. Barry's aptitude for personality integration.
b. about Barry's personality from these stories.
The purpose of assessment is to measure overt behaviors or responses shown by a person.
a. clinical
b. behavioral
c. observational
d. consequences
b. behavioral
The assessment that involves evaluating bodily changes possibly associated with certain mental conditions is
a. psychological.
b. physiological.
c. neurochemical.
d. psychophysiological
d. psychophysiological
The two primary methods of indirect brain function assessment are the
a. broad range and specific area.
b. regional mapping and collective function.
c. subjective and objective interpretations.
d. subliminal and conscious awareness measures
a. broad range and specific area.
A researcher designed an experiment to determine if consumption of caffeine results in increased level of motor activity. In this study, the independent variable is the
a. caffeine.
b. motor activity.
c. experimental design.
d. experimenter bias.
a. caffeine.
Clinical psychologists obtain an undergraduate degree, usually in ________, and then attend graduate school for at least _______ years.
a. psychology; six
b. sociology; four
c. psychology; two
d. psychology; four
d. psychology; four
An RN who has received specialized training in addressing people with severe mental disorders like schizophrenia is referred to as a
a. psychosocial nurse.
b. psychoanalytic nurse.
c. psychiatric nurse.
d. psychosomatic nurse.
c. psychiatric nurse.
Special education teachers usually have a master's degree and often work closely with people with developmental disorders such as
a. attention deficit.
b. intellectual disability or autism.
c. antisocial personality.
d. Tourette's.
b. intellectual disability or autism.
Andrea wants to go to graduate school in clinical psychology. Which of the following would be most helpful to her?
a. Engage in clinical research with a faculty mentor while an undergraduate
b. Volunteer at the food kitchen
c. Join a sorority that has mental illness as its major philanthropic effort
d. Participate in extracurricular activities related to wellness to demonstrate how well-rounded she is
a. Engage in clinical research with a faculty mentor while an undergraduate
Gaining progress in the area of self-control will lead to _______ of certain symptoms, which will result in less distress from them.
a. mastery
b. confidence building
c. elimination
d. minimizing
a. mastery
The gain that many clients make due primarily to the expectation of improvement is called the
a. psychosomatic effect.
b. expectation rebound.
c. placebo effect.
d. subjective improvement effect.
c. placebo effect.
Movement to smaller, community-based facilities is based on _______ and ________ , or beliefs that people living in more normal circumstances will behave less unusually and
be more valued by others.
a. socialization; social role validation
b. socialization; social role valorization
c. normalization; social role validation
d. normalization; social role valorization
d. normalization; social role valorization
Intervention for people with mental disorders is based on a legal principle of _________, meaning a person should be effectively treated in a manner allowing as much freedom as possible.
a. right to refuse treatment
b. least restrictive treatment
c. ethics
d. consentuality
b. least restrictive treatment
Ethnicity is extremely relevant to the therapeutic process. Research _________in this area.
a. has been a prolific
b. has been inconclusive
c. remains sparse
d. none of these relates to research regarding ethnicity
c. remains sparse
Researchers often the very cases clinicians see in
their practice.
a. include
b. modify
c. exclude
d. re-diagnose
c. exclude
The belief that mental conditions are extraordinary problems that ordinary people have and we all share aspects of disorders
discussed in this textbook is
a. a goal set by the APA.
b. a goal set by ACA.
c. a goal set by the instructors of this course.
d. a goal set by the author of this textbook.
c. a goal set by the instructors of this course.
The general guidelines and principles that the APA has put forth for therapist behavior are covered in the
a. Ethical Guidelines and Rules of Conduct.
b. Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct.
c. Ethical Procedures and Code of Conduct.
d. Ethical Guidelines of Therapy and Subsequent Conduct.
b. Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct.
Exercising fairness and reasonable judgment is referred to as
a. fidelity.
b. responsibility.
c. integrity.
d. justice.
d. justice.
Lionel is a therapist who is working with a client with major depressive disorder. The client has not responded well to to medication or therapy and remains in a suicidal state. Lionel is recommending shock treatments, and has spent the last hour discussing what this treatment would entail, the risks of it, the potential benefits associated with it, and answering his client's questions about the treatment. This discussion is
part of the ___________________process.
a. confidentiality
b. nonmalficience
c. informed consent
d. integrity
c. informed consent
Unless a study is justified from a scientific perspective, and if participants know about important and harmful aspects of the study that might influence their decision to participate,
psychologists are expected to __________deceptive research.
a. refrain from
b. conceptualize
c. debrief following
d. clarify all
a. refrain from
Red Queen Hypothesis
states that we must work harder and harder just to stay in the same place. In order to actually get anywhere, we must work twice as hard as what we are already working when we are staying in the same place.
White Queen Hypothesis
hypothesis states that if we work hard enough, we can have it all and if we don't have what we want then it is our fault. As humans we are able to do anything we want no matter how old we are or how many opportunities have closed for us.
Life is similar to the Opera. Like the opera, tragedy occurs when bad things happen to good people and people try to change things that will not change.
Comedy occurs when people try to keep life the same and fail.
...
Primal fear
fear that you will not survive
Basic Fear
this is the fear that your life is insignificant
The Conservative World View
placed value upon order, centered and grounded in the traditions of the past which sustain and bond us together in community; we are only free when we know the truth and the right way to behave for when we act from error or doing that which is wrong, we are enslaved
The Liberal World View
liberty for the individual in the pursuit of self- defined happiness in the present; we are free when restrictions upon us are at a minimum and we do not harm others
The Radical ("rooted") World View
equity and equality such that we may in our actions create a more just community in the future; sees us only being free when we are liberated from oppression.
The Evolutionary Theory
stresses that behavior is strongly influenced by biology, is tied to evolution, and is characterized by critical or sensitive periods
The Ecological model
seeks to explain individual knowledge, development, and competencies in terms of the guidance, support, and structure provided by society and to explain social change over time in terms of the cumulative effect of individual choices
Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory
psychoanalysis) suggests that unconscious forces act to determine personality and behavior.
Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory (ego psychology)
suggests that developmental change occurs
throughout our lives in eight distinct stages. The stages emerge in a fixed pattern and are similar for all people. Erikson argues that each stage presents a crisis or conflict that the individual must resolve.
5 basic fears
Extinction-fear of annihilation, of ceasing to exist (both basic and primal fear)
Mutilation - fear of losing any part of our precious bodily structure (both basic and primal fear)
Loss of Autonomy - fear of being immobilized, paralyzed, restricted, enveloped, overwhelmed, entrapped, imprisoned, smothered, or controlled by circumstances (both basic and primal fear)
Separation - fear of abandonment, rejection, and loss of connectedness - of becoming a non-person
Ego-death - fear of humiliation, shame, or any other mechanism of profound self-disapproval that threatens the loss of integrity of the Self
The First Force
Psychodynamic Theories-Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory ; Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory
The Second Force
Behavioral Theory & Behaviorism-The behavioral perspective suggests that the keys to understanding development are observable behavior and outside stimuli in the environment. If we know the stimuli, we can predict the behavior. Behavioral theories reject the notion that individuals universally pass through a series of stages. Instead, people are assumed to be affected by the environmental stimuli to which they happen to be exposed
The Third Force
The humanistic perspective contends that people have a natural tendency to make decisions about their lives and control their behaviour. The humanistic perspective emphasizes free will, the ability of humans to make choices and come to decisions about their lives.
Red
Orange
Yellow
Green
Blue
Indigo
Violet
Red - physical knowing
Orange - emotional knowing
Yellow - intellectual knowing
Green - intuitive knowing (Red-Orange-Yellow together)
Blue - compassionate knowing; capacity to step beyond one's self blinders, dogmas, and selfish interest to include universality.
Indigo - universal knowing
Violet - cosmological knowing
Personality and Temperament
Choleric (Red)
Sanguine (Yellow)
Phlegmatic (Green)
Melanchoic (Blue)
Choleric- Hot, active orientated towards the future. An extrovert leader. Constitution concentrated in the blood Element: Fire
Sanguine- Quick, changeable, light; an opportunist. Highly aware lives in the present. Constitution concentrated in the nervous system. Element: Air
Phlegmatic- Introspective, slow, steady. Lives contentedly in the present.A reliable follower. Constitution concentrated in the glandular system. Element: Water
Melanchoic- Deep, contemplative, looking introspectively to the past. Matures into deep moral substance. Constitution concentrated in the bones. Element: Earth
DSM IV
AXIS I
AXIS II
AXIS III
AXIS IV
AXIS V
Axis I Clinical Disorders - Other Conditions That May Be a Focus of Clinical Attention
Axis II Personality Disorders Mental Retardation
Axis III General Medical Conditions
Axis IV Psycho-social and Environmental Problems
Axis V Global Assessment of Functioning
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