Upgrade to remove ads

Only $2.99/month

International Politics Final Exam 3

Terms in this set (86)

Provisional democratic government took over - growing unpopularity of Czar Nicholas after failure in WWI

Bolshevik Revolution

Overthrew provisional democratic government, division of Communist party, hostile relations with the West, pulled Russia out of WWI

Fought West all by itself via a separate peace, single front war once Russia pulled out

Russian Civil War (1917-1922)

Bolsheviks desperately trying to consolidate power; Reds (Bolsheviks) versus Whites, Bolsheviks defeated the Whites, US and USSR had no diplomatic relations after from 1922-1933, later restored by Roosevelt

Whites (Russian Civil War)

rightist factions, imperialists who wanted czar back in power, had not much in common except that they wanted the Bolsheviks out of power, supported by US, France, and Britain

First leader of the Soviet State (1917-1928), (Led the Red army in Russian Civil War?)

Leader of Soviet State (1928-1953)

Beginning of WWII

Germany's attack on Poland in 1939, defeating Polish forces, later conquers France (1940)

Battle of Britain

Germany's attempt to defeat and conquer Britain, Britain gets stronger by increasing tarriffs on Germany, Ends in stalemate, Hitler backs off, preferring to pursue the Western portion of the Soviet Union and Ukraine

Siege of Leningrad (1941)

German invasion of Russia, surrounds Leningrad, large casualties of Soviet citizens, Hitler cut off food sources, Soviets managed to hold off Germany, started later than Hitler would have preferred

Battle of Stalingrad (1942-1943)

Site of Hitler's and German army's first major defeat after Red Army regrouped, proved Soviet's strength to the Allied Powers (US and UK)

Battle of Kursk (1943)

Largest tank war of WWII, Germany pushed back but were unable to break Soviet's border in pursuit of a drive toward Moscow, day after Soviets break through Germany's line

June 6, 1944; Normandy, France. US and UK open up second war front after USSR's request for their increased intervention in European theater, chosen here because any further East would be conquered by Hitler, after this, only a matter of time before Germany was defeated

Yalta Conference (January 1945)

FDR, Churchill and Stalin deliberated how to divide Europe after the end of WWII, Soviets want security zone between USSR and Germany, as USSR believed they were the main reason for the Allied Power's success, UK and US accept, but only if people of Eastern Europe are given self-determination, onset of Cold War

US Containment Policy

George Kennan, US viewed as the only country with the capability to contain the USSR and their spreading of Communism throughout Eastern Europe

Truman Doctrine (1947)

prolonged containment doctrine, US would support financially struggling West European states in fighting off the spread of communism from the USSR

Marshall Plan (1947)

Package of 17 billion dollars to aid struggling Western European states, considered to be a great success

trade organization that created alliance between Western Europe and US, part of global containment strategy with focus on Europe, Germany formally invited in 1953

"Loss of China"

..from US Containment to communism; 1949, Communist Revolution successful in China

Korean War (1950-1953)

Division of North (USSR supported) and South Korea (US supported), North Korea attacks in effort to unify again under Communism, US helps South in fight, cease fire in 1953

US: 1949 (Nagasaki)
USSR: 1949

US: 1952
USSR: 1953

USSR radio transmitter in space, signified ability of USSR's ability to place nuclear war head in space, caused US fear

Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

Closest moment of nuclear contact between two superpowers, US and USSR, JFK (Pres, of US) and Krushchev (Leader of USSR)

"Reconciliation," negotiation and interdependence between US and USSR, scientific exchanges of knowledge, policy created by Nixon and Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, lacked support from US citizens

USSR Invasion of Afghanistan (1979)

End of detente, led to bad relations between US and USSR until Gorbachev

Led Communists in Chinese Revolution (1949), supported by USSR, declaration of PRC

Led Nationalists in Chinese Revolution (1949) supported by US, fled to Taiwan, which became ROC (diplomatically recognized by US)

Leader of USSR after Stalin, soured relationship bewteen PRC and USSR, tried to integrate capitalism in USSR, less money to give to other countries like PRC

The Great Leap Forward (1958-1962)

Mao Zedong policy of placing agricultural output over industrial in importance, program failed due to poor execution and bad weather, government blamed USSR

Chinese Isolationism

1960s, absolutely no relationship with the west, would handle conflict with other states on their own

Cultural Revolution

Mid 1960s, Mao Zedong, major push for pure communism, thought people had lost revolutionary zeal, complete blockage of and western ideas or intellectualism, border conflicts begin, Sino-Soviet relationship worsens

PRC-USSR Border Conflict

mid 1960s, both had nuclear weapons, dispute over Chinese northern border, soldiers killed in 1967 and 1969

Open Door Policy

end of Cultural revolution and Chinese isolationism, reconnecting ties with the West in order to compete with USSR economically, politically, and with their military

French (looking to colonize China) vs. Vietnam (wanting to become independent)

Vietnamese National Election (1956)

never happened (syke!!) US prevented this as Ho. Chi Minh and Communists would have won by a landslide, set up for Vietnam War

South Vietnamese Communists opponents of the US, prevented US victory in Vietnam as most wanted to go with communism, South Vietnam eventually falls to Communism in 1975

Cambodia-Vietnam War

Cambodia supported by China, Vietnam supported by USSR, China invades Vietnam, who is stronger against the Chinese military, result of geo-strategic thinking

Summit Conference

Nixon and Mao, discussed reunification status with ROC (Taiwan), reunification never achieved because Taiwan no longer trust China and views itself as and independent country

Liberal economic and political reformer in China, open door policy, people began to demand more and more liberal reform; however didn't want the worldwide collapse of Communism

Tienanmen Square Massacre

proponents of more liberal reform (students, young people, etc.) protested in streets, PRC government forces took to streets, killing and imprisoning protesters end of democratic reform in China, began Human Rights Case of US against China

Four Modernizations of Deng Xiaoping

1. Agriculture
2. Industry
3. Science and Technology
4. Military
Making China more open to the West

Solidarity (1980)

Movement in Poland for better treatment of labor unions, public demonstrations, movement leaders imprisoned by Polish government in 1982 and 1983, later set free, only to demand reform again

"reform," Gorbachev policy for Soviet economic reform, eventually led to economic chaos, indirectly weakened the influence of Communist party inside the Soviet State

"open" Gorbachev's opening of economic system, free speech, buffer for the public backlash of perestroika, Solidarity leaders in Poland inspired by Gorbachev

Solidarity government takes over Eastern Europe

Collapse of the Iron Curtain (1990)

Border between Austria and Hungary becomes lightly armed, East Germans began to travel across border to West Germany in large groups, led to the inevitable.....

End of Warsaw Pact

1990s, most of Eastern Europe now had liberal democratic governments, no opposition to the west, collapse of USSR

Four Dimensions of Contrast between Global North and South

Politics
Technology
Wealth
Demography

Least Less Developed Countries (LLDC)

out of control population growth, non-democratic, technologically behind, poor, most common in sub-Saharan Africa, 85% of world population, but only 15% of world's wealth (63 in the world)

Liberal Democratic Theory on Development

Global north states need to supply global south states with capital through investments and aids, assume money will trickle down to the poorest, but it often doesn't b/c of corruption, popular in GN, but not in GS

Dependency Theory

Capitalism has developed the world into two halves: Backwards and Forewards. Capitalist self sustainable states at the top, GS in periphery, Global South states are in their position because they have been exploited by capitalist states, and it won't change if the systen doesn't change Accepted by GS elites in 1970s, builds on Lenin's imperialism

NIEO (New International Economic Order)

as opposed to Liberal IEO (LIEO), would distribute power and wealth from Global North to Global South

Began in 1950s, demanded an end to the exploitative measures of the Global North. South's determination for NIEO eventually grew weak and loss of support form USSR with collapse of communism

NICs (Newly Industrialized Countries)

Global South states that have gotten their economies on track, realized that economic success comes form industrialization, trading goods on world market, reject assistance from global north, making products that will run others out of business and then privatize these companies

Global South Politics

inclined towards autocracy and tyranny, civil war and revolution are frequent, violent conflict, lavish military spending to keep people in line, Marxist ideology is rampant for economic reform

Economic Middle Class

Large emphasis n Liberal Democratic theory, almost none in Global south (majority of population are below poverty line) therefore, Communism is appealing

MIDs (Militarized International Disputes)

blockades, conflicts, etc, that become violent

Frequency of conflict

Increasing on the long term, but decreasing since 1945

Reasons for War

Human Nature
Nature of State - Structure, Political Culture, Values
Nature of System

Seville Statement on Violence (1986)

Declared that it was wrong to say that humans are inherently violent and looking to create war

Realist perspective on war rationales

Believe regardless of political culture, all states have the desire to go to war, war is a collision between states in struggle for power

Marxist Theory on War

Capitalist states more inclined to wage war, as they are always in pursuit of their interests

Democratic Peace Theory

Structure of democracies (peaceful resolutions, checks and balances, minority rights) makes it difficult for democracies to wage war against one another, though they still can wage war against autocratic states, realists even accept this theory

Balance of Power Theory

Realist theory, States will prevent war if a global system resembling the Concert of Europe is adopted (2 sides, each had equal power, and England was a mediator, which ever side happened to grow more powerful would be the side to which England would transition), state centric, doesn't say war will never happen, prevents grand scale wars (WW1 & WW2)

Power Transition Theory

Realist theory, one state with much more power (A) than another (B) can accomplish their objectives against B without going to war, imbalance of power may not be the worst thing

violent conflict between competing factions for power, often re-erupt after they end, over 150 in global system form 1990-2010, most common in global south, prevented by democratization

one faction is looking to take control of the government and implement their ideology

Rational Behavior

Interest Maximizing Behavior, influences actor choices in global system, humans don't have inherent capability to always be rational or irrational

Decision Making Measures for Ratioanlity

Goals
Strategies to achieve goals
Assess potential Outcomes for each strategy
Determine Probability of certain outcomes
Determine Utilities for each outcome

Said that real world choice makers are interest satisficers rather than maximizers; looking for the most satisfying option that at least falls above the threshold of accessibility, just enough

Successive Comparative Limitive Process for Decision Making, humans utilize SOPs in order to simplify decision making

best, most rational, result can often be chosen by accident in a muddled process, wrote about three levels of US decision making in Cuban Missile Crisis

Primary function is to deter an enemy form attacking, but deterrence can't work unless both sides are rational, realizing that the costs of attacking outweigh the benefits

Assured Destruction

Deterrence only view for use of nuclear weapons, risk of another world war would be too high, but threat to destroy population center may cause the attacked state to do the same to the attacking state

Countervalue targeting

destructions of major targets (cities), would lead to catastrophic war

Limited Nuclear Options (LNO)

Nuclear weapons are just like any other weapons that may prove to be necessary in warfare, but lack of trust may cause one state to strike the other one first

Counterforce targeting

military should be the target of nuclear weaponry

First Strike Capablity

The ablity to launch a nuclear attack against an enemy, rendering the actor to respond effectively to strike back, such a state can do what it wants and not be deterred

Second Strike Capablity

the ability to absorb strike and be able to strike back, can deter their opponents

taking military action against an enemy after that actor manifests a threat to strike, but before it actually does: the Bush Doctrine (2002)

taking military action against an enemy before an actor demonstrates an intention to attack or has the capability to attack, has no legal or ethical standing, criticism of Iraq War

Vertical Proliferation

taking WMDs away from states

Horizontal Proliferation

spreading WMDs to other states

Chemical weapons

human made weapons

Biological weapons

toxic substances found in nature

YOU MIGHT ALSO LIKE...

Geography

96 terms

Combo with Geography and 1 other

118 terms

World History Final

53 terms

American Foreign Policy

138 terms