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DA Intro to Chairside DAST 111 Module 1

Terms in this set (77)

6 basic steps in the development of an infectious disease
1. Source of microorganism
2. Escape of microorganism from the source
3. Spread of microorganism to a new person
4. Entry of microorganism into the person
5. Infection
6.Damage to body
2 types of disease and ex. of each
1. Endogenous- ex. dental caries
2. Exogenous- ex. hepatitis, strep throat, measles
4 basic routes of entry of microbes into the body
1. Direct Contact
2. Indirect Contact
3. Droplet Infection
4. Airborne Infection
4 stages of an infectious disease and describe each
1. Incubation stage - period from initial entrance of the infectious agent into the body to the time when the first symptoms appear.
2. Prodromal Stage - Appearance of early symptoms, microorganism multiplies to numbers just large enough to cause symptoms.
3. Acute Stage - Symptoms are maximal.
4. Convalescent Stage - Recovery phase. Still infectious
List ways to reduce the dose of microorganisms in the dental office
PPE, proper clean up and disinfectant
Identify the 3 main factors that determine if an infectious disease will develop
High dose, high virulence, low resistance
Differentiate between the Hepatitis viruses (A,B,C,D,E), HIV & AIDS, and Oral & Respiratory Diseases; determine their transmission, symptoms, prevention, treatment, and risk for the dental team.
Hep A & E- transmitted primarily through contaminated food and water.
Hep B,C,D - Bloodborne disease usually transmitted by direct or indirect contact with body fluids.
HIV- single stranded RNA retroviruses. HIV type 1 is most common in US.
AIDS-
Determine the importance of immunization as an effective component in an infection control program and determine which are important for DHCW, differentiate between the categories of immunity
...
Determine seroconversion and measuring infection or immunization status
Seroconversion is negative to positive
List the types of Hepatitis B vaccines
3 step
Determine the tuberculin skin tests and their guidlines
injected under skin, reaction occurs its positive
Infectious disease
disease caused by microorganisms
Pathogen
A microorganism that causes disease
Endogenous
produced from within; due to internal causes
Exogenous
produced from without; due to external causes
Toxigenic diseases
Can cause disease without entering and multiplying in the body.
Can occur after organisms have multiplied on food that has been consumed. (food poisoning)
Standard Precautions
CDC precautions used in the care of all patients regardless of their diagnosis or possible infection status; this category combines universal and body substance precautions
Universal Precautions
the need to treat blood and other body fluids form all patients as potentially infectious
Body substance isolation
designed to reduce the risk of transmission of pathogens from moist body surfaces
Asympotomatic carrier
persons infected but have no symptoms
Incubation Stage
time interval between the entry of an infectious agent in the host and the onset of symptoms
Fomite
A physical object that serves to transmit an infectious agent from person to person.
infection
a multiplication of disease-causing microorganisms, or pathogens, in the body
chain of infection
infectious agent, reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission, portal of entry, susceptible host
histolytic enzymes
...
innate defense
inborn, nonspecific defense that blocks entry of or destroys pathogens
cytotoxic
destructive to cells
acquired defenses
must be stimulated to become active
ciliary escalator
movement of the hairlike cilia on the surface of mucosal epithelial cells that moves mucus toward the throat
interferon
Protein produced by cells in response to being infected by a virus; helps other cells resist the virus.
complement system
proteins in the blood that help antibodies kill their target
Neutrophils
A type of white blood cell that engulfs invading microbes and contributes to the nonspecific defenses of the body against disease.
Macrophages
phagocytize foreign substances and help activate T cells
antigens
Foreign material that invades the body
lymphokines
Chemicals produced by the t cells, direct the antigen-antibody response by signaling between the cells of the immune system
antibodies
Specialized proteins that aid in destroying infectious agents
bloodborne disease
An illness that is transmitted by exposure to pathogens in the blood.
Bloodborne pathogens
Disease-causing microorganisms carried in the body by blood or body fluids, such as hepatitis and HIV.
hepatitis
inflammation of the liver
Hepatitis A virus
fecal- oral route(feces to mouth) consumption of infected foods
Vaccine available
does not pose a risk to dental workers
Hepatitis E (HEV)
Spread by fecal-oral transmission
Similar to hepatitis A
Endemic in areas with poor sanitation
Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)
virus that causes inflammation of the liver; transmitted through any body fluid, including vaginal secretions, semen, and blood
Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)
a blood-borne disease that is spread through contact with blood and other body fluids that are contaminated with this virus. it is describes as a silent epidemic because it can be present in the body for years, and destroy the liver, before any symptoms appear. there is no vaccine available
Hepatitis D (HDV)
A bloodborne virus, it can only exist in combination with the hepatitis B virus. HBV vaccine will offer protection against HDV.
HBsAg
Ag found on surface of HBV; continued presence indicates carrier state.
HBcAg
antigen associated with core of HBV
HBeAg
VERY INFECTIOUS
acute/chronic infection
infectivity
wild type viral infection
Carrier state
person harbors organism but does not show any signs of the disease, may pass it on
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
a virus that attacks the immune system
HIV disease
The state in which HIV enters the body under favorable conditions and multiplies, producing injurious effects.
Retroviruses
use reverse transcriptase to copy their RNA genome into DNA
Lymphocytes
The two types of white blood cells that are part of the body's immune system: B lymphocytes form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections; T lymphocytes form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances.
Acute retroviral syndrome
Occurs 1-6 weeks after HIV exposure in 50-70% of infected individuals; similar to mono
percutaneous
through the skin
Seroconversion
a change in serologic tests from negative to positive as antibodies develop in reaction to an infection or vaccine
human herpesvirus
...
herpes labialis
blister-like sores on the lips caused by HSV-1
Herpetic whitlow
vesicles on fingers
opportunistic pathogens
normal microbiota that cause disease under certain circumstances
oral candidiasis
Candida yeast infection of the oral mucosa
thrush
denture stomatitis
inflammation of the oral mucosa in contact with a denture surface
Herpangina
Appears as vesicles on on the soft palate or elsewhere in the posterior part of the mouth that break down to ulcers that last for about a week
Hand-foot-mouth disease
RNA Virus: Coxsackievirus
chicken pox
caused by varicella-zoster virus (human herpesvirus type 3)
shingles
Caused by varicella zoster virus, spread by direct contact to rash, treatment is painkillers, antivirals, and there is a vaccine. (Only if a person has had chicken pox).
infectious mononucleosis
an infection caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) that is characterized by fever, a sore throat, and enlarged lymph nodes
Streptococcal Pharyngitis (Strep Throat)
bacterial infection of the tonsils and pharynx causing a sore throat and frequently swollen lymph nodes
Purified Protein Derivative (PPD)
filtrate obtained from Mycobacterium cultures used for intradermal testing for tuberculosis
Influenza
flu
safety culture
a specific culture type focused on the safety of employees
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
...
Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs)
specific sets of written instructions about how to perform a certain aspect of a task
Occupational Safety and Health Administration OSHA
The federal regulatory compliance agency that develops, publishes, and enforces guidelines concerning safety in the workplace.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
The primary federal agency that conducts and supports public health activities in the United States. The CDC is part of the US Department of Health and Human Services.
Bloodborne Pathogens Standard
OSHA standard that requires employers to protect employees from potentially infectious materials.
Hazard Communication Standard (HCS)
An OSHA standard intended to increase health care practitioners' awareness of risks, to improve work practices and appropriate use of personal protective equipment, and to reduce injuries and illnesses in the workplace.
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
Legislation passed in 1990 that prohibits discrimination against people with disabilities. Under this Act, discrimination against a disabled person is illegal in employment, transportation, public accommodations, communications and government activities.
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