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N319 Final Exam

Terms in this set (76)

pulmonary circulation
structures of right heart pump blood through right
side of heart to the lungs and oxygenate the blood
systemic circulation
Structures of the left heart pump oxygenated blood
to cells
arteries
carry oxygenated blood to cells
veins
channels unoxygenated blood from capillaries
back to heart
capillaries
allow the closest constant and exchange
between the blood and the interstitial space
superior and inferior vena cava
Unoxygenated blood enters right atrium
through
one cardiac cycle
Each contraction and relaxation of the heart is
end-diastolic volume
The ventricles increase their volume to about 120 ml -
this is referred to as
diastole
the ventricle relaxes and fills with blood. Is determined by the condition of the arteries and arterioles
systole
the contraction that propels the blood out of the ventricles and into circulation. Determined by characteristics of stroke volume
ejection fraction
represents the fraction of the diastolic volume that is ejected from the heart during systole
coronary sinus
just above the aortic valve, supplies
blood to the right and left coronary arteries during
diastole
anterior-descending
supplies L ventricle and interventricular
septum
circumflex branches
supplies L lateral wall of L ventricle and L
atrium
posterior-descending
posterior portion of heart, both ventricles,
SA and AV nodes
marginal
branches to right ventricle and right atrium
coronary sinus
venous blood flows through the
right atrium
venous blood drains into the
pre-load and afterload
wall tension is determined by what two factors?
demand
supply must equal what?
heart rate from exercise, stress, myocardial contractiltity, and intramyocardial wall tension
determinants of demand
myocardial blood supply
determinants of supply
increase blood flow
the only way to increase oxygen demand is to
afterload
determined by systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance
preload
determined by venous volume
heart rate
cycles per minute
heart rate times stroke volume
how to calculate cardiac output
stroke volume
the amount of blood released with each contraction
contractility
strength of cardiac muscle contraction
cardiac output
the volume of blood pumped by a ventricle in 1 minute
decreased cardiac output
a decreased heart rate or stroke volume=
increased cardiac output
an increased heart rate or stroke volume=
cholesterol and fats
insoluble in water
blood protein
cholesterol and fats become soluble when they combine with
lipoproteins
a combo of cholesterol, fats, and proteins
tissues
lipoproteins transport lipids to and from where
HDLs (good guys)
small dense lipoproteins that remove cholesterol from arteries and carry it to the liver
LDLs (bad guys)
large dense lipoproteins that carry cholesterol to the tissues
VLDL (bad guys)
produced in lipids and composed of triglycerides. Deliver triglycerides to adipose tissue and muscles
triglyceride
3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol
cholesterol
steroid derivative of lipids
hyperlipidemia
Increased serum cholesterol or
triglycerides
<200mg
desirable level of cholesterol for adults
>240mg
high level of cholesterol
>60mg
desirable level of HDLs
<35mg
risk level for HDLs
<130 mg
desirable level for LDLs
>160 mg
high risk level for LDLs
3-32 mg
desirable level for VLDL
low
total cholesterol should be high or low?
balloon ruptures or remains inflated
problems with a pulmonary arterial catheter
swan ganz
another name for a pulmonary arterial catheter
diet management, exercise, risk factor reduction
first line of therapy
pharmacological therapy
second line of therapy
arteiosclerosis
Thickening, hardening, and loss of elasticity of
the arterial walls. Involves the intima, media, or both. The leading cause of death in the US.
atherosclerosis
deposits of fat and fibrin on the vessel walls. The most common cause of CAD
damaged endothelium, fatty streak, fibrous plaque formation, complicated lesion
4 classes of atherosclerosis
damaged endothelium
injury to arterial walls caused by smoking, HTN, and diabetes. Cells become inflamed. Macrophages adhere to injured areas and release
enzymes and oxygen radicals resulting in oxidation of
LDLs. Macrophages engulf the oxidized LDLs (foam cells) and
penetrate the intima lining
fatty streak
an accumulation of foam cells. Cells for a lesion and produce more toxic oxygen radicals resulting in immunologic and inflammatory changes and progressive damage to the vessel wall
fibrous plaque formation
Smooth muscle cells proliferate.
Produce collagen.
Migrate over fatty streaks forming fibrous plaque.
Endotheial cell dysfunction: increased stiffness, necrosis
of vessel tissue, narrowing of lumen, reduce blood flow.
complicated lesion
Ulcerated or rupture of plaque.
Platelet adherence to the legion.
Initiate coagulation.
Rapid thrombus formation.
Complete vessel occlusion: tissue ischemia and
infarction.
risk factors of arteriosclerosis
Men > 45: Woman > 55
Family History
Smoking
Hypertension
High LDL
Diabetes mellitus
cardiac output, blood volume, peripheral vascular resistance, and viscosity (increasing these, increases blood pressure)
factors affecting blood pressure
hypertension
a sustained systolic blood pressure
greater than 140 mm Hg or diastolic
blood pressure greater than 90 mm Hg
prehypertension
systolic: 120-139
Diastolic:80-89
stage 1 HTN
systolic: 140-159
Diastolic:90-99
stage 2 HTN
systolic:160-179
diastolic:100-109
stage 3 HTN
systolic:180-209
diastolic:110-119
stage 4 HTN
Systolic:>120
diastolic:>120
benign or malignant
two types of primary hypertension
primary HTN
htn without an identifiable casue. A chronic progressive disorder.
benign
HTN is slowly progressive
malignant
rapid acceleration in the course of the HTN disease causing severe organ damage
risk factors of hypertension
Elderly
African Americans
Postmenopausal women
Obesity
Smoking, alcholoism
Gender
High sodium intake, low potassium, calcium,
magnesium intake
diabetes
secondary HTN
an elevation of blood pressure
occurring in response to an identified
primary cause
2 grams
those with HTN should not consume more that how many grams a day
THIS SET IS OFTEN IN FOLDERS WITH...