SPED 4111 Exam 2

pharmacokinetics
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pharmacokinetics
Factors that influence the magnitude of drug effect by determining the amount of drug at various body sites as a function of time
Drug Plasma Concentration Curve
As plasma increases during concentration, you will hit a peak and then slowly begin to decrease as you metabolize the drug
What plays a role in how quickly a drug is moved throughout the body?
1. Absorption (into body)
2. Distribution (to tissues)
3. Metabolism (chemical breakdown)
4. Excretion (out of body)
What affects bioavailability?
Stomach contents, drugs that are improperly stored, liver, and kidney problems, proteins can bind up the drug and make it ineffective, the pharmacokinetics of the drugs,
Ineffective range
the drug is not a level that it is not present enough in the body to have an actual impact
Toxic range
concentration at which drug level is too high
- can result in death
What are the two routes of administration for absorption?
Enteral and Parenteral
Enteral route (GI tract) of administration
i. Orally
ii. Rectally
Parenteral routes of administration
i. (Injection of medication into the body tissues)
1. Subcutaneous (SubQ): injection under the skin
2. Intramuscular (IM)
3. Intravenous (IV): vaccines
ii. Inhaled
iii. Snorted: through nasal membrane
iv. Transdermal: adhesive patch
Intramuscular and transdermal gets absorbed where?
in the tissue
What is the route for intramuscular and transdermal?it gets absorbed through the tissue and based on concentration gradient it moves away from itself and into your bloodstream then it gets into the bodyWhat is the route for transmuscular?absorbed through the skin and then through the tissuesIV goes in your arm.When you get drugs intramuscular (injection) you start at the rest of the body where it gets put into the venous system and depending on where its injected whether its above or below your liver. If its above your liver then it won't have first past metabolism because its going to be entered in and brought back to the heart, then to the lungs, and then to the brain.If you inhale drugs into your lungs they get pumped back to the left side of your heart. 20% or more of it goes right into your brain. The other 80% goes out to the rest of the body where some of it does go into the GI Tract and the liver but some of it doesn't it goes to your muscles and your other organs.What is the route for a drug inhaled or snorted?absorbed through your lungs e.g. nicotine, marijuana____ is the most effective in the general population because it is a pill and doesn't have breakdown and it's easy to take by mouth with liquids.OralWhat is the fastest way to get drugs into the body? Why?IV; because it will go into the bloodstream and then go where ever it can. It is fast. Within seconds it's in your brain and having an impact.Why is the oral use of drugs not efficient?the amount you put in and the amount that actually reaches the site of action is very small.Your oral dose has to go through you ____ then it goes by your liver to be metabolizedGI tractWhat is the goal of a drug?getting into blood streamWhat are barriers during absorption?a) Enteral (oral/rectal) - GI tract and other foods b) Parenteral (injection/patch) - getting passed tissueWhat are the 3 barriers during distribution?capillaries, cell membrane, and specialized cellsCapillariesi. Protein binding ii. Large poresCell membranei. Small molecules ii. Lipid-solubleBlood-Brain Barrier (BBB)physical mechanism to protect the brain lining all blood vessels