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AP Biology Flash Card Review

Terms in this set (41)

Genetic Drift
-evolution
- Bottleneck (North Elephant Seal)
-Founder Effect
-Gene flow
-Microevolution
-A process in which chance events cause unpredictable fluctuations in allele frequencies from one generation to the next
-descent with modification, change in genetic composition of population from generation to generation
-Genetic drift that occurs when the size of a population is reduced, survivors not representative of initial population
-genetic drift that occurs when a few individuals become isolated from a larger population
-transfer of alleles from one population to another
Respiration
-Redox Reaction
-Glycolysis
-CAC (Kreb)
-NADH/FADH2
-Mitochondria

Photosynthesis
-Light dark reaction
-Chlorophyl
-NADPH
-calvin Cycle
-Chloroplast
-the catabolic pathways of aerobic and anaerobic respiration, which break down organic molecules and use an elctron transport chain for the production of ATP
-the conversion of light energy to chemical energy that is stored in sugars or other organic compounds
Membranes
-Cell membrane
-Cell Wall
-Phospholipid
-Protein, cholesterol
-fluid layers surrounding cells and enclosing organelles and cytoplasm, Selectively permeable to certain molecules
-a protective layer external to the plasma membrane in the cells of plants, prokaryotes, fungi, and some protists
-a lipid made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group forming bilyaers that function as biological membranes
-a steroid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes, keeps membranes fluid at lower temperatures
Transport
-Hypotonic, Hypertonic, Isotonic
Active (Exocytosis, Endocystosis)
Passive (Diffisuion, Osmosis, Facillitated Diffusion)
-a solution that, when surrounding a cell, causes the cell to take up water
-a solution that, when surrounding a cell, will cause the cell to lose water
-a solution that, when surrounding a cell, causes no net movement of water into or out of cell
-the cellular secretion of biological molecules by the fusion of vesicles containing them with the plasma membrane
-cellular uptake of biological molecules and particulate matter via formation of vesicles from the plasma membrane
-movement of particles randomly from higher to lower concentrations
-diffusion of water
Biotic/Abiotic Factors
-Biosphere
-Biome
-Ecosystem
-Community
-Population
-Organism

Food Web
Ecology
Food Chains
-interconnected feeding relationships in an ecosystem
-study of how organisms interact with each other and their environment
-pathway along which food energy is transferred from trophic level to trophic level
DNA/RNA
-History (Watson and Crick)
-Transcription/Translation
-DNA replication
-Genotype
-the synthesis of RNA using a DNA template
-the synthesis of a polypeptide using the genetic information encoded in an mRNA molecule.
-the process by which a DNA molecule is copied, also called DNA synthesis
-genetic makeup, or set of alleles that make up an organism
Cell Cycle
-Interphase
-M Phase(Mitosis/Meiosis)
-Cytokinesis

Cyclins
-period in the cell cycle when the cell is not dividing..during interphase cellular metabolic activity is high and chromosomes and organelles are duplicated
-the phase of the cell cycle that includes mitosis and cytokinesis
-the division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells after mitosis and meiosis I and II
-a cellular protein that occurs in a cyclically fluctuating concentration to regulate the cell cycle
Genetics
P, F1, F2
Dominant/Recessive
Phenotype, Genotype
True Breeding
Mono/Dihybrid Cross
Hetero/Homo-zygous
-an allele that is fully expressed in the phenotype of a heterozygote
-an allele whose phenotypic effect is not observed in a heterozygote
-physical trait expressed from a gene
-genetic makeup, or set of alleles that make up an organism
-organisms that produce offspring of the same variety over many generations of self-pollination
-having two different alleles for a given gene
-having two of the same alleles for a given gene
Biological Molecules
1. Protein
2. Lipid
3. Carbohydrate
4. Nucleic Acid

Polymer and Monomer
-a biologically functional molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific three-dimensional structure
-a group of large biological molecules, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids, that mix poorly, if at all, with water
-a sugar or one of its dimers or polymers
-a polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers serving as a blueprint for proteins
Cellular Organelles
-Nucleus
-Smooth/Rough ER
-Golgi
-Ribosomes
-Lysosomes
-Vacuoles
-Chloroplast
-Mitochondria
-stores the genetic material for the cell, membrane bound
-a membranous network of eukaryotic cells comtinous with the outer nuclear membrane
-make proteins
-uses light to make sugar
-uses sugar to create ATP
Enzymes
-Substrates
-Active Site
-Competitive/Allosteric Inhibitor
-Activation Energy
-Reaction Rate
-the reactant on which an enzyme works
-specific region of an enzyme that binds the substrate and that forms the pocket in which catalysis occurs
-the binding of a regulation molecule to a protein at one site that effects the function of the protein at a different site
-amount of energy that reactants must absorb before a chemical reaction will start
Populations
-Niche
-Symbiosis
-Competitive Exclusion Principle
-Predator/Prey
-the role and function of an organism, species, or population within its ecosystem
-an ecological relationship between organisms of two different species that live together in direct and intimate contact
-two populations with the same niche and resources cannot coexist, one will reproduce more effectively and eliminate the other
-
Behavior/Natural Selection
-Behavior
1. Innate
2. Learned

Phototropism
Photoperiodism

Courtship Rituals/ Pollination
-behavior that is developmentally fixed and under strong genetic control
-modified behavior as a result of specific experiences
-growth of a plant shoot toward or away from light
-a physiological response to the interval in a 24 hour period during which the organim is exposed to light
Advanced Genetics
-Incomplete Dominance
-Multiple Alleles
-Linked Genes
-Sex-linked genes (x, y chromosome)
-the phenotype of heterozygotes is intermediate between the phenotypes of individuals homozygous for either allele
-genes controlled by more than two versions of an alelle, such as blood type
-genes linked close enough together on a chromosome that they tend to be inherited together
-a gene located on either sex chromosome, either the x or y
Genotype/Phenotype
-Mutations
Substitution
Insertion
Deletion
Frameshift

Non-disjunction
-Down Syndrome
-a change inthe sequence of nucleotides
-one allel jsswktched out for another ata specific location
-an allele is inserted between two other alleles shifting the rest of them down
-an allele is deleted from a sequence
-a section of alleles is shifted down
Viral Replication
-Viruses
-Lytic/Lysogenic Cycle
-Retroviruses
-Reverse transcription
AIDS/HIV
-An infectious particle incapable of replication outside a cell, consisting of an RNA or DNA genome surrounded by a protein coat (capsid)
-a type of phage replicative cycle resulting in the release of new phages by lysis of the host cell
-a type of phage replicative cycle in which viral genome becomes incorporated into the bacterial host chromosome as a prophage
-an RNA virus that replicates by transcribing its RNA into DNA and then inserting the DNA into a cellular chromosome
Communities

Exponential/Logistic Growth

Limiting Factors
-Density Dependent
-Density Independent
-growth of a population in an ideal, unlimited environment represented by a j-shaped curve
-population growth that levels off as population size approaches carrying capactiy
-referring to any characteristic that varies with population density
-referring to any characteristic that is not affected by population density
Ecosystems
-Biomass
-Food pyramid
-Food web/chains
-Energy Pyramid (10% rate)
Producer/Consumer
-total mass of organic matter comprising a group of organisms in a particular habitat
-study of how organisms interact with each other and their environment
-pathway along which food energy is transferred from trophic level to trophic level
-a visual display of the amount of energy available at each trophic level...decreases by 10% each level
Population Variation
-Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium
p+q=1
p2+2pq+q2=1
Genetic pool
Genetic diversity
Bottleneck/Founder
-state of a population in which frequencies of alleles and genotypes remain constant from generation to generation
-aggregate of all copies of every type of allele at loci in every individual in a population
-the amount of different species present within an ecosystem
Genetic drift that occurs when the size of a population is reduced, survivors not representative of initial population
-genetic drift that occurs when a few individuals become isolated from a larger population
Natural Selection
-Evolution
-Gene pool/genes
-Fitness
-Adaptation
-Mutation
-aggregate of all copies of every type of allele at all loci in every individual in a population
-a discrete unit of heridatary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA
-an organisms ability to survive within its habitat
-inherited characteristic of an organism that enhances its survival and reproduction in an environment
Evidence of Evolution
-Biogeography (PANGEA)
-Fossils
-Anatomy
Homology
Embryology
Vestigial
-Molecular Evidence
-Evolutionary Tree
-scientific study of the past and present geographi distributions of species
-a preserved remanant or impression of an organism that lived in the past
-structure of an organism
-similarity in characteristics resulting from a shared ancestry
-organisms with simalir embroys are thought to be related or share a common ancestor
-a branching digaram that reflects a hypothesis about evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms
Timing and Control
Phototropism - the growth response of plant parts to the stimulus of light, producing a bending towards the light source
Auxin - a class of substances that in minute amounts regulate or modify the growth of plants, especially root formation, bud growth, and fruit and leaf drop.
Photoperiodism - the response, as affecting growth or reproduction, of an organism to the length of exposure to light in a 24-hour period.
Phytochrome - a plant pigment that is associated with the absorption of light in the photoperiodic response and that may regulate various types of growth and development.
Circadian Rhythm - A daily cycle of biological activity based on a 24-hour period and influenced by regular variations in the environment, such as the alternation of night and day. Circadian rhythms include sleeping and waking in animals, flower closing and opening in angiosperms, and tissue growth and differentiation in fungi. See also biological clock.
Lunar Cycles - cycles of the moon
Organ Systems
-endocrine
-Skeletal
-Circulatory
-Respiratory
-Muscular
-Integumentary
Endocrine System - The bodily system that consists of the endocrine glands and the hormones that they secrete. See Note at hormone.
Circulatory System - the system of organs and tissues, including the heart, blood, blood vessels, lymph, lymphatic vessels, and lymph glands, involved in circulating blood and lymph through the body.
Skeletal System - The framework of the body, consisting of bones and other connective tissues, which protects and supports the body tissues and internal organs. The human skeleton contains 206 bones, six of which are the tiny bones of the middle ear (three in each ear) that function in hearing. The largest bone in the body is the thigh bone, or femur.
Respiratory System - the system by which oxygen is taken into the body and an exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place; in mammals the system includes the nasal passages, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.
Muscular System - The system in the body composed of muscle cells and tissues that brings about movement of an organ or body part. There are three kinds of muscle: skeletal muscle , which is attached to bones and allows the voluntary movement of limbs; smooth muscle , which is found in internal organs and aids in the involuntary movements that occur in the circulatory, digestive, excretory, reproductive, and respiratory systems; and cardiac muscle , which forms the powerful walls of the heart.
Integumentary System - the skin and its appendages
Organ System
-Lymphatic
-Immune
-Excretory
-Digestive
-Reproductive
-Nervous
Lymphatic System - the system by which lymph is returned from the cells to the blood and by which white blood cells are produced in response to inflammation or presence of antigens; in mammals, the system includes the lymph glands, vessels and sinuses through which lymph is carried, and lymphoid tissues, as bone marrow and the thymus.
Immune System - a diffuse, complex network of interacting cells, cell products, and cell-forming tissues that protects the body from pathogens and other foreign substances, destroys infected and malignant cells, and removes cellular debris: the system includes the thymus, spleen, lymph nodes and lymph tissue, stem cells, white blood cells, antibodies, and lymphokines.
Excretory System -The systems that excrete wastes from the body. For example, the system of organs that regulates the amount of water in the body and filters and eliminates from the blood the wastes produced by metabolism. The principal organs of the excretory system are the kidneys, ureters, urethra, and urinary bladder.
Digestive System - the system by which ingested food is acted upon by physical and chemical means to provide the body with absorbable nutrients and to excrete waste products; in mammals the system includes the alimentary canal extending from the mouth to the anus, and the hormones and enzymes assisting in digestion.
Reproductive System - The complex of male or female gonads, associated ducts, and external genitalia concerned with sexual reproduction.
Nervous System - the system of nerves and nerve centers in an animal or human, including the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and ganglia.
Biodiversity
-Species Diversity (vs. Abundance)
-Genetic Diversity
-Ecosystem Diversity

Keystone Species
Species Diversity - Species diversity is the effective number of different species that are represented in a collection of individuals (a dataset). The effective number of species refers to the number of equally abundant species needed to obtain the same mean proportional species abundance as that observed in the data set of interest (where all species may not be equally abundant).
Genetic Diversity - Genetic diversity, the level of biodiversity, refers to the total number of genetic characteristics in the genetic makeup of a species. It is distinguished from genetic variability, which describes the tendency of genetic characteristics to vary.
Ecosystem Diversity - Ecosystem diversity refers to the diversity of a place at the level of ecosystems. The term differs from biodiversity, which refers to variation in species rather than ecosystems. Ecosystem diversity can also refer to the variety of ecosystems present in a biosphere, the variety of species and ecological processes that occur in different physical settings.
Keystone Species - A species whose presence and role within an ecosystem has a disproportionate effect on other organisms within the system. A keystone species is often a dominant predator whose removal allows a prey population to explode and often decreases overall diversity. Other kinds of keystone species are those, such as coral or beavers, that significantly alter the habitat around them and thus affect large numbers of other organisms.
Feedback Loops
-Positive (Labor/ethylene)
-Negative

Cell Communication
Feedback loops - the path by which some of the output of a circuit, system, or device is returned to the input.
Positive feedback loops - Positive feedback is a process in which the effects of a small disturbance on a system include an increase in the magnitude of the perturbation
Negative feedback loops - Negative feedback occurs when the result of a process influences the operation of the process itself in such a way as to reduce changes. Negative feedback tends to make a system self-regulating; it can produce stability and reduce the effect of fluctuations. Negative feedback loops in which just the right amount of correction is applied in the most timely manner can be very stable, accurate, and responsive.
Cell Communication - Cell signalling is part of a complex system of communication that governs basic cellular activities and coordinates cell actions. The ability of cells to perceive and correctly respond to their microenvironment is the basis of development, tissue repair, and immunity as well as normal tissue homeostasis. Errors in cellular information processing are responsible for diseases such as cancer, autoimmunity, and diabetes. By understanding cell signaling, diseases may be treated effectively and, theoretically, artificial tissues may be created
Environmental Response
-Behavioral
Hibernation
Migration
-Physciological
Sweating
Shivering
Behavioral - Behavior or behaviour is the range of actions and mannerisms made by organisms, systems, or artificial entities in conjunction with themselves or their environment, which includes the other systems or organisms around as well as the (inanimate) physical environment. It is the response of the system or organism to various stimuli or inputs, whether internal or external, conscious or subconscious, overt or covert, and voluntary or involuntary.
Hibernation - to spend the winter in close quarters in a dormant condition, as bears and certain other animals.
Migration - the process or act of migrating.
Physiological - consistent with the normal functioning of an organism.
Cell Communication
cell-cell

Short
-local regulator
-neurotransmitter

Long
-hormone
-hgh
Local Regulator - A local regulator is a chemical signal that influences only neighboring cells
Neurotransmitter - any of several chemical substances, as epinephrine or acetylcholine, that transmit nerve impulses across a synapse to a post synaptic element, as another nerve, muscle, or gland.
Hormone - any of various internally secreted compounds, as insulin or thyroxine, formed in endocrine glands, that affect the functions of specifically receptive organs or tissues when transported to them by the body fluids.
Cancer - a malignant and invasive growth or tumor, especially one originating in epithelium, tending to recur after excision and to metastasize to other sites.
Information Exchange
-Signal (Innate/Learned)

-Behavioral
Courtship
Territorial
Behavioral - Behavior or behaviour is the range of actions and mannerisms made by organisms, systems, or artificial entities in conjunction with themselves or their environment, which includes the other systems or organisms around as well as the (inanimate) physical environment. It is the response of the system or organism to various stimuli or inputs, whether internal or external, conscious or subconscious, overt or covert, and voluntary or involuntary.
Courtship - behavior in animals that occurs before and during mating, often including elaborate displays.
Territorial - characterized by territoriality; defending an area against intruders, especially of the same species.
Learned - acquired by experience, study
Innate - originating in or arising from the intellect or the constitution of the mind, rather than learned through experience
Nervous System

Central Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System
entral Nervous System - the part of the nervous system comprising the brain and spinal cord.
Peripheral Nervous System - The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is the part of the nervous system that consists of the nerves and ganglia outside of the brain and spinal cord. The main function of the PNS is to connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the limbs and organs, essentially serving as a communication relay going back and forth between the brain and the extremities.Unlike the CNS, the PNS is not protected by the bone of spine and skull, or by the blood-brain barrier, leaving it exposed to toxins and mechanical injuries. The peripheral nervous system is divided into the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system; some textbooks also include sensory systems
Axon - the appendage of the neuron that transmits impulses away from the cell body.
Dendrites - a branching figure or marking, resembling moss or a shrub or tree in form, found on or in certain stones or minerals due to the presence of a foreign material.
Ecosystem Change
-Primary/Secondary Change
-Climate Change
-Continental Drift

PANGEA/El Nino
Primary Succession- the development of plant and animal life in an area without topsoil; the development of biotic communities in a previously uninhabited and barren habitat with little or no soil
Secondary Succession - the sum of the changes in the composition of a community that occur during its development towards a stable climax community
Climate Change - a long-term change in the earth's climate, especially a change due to an increase in the average atmospheric temperature
Continental Drift - the lateral movement of continents resulting from the motion of crustal plates.
PANGEA - the hypothetical landmass that existed when all continents were joined, from about 300 to 200 million years ago.
El Nino -
a warm ocean current of variable intensity that develops after late December along the coast of Ecuador and Peru and sometimes causes catastrophic weather conditions.
Phylogeny
-Taxon (Classification)
-Cladogram
-Convergent Evolution
-the development or evolution of a particular group of organisms.
-a taxonomic category, as a species or genus
-a branching diagram depicting the successive points of species divergence from common ancestral lines without regard to the degree of deviation
-the appearance of apparently similar structures in organisms of different lines of descent.
Essential Characteristics
-Common in all lifeforms
Membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleic Material
Ribosome
-Genetic Code (DNA/RNA)
-Metabolism
-Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic
-a thin, pliable sheet or layer of animal or vegetable tissue, serving to line an organ, connect parts, etc.
-the cell substance between the cell membrane and the nucleus, containing the cytosol, organelles, cytoskeleton, and various particles.
-a tiny, somewhat mitten-shaped organelle occurring in great numbers in the cell cytoplasm either freely, in small clusters, or attached to the outer surfaces of endoplasmic reticula, and functioning as the site of protein manufacture.
-the sum of the physical and chemical processes in an organism by which its material substance is produced, maintained, and destroyed, and by which energy is made available. Compare anabolism, catabolism.
-
Signal Transduction Pathway
-Phosphorylation Cascade
-Transduction
-Secondary Messenger
-Protein Kinase
-the transfer of genetic material from one cell to another by means of a virus.
-a transferase that catalyzes the phosphorylation of a substrate by ATP.
-intracellular signalling molecules released by the cell to trigger physiological changes such as proliferation, differentiation, migration, survival, and apoptosis
Cellular Specialization Tissue
-Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous

Gastrulation
-Ectoderm
-Mesoderm
-Endoderm
-any animal tissue that covers a surface, or lines a cavity or the like, and that, in addition, performs any of various secretory, transporting, or regulatory functions.
-any process, as invagination, by which a blastula or other form of embryo is converted into a gastrula.
-the middle germ layer of a metazoan embryo.
-the innermost cell layer of the embryo in its gastrula stage.
Speciation
-Adaptive Radiation
-Species
Biological
Morphological
Ecology

Niche
-formation of new species as a result of geographic, physiological, anatomical, or behavioral factors that prevent previously interbreeding populations from breeding with each other.
-the diversification of an ancestral group of organisms into a variety of related forms specialized to fit different environments or ways of life, each often further diversifying into more specialized types.
-a class of individuals having some common characteristics or qualities; distinct sort or kind.
-an ornamental recess in a wall or the like, usually semicircular in plan and arched, as for a statue or other decorative object.
Gene Regulation
-Operon
Promoter
Represor
Operator

LAC operon
Trp operon
-a set of two or more adjacent cistrons whose transcription is under the coordinated control of a promoter, an operator, and a regulator gene.
-any substance that in small amounts is capable of increasing the activity of a catalyst.
-
Environmental Matter Exchange

-Carbon Cycle
-Nitrogen Cycle
-Phosphorous Cycle
-the circulation of carbon atoms in the biosphere as a result of photosynthetic conversion of carbon dioxide into complex organic compounds by plants, which are consumed by other organisms: the carbon returns to the atmosphere in the form of carbon dioxide as a result of respiration, decay by fungi, bacteria, etc., and combustion of fossil fuels.
-the continuous sequence of events by which atmospheric nitrogen and nitrogenous compounds in the soil are converted, as by nitrification and nitrogen fixation, into substances that can be utilized by green plants, the substances returning to the air and soil as a result of the decay of the plants and denitrification.
-
Plant/Animal Defense

Plant
Nonspecific
Hypersensitive Response

Animal
Nonspecific
Specific (Antigen, antiody, t-cells)
-any substance that can stimulate the production of antibodies and combine specifically with them.
-any of numerous Y -shaped protein molecules produced by B cells as a primary immune defense, each molecule and its clones having a unique binding site that can combine with the complementary site of a foreign antigen, as on a virus or bacterium, thereby disabling the antigen and signaling other immune defenses.
Population Evolution

-Natural Selection
Directional, Stabilizing, Disruptive

-Sexual Selection
Intersexual
Intrasexual
-the process by which forms of life having traits that better enable them to adapt to specific environmental pressures, as predators, changes in climate, or competition for food or mates, will tend to survive and reproduce in greater numbers than others of their kind, thus ensuring the perpetuation of those favorable traits in succeeding generations.
-an individual displaying sexual characteristics of both male and female.
-
Origin of Life
LUCA
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
Multicellular Life
-any cellular organism that has no nuclear membrane, no organelles in the cytoplasm except ribosomes, and has its genetic material in the form of single continuous strands forming coils or loops, characteristic of all organisms in the kingdom Monera, as the bacteria and blue-green algae.
-any organism having as its fundamental structural unit a cell type that contains specialized organelles in the cytoplasm, a membrane-bound nucleus enclosing genetic material organized into chromosomes, and an elaborate system of division by mitosis or meiosis, characteristic of all life forms except bacteria, blue-green algae, and other primitive microorganisms.
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