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lcq's mt 2

Terms in this set (101)

Floodplains are flat surfaces adjacent to rivers formed by erosion during floods.
false (formed by deposition during flooding
The shallow part of a stream occurs on the outside of a turn.
false (on the inside of the turn, on the outside is whare all erosion is so it's deeper there)
The role of erosion is greater than that of deposition at high elevations of a stream's longitudinal profile.
true
Erosion by a stream occurs mostly on the outside of a turn.
true
Erosion and deposition are equally balanced along lower (downstream) portions of a stream's longitudinal profile.
true
A river's width, depth, velocity, and discharge all increase downstream.
true
The average annual probability of a 50-year flood at a given location is 2%.
true
Floods are a disaster for plants and wildlife.
false (it replenishes the floodplain and plants come back! it's nutritious!)
A meander cut off from the main course of a river is a (an) __________.
oxbow lake
The land area that contributes water to a particular stream is the ______________.
drainage basin or watershed
The sandy high berm or ridge on the edge of a river, often marked by a row of trees is termed a _______ ______.
natural levee
The flat landform adjacent to streams low on the longitudinal profile are known as a_______ ________.
flood plain
The _________ of a stream or river is the lowest level that it can erode.
base
The apron of sediment that accumulates where a stream or river enters a body of water is a (an) _________.
delta
Youthful streams high on the longitudinal profile have _____- shaped cross sections.
v
The alluvial surface at the base of desert mountain created by flash floods is an _______ _______.
alluvial fan
If the front of a glacier is observed to be receding, it is most correct to infer that the glacier
a. moving as fast it melts.
b. moving more slowly than it melts.
c. moving faster than it melts.
d. being pulled back uphill
moving more slowly than it melts
Wind-deposited glacial flour from great dust storms at the edge of glaciers is termed
a. till.
b. Loess. (the yellow river of china is yellow bc of loess)
c. a dune drift.
d. an esker.
e. a kame.
loess (the yellow river of china is yellow because of loess!)
A pyramidal-shaped mountain peak sculptured by glaciers is called
a. a col.
b. a circle.
c. a horn
d. a roche mountainae.
a horn
Landforms characteristic of valley glaciers include:
a. horns, aretes, and cirques.
b. hanging valleys, end moraines, and great scenery.
c. U-shaped valleys, lateral moraines, and aretes.
d. glacial erratics, cirques, and fjords
e. All of the above.
all of the above
Water-deposited glacial deposits occur in:
a. end moraines and drumlins.
b. eskers, kettles, and outwash plains.
c. horns and kames.
d. aretes and cirques.
e. none of the above.
eskers, kettles, and outwash plains
The rise of the Alps and Himalaya Mountains at 40 to 60 million years ago contributed to cooling of the planet.
true
Aretes are large U-shaped valleys carved by glaciers.
false (aretes are the sharp ridges between valleys)
The only significant period of glaciation on the Earth was during the Pleistocene.
false
Glacial erratic refers to the disrupted nature of landforms left from glacial retreat.
false
The sharp ridges between valley glaciers are called ______.
aretes
Sinous ridges formed from deposition of sediment from streams running in tunnels beneath a glacier are called _______.
eskers
CO2 in the atmosphere today is approximately:
400 ppm
Nitrous oxide forms from:
combustion or burning of oxygen in a nitrogen rich atmosphere
Which of the following air pollutants is photochemical in origin?
ozone
An inversion layer occurs when:
cold air underlies warm air (cold air is heavy)
The most powerful greenhouse gases are:
CO2 and methane
The most significant early wide nationwide US legislation air pollution was in the:
1970's
The financial cost of the Clean Air Act was expensive.
true
The largest source of sulfur in the atmosphere as SO2 is:
coal
Natural rain water has a pH = 7.
false
Acid rain no longer occurs in the US.
false
Ground level ozone forms from sunlight UV interacting with nitrous oxide.
true
Atmospheric CO2 increases during the fall and winter and decreases during the spring and summer.
true
The average annual level of atmospheric carbon dioxide, methane, CFC's, and no2 have dramatically increased during the past century.
true
_____ gases are compounds that trap head in the atmosphere.
greenhouse
the increase of _____ is an example of global air pollution.
CO2 (or methane, or nitrous oxide)
Combustion of methane forms _______ and _______.
CO2 and H2O (mostly water)
The greenhouse gas that is not increasing today is
water
______ forms from combustion in a nitrogen-rich atmosphere.
NO2
Greenhouse gases include:
CFC's, NO2, CO2, methane, water
The coastal Atacama Desert of Chile, one of the world's driest, has its moisture taken by the Andes.
true
A bajada is a dry lake bed in the desert.
false (that's a playa!)
The flat erosion surface formed by running water at the edges of retreating desert mountains is termed desert pavement.
false
The steep side of a sand dune or ripple mark is on the upwind side.
false
Tropical deserts occur along equatorial latitudes.
false (they're along the tropics of cancer and capricorn)
Desert regions of Earth are increasing in size today.
true
A rain shadow desert forms downwind from mountains.
true
Along the equator, air rises creating atmospheric low pressure and wet climate and along the tropics (25-30 degrees N and S of the equator), falling air creates high pressure and dry climate.
true
Coastal deserts occur on the downwind side of mountain ranges.
true
The growth of desert regions is known as _________.
desertification
The leaping (or dancing) of sand in a wind storm is known as _________.
saltation (french for leaping)
A series of coalesced alluvial fans is termed a ________.
bajada
The lowering in elevation of a land surface by wind erosion is termed ________.
deflation or ablation
Chlorofluorocarbons release dangerous levels of fluorine and chlorine forming acid rain.
false (cfcs are a friendly chemical! they don't break down until the high stratosphere!)
Upper atmosphere or stratospheric ozone is created by lightning.
false
Chlorofluorocarbons and methyl bromide breakdown in the upper atmosphere or stratosphere releasing Cl and Br, respectively, which in turn destroy ozone.
true
Upper atmosphere or stratospheric ozone is created by lightning.
false (lightning is in the troposphere!)
Chlorofluorocarbons
a. include the compound known as "freon."
b. are concentrated at high stratospheric levels above the polar regions.
c. have been used as a refrigerant.
d. have been used in the making of Nike shoes.
e. All of the above
all of the above
Upper atmosphere or stratospheric ozone
a. is concentrated over the polar regions.
b. has become thinned over vast regions of the planet.
c. is a filter of the visible portion of the Sun's radiation.
d. forms from lightning.
e. none of the above.
has become thinned over vast regions of the planet.
Chlorofluorocarbons
a. react with oxygen to form ozone.
b. do not decompose or react with anything at surface level.
c. form as part of photochemical smog.
d. All of the above.
do not decompose or react with anything at surface level. (it is the safe chemical!!!!)
The chemical compounds _______ and _______ have diminished the level of ozone at high atmospheric polar regions.
cfcs and methyl bromide (a fumigate)
Ozone depletion began in about what year? __________
mid 1970's
The ozone hole over the south polar region was discovered in ________.
1985
Ozone is measured in _________ units.
ppm or dobson
Upper atmosphere ozone depletion by CFC's was first predicted in _______ by Mario Molina and Sherwood Rowland.
1975
The portion of the atmosphere closest to the earth where we live is the ________________ where air gets colder with elevation.
troposphere
The ozone layer occurs in the ___________ where it gets warmer with elevation.
stratosphere
Sand accumulated on the north side of a groin indicates that the direction of longshore drift is to the north.
false
Marine terraces are an indication of uplift or lowering of sea level.
true
Sea stacks represent erosional remnants following sea cliff retreat.
true
Most ocean waves are caused by:
a. Currents
b. Tides
c. Earthquakes
d. Wind
e. rotation of the earth.
wind
Waves that are oblique to the shoreline: tend to bend into near parallelism with the shoreline.
a. generate longshore currents and drift.
b. lead to the formation of rip currents.
c. build spits across estuaries and channels.
d. All of the above
all of the above
The characteristics of an uplifted coastline include:
a. spits, stacks, and submarine canyons
b. sea cliffs, marine terraces, and sea stacks.
c. estuaries, barrier islands, and spits.
d. marine terraces, sea arches, and drumlins.
sea cliffs, marine terraces, and sea stacks
Hurricanes:
a. rotate CW in the N hemisphere.
b. grow in intensity with warm water.
c. are lessening in intensity today.
d. increase in intensity over land.
grow in intensity with warm water
A pinnacle of rock standing out to sea near a sea cliff is a _______.
Sea stack
Sea-flooded river valleys are termed ______.
Estuary
The migrating deposit of sand that moves parallel to the coastline and across an estuary is a _______.
sand spit
Wave erosion at the base of a sea cliff results in the formation of a flat surface called a ______-______ ______.
wave-cut bench
Multiple flat surfaces above sea cliffs are called ____ _____.
marine terraces
The bending of ocean waves into near parallelism with a shoreline is termed _______.
wave regraction
A sand-rich shoreline with spits and barrier islands is indicative of what form of sea level change for the region? ____.
sea level rise or submergence
A rocky, cliff-bounded shoreline is indicative of what form of tectonic change for the region? _____.
uplift or emergence
Some clay minerals expand in the presence of water creating unstable land surfaces.
true
Granite weathers by dissolution in the presence of water.
false
Clay minerals form by the process of
a. dissolution
b. oxidation
c. hydrolysis
d. evaporation
e. none of the above
hydrolysis
Irrigation leads to
a. the formation of sinkholes.
b. rich soil
c. salts
d. faulting
e. none of the above
salts
A poorly developed soil horizon will occur on which type of bedrock?
a. shale and siltstone.
b. mica schist
c. quartzite
d. serpentinite
e. All of the above
all of the above
Which of the following will add the most nutrition to soil:
a. volcanic glass or pumice
b. Pyrite
c. calcite
d. halite
e. Feldspar
volcanic glass or pumice
Stable minerals at the Earth's surface include
a. mica, hornblende, and pyroxene.
b. quartz, clay, and hematite.
c. feldspar and muscovite.
d. quartz, orthoclase, and plagioclase.
e. olivine, pyroxene, and plagioclase.
quartz, clay, and hematite
Feldspars weather to the minerals ______ and quartz.
clay
A ______ is a rock fracture that contains no displacement.
joint
The portion of a soil profile that contains no organic material but some soluble minerals is the _______ horizon.
B
The portion of a soil profile that contains some organic material and no soluble minerals is the _______ horizon.
O or A
___________ soils are those that have formed in place.
residual
______ soils are rich in iron and aluminum.
pedalfer
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