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Chapter 6-8 Exam

Terms in this set (236)

Which of the following is a potential limitation of studies that have suggested links between observing violence in the media and a later likelihood of showing aggression?

1)We have not been able to conduct longitudinal studies on this topic.
2)There is not enough variation in children's media use.
3)Behaviors categorized as "aggressive" might actually be playful.
4)Cartoons do not contain much aggression.
3
What type of information CANNOT be learned through observation?

1)societal expectations, such as how to act at the dinner table
2)complex motor tasks, such as how to operate a lawnmower
3)reinforcement schedules, such as when and how a behavior is rewarded
4)stimulus-response chains, such as quickly reacting to a loud sound
4
The process by which an individual needs increasing amounts of a drug to achieve the same psychological or physical effects is known as
1) addiction.
2) tolerance.
3) sensitization.
4) withdrawal.
2
Thorndike's rule that actions resulting in bad outcomes are less likely to be repeated is known as the

1)mass action rule.
2)law of effect.
3)tenet of behavioral reciprocity.
4)operant theory of cognition.
2
Being fined for overdue books is a form of

1)positive reinforcement.
2)negative reinforcement.
3)positive punishment.
4)negative punishment.
3
According to Watson, children are born as a blank slate, or tabula rasa. Which of the following characteristics should a child then possess from birth?

1)the potential for cognition, but not the experiences necessary to use thought productively
2)basic reflexes through which he or she can have sensory experiences
3)associations between action and effect
4)the ability to free associate through nonverbal response
2
What is the process whereby the conditioned response is weakened when it is no longer presented with the unconditioned stimulus?
1)extinction
2)reward
3)second-order conditioning
4)acquisition
1
Token economies are widely used in ________, an area that involves the application of operant-conditioning procedures to help people engage in better behaviors.

1)classical conditioning
2)social learning
3)behavior modification
4)observational learning
3
________ won a Nobel Prize for his work on the digestive system, work that made a fundamental contribution to the study of conditioned responses.
1)John Watson
2)Ivan Pavlov
3)B. F. Skinner
4)Daniel Kahneman
2
Which of the following individuals is more likely to start smoking?

1)An adolescent who has never seen a movie with smoking and whose parents do not smoke.
2)An adolescent who has seen a movie with smoking and whose parents do not smoke.
3)An adolescent who has never seen a movie with smoking and whose parents smoke.
4)An adolescent who has seen a movie with smoking and whose parents smoke.
2
What is an unconditioned stimulus?

1)a learned response
2)a reflexive action to a biologically relevant situation
3)something that elicits a learned response
4)something that elicits an unlearned response
4
What anxiety disorder is seen as an acquired fear that is out of proportion to the real threat?

1)generalized anxiety disorder
2)a phobia
3)obsessive-compulsive disorder
4)panic disorder
2
What is the term used by behaviorists to describe the gradual forming of an association between an unconditioned stimulus and a conditioned stimulus?

1)generalization

2)discrimination

3)deviation

4)acquisition
4
What observation by Pavlov led to the development of classical conditioning as a model of learning?

1)Dogs showed reflexes highly similar to people.

2)Dogs had to be conditioned to salivate.

3)Dogs salivated in anticipation of the food.

4)Dogs salivated after receiving the reward of the food.
3
When, after multiple extinction trials, the presentation of the conditioned stimulus briefly produces a conditioned response, this process is known as

1)classical conditioning.
2)extinction reversal.
3)second-order conditioning
4)spontaneous recovery.
4
Food is considered a primary reinforcer, whereas ________ is a secondary reinforcer.

1)water
2)sex
3)money
4)juice
3
For money to become a primary reinforcer, it would need to

1)be important only to adults.
2)have value that is dependent on how wealthy one is.
3)satisfy a biological need.
4)sometimes be aversive.
3
Conditioned food aversions are especially likely to occur when the stimulus is a(n)
1)familiar food.
2)unfamiliar food.
3)light.
4)sound.
2
What is believed to have happened to Little Albert?

1)Albert spent the rest of his life fearful of all white objects.
2)Albert was later diagnosed with clinical depression.
3)Albert disliked animals for the rest of his life.
4)Albert eventually committed suicide as a teenager.
3
You are conducting an informal study in which, for a month, you play a particular song for your best friend right before you serve dinner to her. Eventually, you play the song, and then wait to see how your friend responds. She begins to salivate and says she has hunger pains. In this scenario, what is the unconditioned stimulus?

1)the song
2)the food
3)the time of day
4)salivation
2
According to the work of Shepard Siegel, an addict's usual large dose is most likely to produce an overdose in which setting?

1)in a novel setting
2)in a familiar setting
3)in an isolated setting
4)The setting is not important.
1
A key concern about violence in media is that it might lead to

1)conditioning.
2)extinction.
3)partial reinforcement.
4)desensitization.
4
You are trying to get your roommate to keep things neater, so you leave a nice note after she makes any attempt to pick things up. After a while, you leave a note only after she has stacked the dirty dishes, then only after she has brought them to the kitchen, and finally only after she has put them in the dishwasher. This process is an example of

1)shaping.
2)punishing.
3)chaining
4)generalizing.
1
In ________, learning occurs when two types of events are paired closely in time.

1)classical conditioning

2)operant conditioning

3)observational learning

4)social learning
1
What term is used to describe a decrease in a behavioral response after repeated exposure to nonthreatening stimuli?

1)habituation
2)sensitization
3)orienting
4)aplysia
1
In ________, learning occurs because of the consequences that follow the behavior.

1)classical conditioning
2)operant conditioning
3)observational learning
4)imitation
2
Of the following, which schedule of reinforcement leads to fastest acquisition?

1)ratio

2)interval

3)continuous

4)fixed
3
What is an example of a token economy that a fourth-grade teacher might use for her students?

1)giving candy for a job well done
2)giving a detention for bad behavior
3)giving a candy after 10 stars are acquired on homework papers
4)giving extra recess for staying quiet through the lunch hour
3
Tolman's work on learning without reinforcement resulted in the theory of

1)partial-reinforcement learning.

2)nonoperant learning.

3)latent learning.

4)reward learning.
3
Which of the following items would most likely be defined as a primary reinforcer?

1)a new set of china dishes

2)a bottle of water

3)a vacation

4)money
2
The fact that Little Albert learned fear toward not only a white rat but also a ball of wool and a rabbit represents

1)second-order conditioning.
2)generalization.
3)discrimination.
4)reconditioning.
2
What is the proper order of events that need to take place in order for classical conditioning to occur?

1)unconditioned response presentation → conditioned stimulus presentation, which elicits the unconditioned stimulus → after many trials, the unconditioned response elicits the conditioned stimulus

2)conditioned response presentation → unconditioned response presentation, which elicits the conditioned response → after many trials, the conditioned response elicits the unconditioned stimulus

3)unconditioned stimulus presentation → conditioned stimulus presentation, which elicits the conditioned response → after many trials, the unconditioned stimulus elicits the unconditioned response

4)conditioned stimulus presentation → unconditioned stimulus presentation, which elicits the unconditioned response → after many trials, the conditioned stimulus elicits the conditioned response
4
What is the main difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?

10Classical conditioning uses reward-based learning, whereas operant conditioning is caused by reflexive actions.

2)Classical conditioning is caused by reflexive actions, whereas operant conditioning requires cognitive evaluation.

3)Classical conditioning requires learning that two events are related, whereas operant conditioning demonstrates that behavior leads to a consequence.

4)Classical conditioning demonstrates that behavior leads to a consequence, whereas operant conditioning is caused by reflexive actions.
3
The first time you pick up your pet hamster it recoils in fear, but after a week of handling, your hamster is not bothered anymore. What change came over your hamster through the simple act of repetitive handling?

1)operant conditioning
2)learned helplessness
3)sensitization
4)habituation
4
A cognitive map is a(n)

1)analogy for neural representations of learning.
2)spatial representation of the environment.
3)analogue of the neural net.
4)decision tree-type process of economic learning.
3
The strongest associations between an unconditioned stimulus and a conditioned stimulus occur when

1)they are presented at the exact same time.
2)the unconditioned stimulus is presented slightly before the conditioned stimulus.
3)the conditioned stimulus is presented slightly before the unconditioned stimulus.
4)the conditioned response is present at a different time to the conditioned stimulus.
3
The psychologist Shepard Siegel recommends that treatment for drug addiction involves exposing addicts to certain drug cues, such that subsequent exposures no longer produce drug cravings. What behavioral process is implicated in this recommendation?

1)craving
2)withdrawal
3)extinction
4)phobias
3
Allie is afraid of her neighbor's large dog. She then becomes afraid of any dog she sees on the street, and eventually she fears even pictures of dogs or toy dogs. This change in her fear of dogs represents

1)second-order conditioning
2)generalization.
3)discrimination.
4)reconditioning.
2
f having your license suspended for driving too fast makes you less likely to speed when you get it back, then the suspension is an example of
Incorrect Response
1)positive reinforcement.

2)negative reinforcement.

3)positive punishment.

4)negative punishment.
4
When one learns the consequences of an action by watching another person perform the action, this type of learning is called ________ learning.

1)vicarious

2)indifferent

3)occupational

4)amplitude
...
What is a Skinner box?

1)a diagram of reward contingencies
2)a special crib-like device Skinner used for his children
3)a special kind of rat maze
4)a chamber used for testing animal learning
4
Which of the following behavioral terms is used to describe something that will increase the likelihood of a behavior?

1)positive

2)negative

3)reinforcement

4)punishment
3
In 1898, a man named Edward Thorndike suggested that behaviors that lead to rewarded outcomes will be repeated. What is the name of Thorndike's theory?

1)the learning and reward effect
2)the law of effect
3)the conditional learning effect
4)the law of conditional learning
2
The school of behaviorism was based on the belief that

1)everything in the environment is learned by all living organisms.
2)animals and humans are born with the potential to learn just about anything.
3)behavior is conditioned, unlike cognitions of the mind.
4)animals learn via behavioral principles, whereas humans learn via cognitive principles.
2
Based on his work, Pavlov believed that ________ was the critical element needed for acquisition to occur during conditioning.

1)contingency

2)contiguity

3)reflexivity

4)symmetry
2
Billy has watched many movies in which the hero smokes cigarettes. When Billy identifies with these heroes and begins to smoke, what psychological term might be used to describe his behavior?

1)vicarious reinforcement
2)modeling
3)positive reinforcement
4)mirroring
2
Setting dates exactly one month apart for exams is an example of testing on a

1)variable interval.
2)variable ratio.
3)fixed ratio.
4)fixed interval.
4
What type of learning occurs when one's behavior is modified simply through exposure to others performing a behavior?

1)associative
2)observational
3)operant
4)classical
2
Based on what you know about the dopamine system and the Rescorla-Wagner model, giving someone a dopamine inhibitor (to block dopamine) while pairing a light and delicious food would

1)reduce the typical change in prediction error.

2)not affect the typical change in prediction error.

3)increase the typical change in prediction error.

4)allow them to better predict errors.
1
Which of the following statements accurately describes the difference between associative and nonassociative learning?

1)Associative learning requires consciously linking two events together, whereas nonassociative learning does not.

2)Associative learning requires both cognition and behavior, whereas nonassociative learning requires only behavior.

3)Associative learning occurs with multiple stimuli, whereas nonassociative learning occurs with only one stimulus.

4)Associative learning can generalize to other contexts, whereas nonassociative learning cannot.
3
Nadia changed her computer password on Monday. On Friday, she realizes that she failed to change the password in one system. When she tries to log in with her old password, she cannot remember it; her new password keeps coming to mind. Nadia's problem is due to

1)blocking.
2)persistence.
3)proactive interference.
4)retroactive interference.
4
If you spend the same amount of time reviewing material as testing yourself on the material, you will learn more from ________ because of the increased ________ time.

1)reviewing; rehearsal
2)reviewing; retrieval
3)testing; retrieval
4)testing; rehearsal
3
Students taking an introductory class in a subject that is completely new to them often find that the material seems very disorganized and confusing at the beginning. As the class progresses, the information seems to become better structured, and the students find it easier to integrate and interpret new material. One important reason for this happy change is that the students are developing ________ that allow them to make sense of, organize, and utilize information in memory.

1)prototypes
2)schemas
3)frames
4)feature lists
2
One common, although often false, response to individuals who question their own "repressed" memories is that they are suffering from

1)denial.
2)cryptomnesia.
3)amnesia.
4)interference.
1
The difference between absentmindedness and blocking is that in absentmindedness the information is ________; but in blocking the information is ________.

1)not deeply encoded; temporarily unable to be retrieved

2)lacking in hierarchical organization; not well rehearsed

3)temporarily unable to be retrieved; more vulnerable to suggestibility

4)not well rehearsed; not deeply encoded
1
You leave a lecture from a new course remembering very little. To improve this, you should focus on

1)improving cryptomnesia.
2)reducing absentmindedness.
3)building a schema.
4)unblocking.
3
Amnesia can be caused by any of the following EXCEPT

1)brain injury.
2)sleep.
3)disease.
4)trauma.
2
In the context of memory, persistence is

1)decay.

2)a type of distortion.

3)unwanted remembering.

4)posttraumatic stress disorder.
3
How does prospective memory limit the cognitive resources available for other tasks?

1)It reduces the available capacity of working memory.
2)It interferes with retrieval from long-term memory.
3)It causes confusion in encoding items in short-term memory.
4)It disrupts information in sensory memory.
1
Short-term memory is transferred to long-term memory via a process called

1)attention.
2)maintenance rehearsal.
3)encoding.
4)transduction.
3
A likely way in which suggestibility might cause new information to change an old memory is through

1)retroactive interference.
2)reconsolidation.
3)elaborative rehearsal.
4)proactive interference.
3
A lie and a false memory are

1)essentially the same thing.
2)different in intentionality.
3)different in intensity.
4)different in structure.
2
Remembering that he needed to pick up milk on the way home from work, Jon is using his ________ memory system.

1)implicit
2)procedural
3)prospective
4)explicit
3
The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon is an example of

1)blocking.

2)bias.

3)absentmindedness.

4)boredom.
1
If you try to remember a list of words that relate to the idea of "sleep" and later report remembering that you heard the word sleep in the list (even though it was not there), you are suffering from a(n)

1)repressed memory.
2)sleep disorder.
3)false memory.
4)engram.
3
Your father has not ridden a bicycle since he was in college, about 20 years ago. Your father's remembering how to ride the bike without falling will call upon ________ memory.

1)episodic
2)semantic
3)procedural
4)declarative
3
If you study in the same room in which you take an exam, you will probably do better on the exam than if you had studied somewhere else. This outcome occurs because of ________ memory, which is a form of ________.

1)context-dependent; hierarchical storage

2)state-dependent; hierarchical storage

3)context-dependent; encoding specificity

4)state-dependent; encoding specificity
3
To remember more information, ________ can be used to organize information into meaningful units.

1)cognitive maps
2)chunking
3)networks of association
4)mnemonics
2
Sally used to live in a small town in Iowa, but she moved to New York City about 10 years ago. When she sends holiday cards to her friends in Iowa, she has trouble remembering their zip codes and can think of only ones in New York. This phenomenon is most likely due to

1)retroactive interference.
2)misattribution.
3)proactive interference.
4)absentmindedness.
1
Karl's grandmother, who came from Poland, died when he was three. He can remember very little about her. In fact, he has no conscious memories of the wonderful Polish food she used to cook. One day, Karl walks by a Polish restaurant and is flooded with memories of his grandmother. The food served as a ________ for Karl's memories of his grandmother.

1)mnemonic
2)mental image
3)frame
4)retrieval cue
4
One of the best ways to remember factual information is to relate it to something personal that happened to you. In this way, you are taking advantage of your ________ memory to aid retrieval from your ________ memory.

1)implicit; explicit
2)semantic; episodic
3)episodic; semantic
4)explicit; implicit
3
Being aware of how to serve a ball in tennis involves ________ memory; the act of serving the ball involves ________ memory; and your first memory of serving a tennis ball involves ________ memory.

1)declarative; procedural; episodic
2)episodic; procedural; declarative
3)procedural; declarative; episodic
4)procedural; episodic; declarative
1
On the bus last week, Kyohei heard two women talking about someone named Enisa for the entire 30 minutes of the trip. Today, the woman sitting next to Kyohei in class told her friend that Enisa was coming. Kyohei assumed that Enisa was someone famous and wondered why she did not know her. Kyohei is experiencing the ________ effect.

1)misinformation
2)repetition priming
3)false fame
4)source attribution
3
Shannon has a biology exam next week. To be sure that she really knows the material, she should

1)cram the night before the test.
2)test herself on the material.
3)make up multiple-choice questions.
4)use maintenance rehearsal.
2
Research has shown that memories can be distorted because of beliefs that people already hold when the memory is formed. These memory-related earlier beliefs are part of cognitive

1)nodes.
2)schemas.
3)biases.
4)frames.
2
Harry was reading the textbook for his potions class and was trying to relate the material to his own experiences. According to the ________ model of memory, this would be considered ________.

1)levels of processing; deep processing
2)levels of processing; consolidation
3)spreading activation; shallow processing
4)spreading activation; transfiguration
1
As a friend gives you her new address over the phone, you realize that you do not have a pen to write it down. Approximately how long do you have to find a pen before her address will vanish from your short-term memory?

1)about half a minute
2)several minutes
3)less than half a second
4)less than 1 second
1
The inability to retrieve information from long-term memory is

1)forgetting.
2)memory loss.
3)inattention.
4)None of the answer options is correct.
1
People have better memories for events that involve negative emotions. According to an evolutionary perspective, this phenomenon suggests that negative emotions

1)make information easier to rehearse.
2)emphasize information important to survival.
3)increase consolidation of information.
4)act as mnemonics for information.
2
Fayd is studying for his English literature exam. For each novel he has read for the course, he tries to spend a lot of time thinking of how the novel relates to his own life. This activity requires that he really thinks about the themes and characters in the book, making him recognize more about how different characters in the story relate to each other. Fayd is using the memory strategy of
Incorrect Response
1)maintenance rehearsal.
2)practice.
3)chunking.
4)elaborative rehearsal.
4
People usually remember how many days there are in the months of September, October, and May by using
1)verbal mnemonics.
2)episodic memory.
3)semantic memory.
4)elaborative retrieval.
1
n order for us to experience the world as a continuous stream of information, one experience is kept in the brain while we move to the next experience. This overlap is a function of ________ memory.

1)short-term

2)long-term

3)working

4)sensory
4
Memory bias does NOT result from which of the following human tendency?

1)the tendency to exaggerate successes
2)the tendency to minimize failures
3)the tendency to have consistent beliefs
4)the tendency to accurately report events
4
Anita started to talk at 9 months and was speaking fluently by the time she was 1 year old; she crawled at 13 months and was walking at 15 months. Xenia started to talk at 14 months and was speaking fluently just after her second birthday; she crawled at 10 months and was walking by her first birthday. One theory of childhood amnesia might predict that ________ will have memories from an earlier age because of her ________.

1)Anita; better linguistic capacity
2)Anita; cognitive precocity
3)Xenia; increased capacity to explore
4)Xenia; higher level of motor skill
1
Forgetting over time is referred to as

1)bias.
2)blocking.
3)decay.
4)absentmindedness.
3
The encoding specificity principle states that

1)only similar kinds of information can be encoded together.
2)anything encoded with information can be a retrieval cue for that information.
3)similar kinds of information are encoded into common schemas.
4)associative networks are formed of similarly encoded pieces of information.
2
As a research participant, you read a list of names of unknown individuals. On another day, you read a list that includes some of those names, and you are asked if anyone on the list is famous. According to the ________, you will remember the individuals from the first list as famous.

1)procedural memory schema
2)prospective memory effect
3)shadowing effect
4)false fame effect
4
Consider a psychology experiment where someone is asked to say, as rapidly as possible, whether a sentence appearing on a computer screen is true or false. Research has shown that people will be faster to say that it is true that a sandal is a shoe than to say that it is true that a sandal is a piece of clothing. Which model of human memory could easily account for this finding?

1)levels of processing model
2)modal memory model
3)prototype model
4)spreading activation model
4
You study Spanish during your freshman and sophomore years of college but then take a Portuguese class your senior year. You are likely to ________ learning Portuguese because of all the Spanish you learned due to________.

1)have trouble; proactive interference
2)have trouble; retroactive interference
3)have no trouble; chunking
4)have no trouble; persistence
1
Blocking can be induced by ________ from words with similar sounds.

1)interference
2)decay
3)priming
4)extinction
1
Which of the following is a reason why flashbulb memories are often experienced with high confidence?

1)They do not suffer from persistence.
2)The story is repeated often.
3)Memories for location are particularly strong.
4)They are revised often.
2
Which of the following actions is an example of prospective memory?

1)learning history dates for your test tomorrow
2)daydreaming about your date next Friday night
3)planning to stop for a library book on your way home
4)deciding which of several things you will do this weekend
3
The memory enhancement that occurs when there are matching situations surrounding encoding and recall match is called ________ memory; the memory enhancement that occurs when there are matching internal states surrounding encoding and recall match is called ________ memory.

1)context-dependent; state-dependent
2)semantic; episodic
3)episodic; semantic
4)state-dependent; context-dependent
1
Memory for items presented at the beginning of a list and at the end of the list is referred to as

1)serial position effect.
2)networks of association.
3)chunking.
4)episodic memory.
1
Which of the following is an example of a mnemonic?

1)memory palace
2)prospective memory
3)encoding specificity
4)spreading activation
1
The information processing model of memory is based on computer functioning, though it does not directly model which stage?

1)retrieval
2)storage
3)encoding
4)processing
4
When a person incorrectly remembers the time, place, person, or circumstances involved in a memory, she is experiencing

1)absentmindedness.
2)cryptomnesia.
3)source misattribution.
4)the sleeper effect.
3
Akila's brother asks her if she knows the names of the capitals of Texas and Montana. She instantly knows that the capital of Texas is Austin, but she does not know the capital of Montana. Akila is using her ________ memory to retrieve ________ memories.

1)explicit; declarative
2)implicit; tacit
3)episodic; autobiographical
4)procedural; semantic
1
In a serial position curve, words without influence from the primacy or recency effects are more easily

1)forgotten.
2)only partially learned.
3)stored but not consolidated.
4)unprocessed.
1
If the Wicked Witch of the East flew down and struck you with retrograde amnesia, you would be ________ to form new memories and ________ to remember events before the attack.

1)unable; unable
2)able; unable
3)able; able
4)unable; able
2
When you hear a story about a person you know, you will ________, which may lead to ________.

1)activate a script; recall of additional information you know about the person when you are asked to retell the story
2)activate a schema; recall of additional information you know about the person when you are asked to retell the story
3)activate a script; poorer understanding of the story
4)activate a schema; perfect memory of the story
2
Even though they probably look at quarters on a daily basis, most people are unlikely to be able to correctly identify which coin is a real quarter from an array of possible quarters because

1)people do not pay attention to money that isn't theirs.
2)people do not pay attention to quarters.
3)memories are transient.
4)other things interfere with the memory of the quarter.
2
Short-term memory

1)has a limited capacity.
2)has an unlimited capacity.
3)retains information for up to an hour.
4)lasts a lifetime.
1
What are the three steps in memory information processing, in the correct order?

1)input, storage, retrieval
2)encoding, storage, retrieval
3)encoding, retrieval, storage
4)input, processing, output
2
Memory researchers often ask participants in their studies to try to remember lists of words. Which of the following statements is a summary of the findings from these kinds of studies?

1)Memory is a nearly exact copy of original events.
2)People can be sure whether a word appeared on a list or not.
3)Women are much less prone to inaccurate memory than men are.
4)People sometimes falsely remember information and do not realize it.
4
Dion keeps having nightmares and flashbacks about his brief time in the military. His chronic anxiety is most likely due to which disorder?

1)attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
2)obsessive-compulsive disorder
3)posttraumatic stress disorder
4)attention-deficit disorder
3
Blocking increases with age because there are more opportunities for

1)proactive interference.
2)retroactive interference.
3)anterograde amnesia.
4)retrograde amnesia.
1
Even though he has already memorized his notes, Hao reviews them every night for the two weeks before the exam. This strategy is likely to ________ his performance due to ________.

1)hurt; cramming
2)hurt; spreading out his practice
3)help; cramming
4)help; spreading out his practice
4
After taking a fall off your horse, you seem to have temporarily lost your memory for past events. The doctor will most likely say that you suffer from

1)cryptomnesia.
2)retrograde amnesia.
3)anterograde amnesia.
4)absentmindedness.
2
Even though Manuel has watched his psychology professor lecture three times a week for 10 weeks, he does not know what color her hair is. This lack of knowledge most likely represents a failure of

1)sensation.
2)encoding.
3)retrieval.
4)rehearsal.
2
Itzhak is trying to decide whether to take art history from Professor Nguyen or from Professor Molyneaux. When he looks into the professors' past grading distributions, he discovers that Professor Nguyen gives 20 percent As, and Professor Molyneaux gives 30 percent Bs. If ________ influences Itzhak's reasoning, Itzhak will take the class from Professor ________.

1)the framing effect; Molyneaux
2)the framing effect; Nguyen
3)affective forecasting; Molyneaux
4)affective forecasting; Nguyen
2
For a research study on the origins of gender differences, participants took a short math test. The researcher told the experimental group, "Women perform as well as men on this math test." The control group was given no information about gender differences on the task. The short math test was then administered to both groups. Based on stereotype threat, what are the most likely findings?

1)In the experimental group, women performed as well on the task as men.
2)In the experimental group, women performed better on the task than men.
3)Men and women in both the experimental and control groups performed equally well on the task.
4)In the control group, women performed better on the task than men.
1
Even though Vince sits with Hannah in class, he asks Ruiz to be his study partner because Ruiz works harder than Hannah. In thinking about this decision, Vince used which one of the following mental concepts?

1)friend
2)notes
3)book
4)exam
4
An important difference between Gardner's theory of intelligence and Cattell's theory of intelligence is that Gardener's ________.

1)includes more kinds of intelligence
2)includes only one kind of intelligence
3)distinguishes between fluid and crystallized intelligence
4)relies primarily on the concept of "g"
1
________ can lead to the reinforcement of racism or sexism.

1)Exemplars
2)Schemas
3)Reasoning
4)Cognition
2
What information would be the most useful for identifying whether a patient with frontal lobe damage can use somatic markers?

1)the patient's current mood
2)the patient's reaction to stubbing his little toe
3)the patient's emotions when talking about the death of a loved one
4)the patient's ability to correctly identify the best deal while shopping
3
What is the strength and direction of the correlation between years in school and IQ?

1)weak negative correlation
2)strong positive correlation
3)strong negative correlation
4)no correlation
2
Most proposed designs for the Vietnam War Memorial involved statues of soldiers. The winning design was a low black wall inscribed with the names of the dead. The architect who submitted the winning design is clearly very high in Sternberg's ________ intelligence.

1)analytical
2)practical
3)creative
4)emotional
3
Kelsey and Andreas are participating in the same two psychology experiments. The first task is to listen to a list of numbers and repeat them back in the same order. The second task is to determine how many prime numbers are on the list. Kelsey has an IQ of 123 and Andreas has an IQ of 111. There ought to be a ________ difference between Kelsey and Andreas's performance on the repetition task and a ________ difference between Kelsey and Andreas's performance on the counting prime numbers task.

1)small; small
2)large; large
3)large; small
4)small; large
4
The expectation that a minister will give a sermon in church, whereas a professor will give a lecture in class, comes from which property of schemas?

1)categories contain exemplars
2)concepts contain prototypes
3)common situations have consistent attributes
4)people have specific roles within situational contexts
4
Cara is a mechanic at the local garage. This morning she has seen three cars that would not start, all of which needed new batteries. When a fourth car that will not start is brought in, Cara assumes the problem is the battery. Cara's assumption reflects ________. If the problem is actually with the car's transmission, Cara will need to ________ to solve the problem.

1)functional fixedness; restructure
2)her mental set; restructure
3)functional fixedness; reframe
4)her mental set; reframe
2
Jamail is trying to decide whether to major in biology or psychology. Kevin is trying to figure out what major might allow him to get a good job right after college. Jamail is engaged in ________; Kevin is engaged in ________.

1)problem solving; decision making
2)inductive reasoning; deductive reasoning
3)decision making; problem solving
4)deductive reasoning; inductive reasoning
3
A larger volume of neuronal cell bodies in areas that support attentional control is related to ________ intelligence but not to ________ intelligence.

1)general; emotional
2)emotional; general
3)crystallized; fluid
4)fluid; crystallized
4
Lauren is baking a cake for her boyfriend's birthday. She starts to panic because she does not have all the ingredients, but she calms down when she realizes that the important thing is to bake a cake, not to have specific ingredients. She first tries to find substitutes for the missing ingredients. She then looks for cake recipes that will work with the ingredients she has. Lauren is engaging in

1)problem solving.
2)decision making.
3)heuristic reasoning.
4)algorithmic reasoning.
2
The system of rules that determines how words are combined into phrases and how phrases are used to make sentences is called

1)morphemes.
2)phonemes.
3)syntax.
4)language.
3
In a psychology study, people are asked which is more likely: an earthquake that kills 100,000 people or an earthquake in California that kills 100,000 people. Far more people said that the earthquake in California is more likely, even though there are clearly more earthquakes than there are earthquakes in California. This way of thinking is an example of the

1)confirmation bias.
2)framing effect.
3)representativeness heuristic.
4)availability heuristic.
3
Jack and Kate, a married couple, have demanding jobs and too little time for their relationship. They decide that one of them needs to step down in his or her career, but they cannot agree on who should do it. Their marriage counselor is trying to get them to see that other solutions are possible. In doing this, the counselor is encouraging them to ________ their problem.

1)define
2)minimize the impact of
3)avoid
4)restructure
4
Our ability to learn, understand ideas, use knowledge to solve problems, and adapt to our environments is called

1)thought.
2)intelligence.
3)cognition.
4)insight.
2
You've just met Johanna, and find that she is outgoing, funny, and great at telling stories and jokes. If you were relying on the representativeness heuristic to guess what Johanna does for a living, you would be more likely to guess that she is a ________ because you are ________.

1)cashier; ignoring information about base rates
2)stand-up comedian; paying attention to base rates
3)stand-up comedian; ignoring information about base rates
4)cashier; paying attention to base rates
3
Chelsea has a strong base of knowledge about psychology. This knowledge allows her to apply psychological concepts to familiar problems she attempts to solve. This ability is most consistent with the concept of

1)metacomponents.
2)crystallized intelligence.
3)knowledge acquisition.
4)fluid intelligence.
4
In contrast to Gardner's idea of several independent intelligences dealing with different intellectual content, Sternberg's theory involves

1)cognitive processes comprised by intelligence.
2)three aspects of intelligence.
3)only one type of intelligence.
4)biological-based forms of intelligence.
2
Suppose you need to make a decision, but you must think quickly and so you don't consider all the evidence. What type of thinking are you using?

1)heuristic
2)algorithm
3)insight
4)forecasting
1
Research has shown that people do not necessarily believe that "time heals all wounds" when something bad is about to happen to them. Instead, people tend to use ________ and anticipate the worst.

1)affective forecasting
2)projected regret
3)confirmation biases
4)subjective likelihoods
1
Your best strategy would be to use a heuristic if ________ is most important; your best strategy would be to use an algorithm if ________ is most important.

1)being thorough; ease
2)ease; being thorough
3)time; being right
4)being right; time
3
Correlations among test items that create clusters of related items have been identified using

1)factor analysis.
2)qualitative research.
3)controlled experiments.
4)regression analysis.
1)
Research indicates that the average difference in intelligence between women and men is
1) 0 IQ points.

2) 5 IQ points.

3) 7 IQ points.

4) 10 IQ points.
1
Your friends introduce you to Jane, who they have described as creative, intelligent, and very detail-oriented. After meeting Jane, your friends ask you to guess whether Jane works as an artist or as a cashier. You guess that Jane is an artist. Your response was most likely due to your use of

1)the availability heuristic.
2)implicit decision making.
3)the representativeness heuristic.
4)affect-as-information reasoning.
1
The word ending -s is an example of

1)syntax.
2)a morpheme.
3)a phoneme.
4)a morpheme and a phoneme.
4
Their 5-year-old nephew asks Hallel and Hamdi what an aardvark looks like. Hallel finds a picture in a children's book about animals and shows it to him. Hamdi finds a description in the encyclopedia and uses it to describe an aardvark. Hallel's approach is similar to using a(n) ________; Hamdi's approach is similar to using a(n) ________.

1)analogical representation; representation based on attributes
2)analogical representation; analogical representation
3)representation based on attributes; analogical representation
4)representation based on attributes; representation based on attributes
1
A surgical team was operating in a rural hospital without a backup electrical generator. The power went out. To provide light for the surgery, they collected all the cell phones in the hospital and turned them on. The operation was able to proceed because the surgical team avoided ________ and ________ the problem.

1)functional fixedness; restructured
2)mental sets; correctly analyzed
3)affective forecasting; gained insight into
4)the availability heuristic; reframed
1
Samantha has always bought Japanese cars because she believes they are more reliable than cars made in the United States. Samantha has formulated a(n) ________ for buying cars that may help her save time and money on her next car purchase.

1)anchor
2)affective forecast
3)algorithm
4)heuristic
4
Which of the following best illustrates the affect-as-information theory?

1)Padma asks her friends for their opinions before going on a date.
2)Ronald is in a bad mood today, so he rates his quality of life as relatively low.
3)Myrtle spends a lot of time thinking about the causes of her sad mood.
4)Hermione tries to think logically about her feelings.
2
Josh was trying to decide which of two people to hire for a job. A colleague told him a story about her parents deciding to get two cats when they could not decide which one to buy. Josh recognized that hiring both people would solve his problem as well. Josh has

1)restructured his problem.
2)worked backward from an end state.
3)used an appropriate analogy.
4)overcome a mental set.
3
If you are shopping for a bathrobe and buy the first soft robe you see, you are likely a(n) ________. If you go on to look for robes in every store in town before purchasing one, you are likely a(n) ________.

1)minimizer; optimizer
2)optimizer; minimizer
3)maximizer; satisficer
4)satisficer; maximizer
4
Damage to ________ leads to expressive aphasia, while damage to ________ leads to receptive aphasia.

1)Broca's area; Wernicke's area
2)Wernicke's area; Broca's area
3)the left frontal lobe; the right frontal lobe
4)the right frontal lobe; the left frontal lobe
1
Elna prefers to drive instead of flying because she is afraid that the plane might crash. However, she is not worried about the possibility of a car crash. Elna is falling victim to

1)affect-as-information reasoning.
2)the representativeness heuristic.
3)loss aversion.
4)the availability heuristic.
4
Johann has an IQ of 104 and Avi has an IQ of 115. Johann has a much higher level of interpersonal intelligence and kinesthetic intelligence than Avi. They are both trying to listen to their psychology lecture at the same time that someone is sitting outside the room playing an iPod loudly. You might expect that Johann will

1)pay better attention to the lecture than Avi.
2)pay less attention to the lecture than Avi.
3)divide his attention between the lecture and music better than Avi.
4)divide his attention between the lecture and music less well than Avi.
2
Lauren recently began having difficulty interpreting the prosody of others' speech, understanding sarcasm, and understanding proverbs. She likely has a lesion in her

1)right hemisphere.
2)left parietal lobe.
3)Broca's area.
4)Wernicke's area.
1
A critical property of insight is that the solution to the problem

1)has clear subgoals.
2)emerges in a single step.
3)emerges over several steps.
4)ignores important subgoals.
2
Khoury has very little food in his kitchen. Rather than inventorying his ingredients before starting dinner, he considers recipes and looks to see if he has the required ingredients. Khoury is solving the problem of making dinner by

1)restructuring.
2)working backward.
3)developing an analogy.
4)using an algorithm.
2
When a friend asks you to recommend a restaurant, you send her to the place where you ate last Saturday because it comes most quickly to mind. This way of thinking is an example of

1)confirmation bias.
2)the framing effect.
3)insight.
4)the availability heuristic.
4
Dr. Bellasouva gives 500 students a battery of standardized tests. He analyzes the results to see which kinds of cognitive skills support good performance on different parts of the exam. What approach is Dr. Bellasouva using to study intelligence?

1)biological
2)analytical
3)psychometric
4)mental age
3
A study used brain imaging to examine women solving math problems. Group A was reminded that women usually perform poorly in math, and Group B received no such reminder. The scans of the two groups showed that Group A showed

1)similar brain activity as Group B.
2)more brain activity in the areas involved in learning math.
3)more brain activity in the areas involved in social and emotional processing.
4)less brain activity in the areas involved in social and emotional processing.
3
Daniel plans to attend engineering school and later create and manage his own engineering start-up. Which of Sternberg's multiple intelligences will he need to be a good engineering student? Which will he need to become a successful entrepreneur?

1)analytical; intuitive
2)logical/mathematical; creative
3)logical/mathematical; linguistic and interpersonal
4)analytical; practical
4
Which of the following is believed to have the largest impact on intelligence?

1)socioeconomic status
2)genetics
3)nutrition
4)education
2
Breast-feeding a child for more than 6 months has been documented to lead to ________ intelligence.

1)an increase in

2)no change in

3)a social effect on

4)a decrease in
1
The idea that one intelligence factor is involved in all intellectual tasks is known as ________ intelligence.

1)general
2)single
3)crystallized
4)fluid
1
Someone who is very good at learning new things but does not have a lot of general knowledge is high in ________ intelligence. However, someone who knows lots of things but is not very good at learning to do new things is higher in ________ intelligence.

1)crystallized; fluid
2)fluid; crystallized
3)fluid; creative
4)general; crystallized
2
When David first moved to Austin, he had to rely on the GPS in his car. Over time, David found that he could navigate the city without using his GPS because he knew information about sections of the city and had a rough idea of its shape. David must have developed a ________ of the city.

1)symbolic representation
2)mental map
3)prototype
4)analogical representation
2
Damasio's theory of somatic markers has the most in common with which of the following concepts?

1)the representativeness heuristic
2)anchoring
3)functional fixedness
4)affective forecasting
4
As described by the psychological studies in the textbook, who or what is Bobo?

1)A young boy conditioned to fear rats.
2)An inflatable doll.
3)A horse that learned to read body language.
4)A monkey that helped reveal the existence of mirror neurons.
2
Pavlovian conditioning is also referred to as

1)behavior modification.
2)operant conditioning.
3)classical conditioning.
4)reward conditioning.
3
Positive reinforcement and positive punishment are similar in that both

1)produce an increase in the probability of a behavior.
2)produce a decrease in the probability of a behavior.
3)involve the administration of a stimulus.
4)involve the removal of a stimulus.
3
The imitation of observed behavior is known as

1)operant learning.
2)play learning.
3)monkeying.
4)modeling.
4
Habituation and sensitization come about because of

1)a physical connection that forms between two neurons.
2)growth of additional neurons.
3)changes in neurotransmitter release in the presynaptic neuron.
4)changes in neurotransmitter release in the postsynaptic neuron.
3
The theory that animals are genetically programmed to fear particular things that threaten their survival is known as

1)tolerance conditioning.
2)biological preparedness.
3)evolutionary significance.
4)second-order conditioning.
2
Hummingbirds feed on a ________ schedule because they revisit each flower at specific times of the day to get the sweetest nectar.

1)timed
2)operant
3)interval
4)relaxed
3
f getting $1 for every correct answer on this test makes you study harder, being given $1 would be a form of

1)positive reinforcement.
2)negative reinforcement.
3)positive punishment.
4)negative punishment.
1
Which of the following results from an existing association having been overridden?

1)the feel of a needle in the skin eliciting the effects of heroin
2)contextual cues increasing drug cravings
3)the effectiveness of treatment centers in getting addicts to quit
4)the smell of coffee eliciting arousal
3
If you were bitten by a dog as a child, leading you to fear dogs, but your family later adopted a friendly puppy, each exposure to the puppy would likely ________ the prediction error for future encounters with the dog.

1)decrease
2)not change
3)increase
4)randomly change
1
If we assess the available evidence to try to determine when dinosaurs roamed the earth, we are engaging in

1)reasoning.
2)decision making.
3)problem solving.
4)framing.
1
Shaina, Maria, and LaVonne are all students in the same elementary school. Shaina is the best student in her third grade class. Maria and LaVonne are both fifth graders, but LaVonne performs average in all subjects while Maria has variable performance, typically falling in the lower half of the class. Given the data on academic achievement and IQ scores, you would expect their IQ scores to be ranked from lowest to highest as

1)Shaina, LaVonne, Maria.
2)LaVonne, Shaina, Maria.
3)Maria, LaVonne, Shaina.
4)Shaina, Maria, LaVonne.
3
After struggling to solve a math problem, you suddenly see the solution. For no apparent reason, the method for solving the problem just came to your mind. You have experienced

1)insight.
2)clarity.
3)restructuring.
4)fixedness.
1
Ngwama has been asked to interview for a very prestigious job. She knows that very few people who are interviewed will be offered jobs by this company. She turns down the interview because she is afraid of how terrible she will feel if she interviews and is not offered a job. In refusing the interview, Ngwama was influenced by

1)affective forecasting.
2)projected regret.
3)confirmation biases.
4)subjective likelihoods.
1
Gas & Go, one of your local gas stations, offers a 10 percent discount for customers who pay with cash. Fuel Central, a competing gas station, states that there is a 10 percent surcharge for paying with a credit card. ________ is more likely to attract customers because of ________.

1)Gas & Go; the availability heuristic
2)Fuel Central; base rate information
3)Gas & Go; base rate information
4)Gas & Go; framing effects
4
A picture of a carrot is an example of a(n) ________ representation; the word carrot is a(n) ________ representation.

1)symbolic; analogical
2)analogical; symbolic
3)analogical; analogical
4)symbolic; symbolic
2
A black man and a white man with equal IQ scores are told that the test they are about to take will directly measure their intelligence. If ________ becomes a factor for the black man, he is likely to do ________ on the test than the white man will.

1)stereotype threat; better
2)stereotype threat; worse
3)defensive performance; better
4)defensive performance; worse
2
Mandy emails her roommate to tell her that she has adopted a kitten. The email says nothing more. Mandy's roommate's ________ memory processes tell her that the kitten will be ________.

1)symbolic representation; living in their apartment
2)analogical representation; small, drink milk, and purr
3)mental imaging; going for walks on a leash
4)categorization; furry, meow, and need a litter box
4
Annie is moving from one apartment to another. She has three cats and only one cat carrier. She puts one cat in the carrier, the second inside her large crock pot, and the third under a laundry basket on the passenger seat of her car. Annie clearly does not have a problem with

1)mental sets.
2)functional fixedness.
3)working backward.
4)restructuring.
2
When Xavier is looking for a book to buy, he takes recommendations from the staff at the local bookstore. Even though he sometimes winds up with a book that he does not like, he keeps using the staff recommendations because his strategy is a(n) ________ that ________.

1)algorithm; usually works
2)heuristic; usually works
3)algorithm; is easy
4)heuristic; is easy
2
Gambling on a slot machine involves rewards on a ________ schedule.

1)fixed interval
2)fixed ratio
3)variable interval
4)variable ratio
4
Imagine that someone's mirror neurons stop working. According to some theories, what would happen if this person sees a friend receive a paper cut?

1)They would not understand what happened.
2)They would understand what happened but would not flinch.
3)They would immediately acquire a fear of paper.
4)They would mistake something else as the cause of the cut.
2
According to Siegel's research, drug tolerance is greatest when the drug is taken in the same location as a prior use because

1)contextual cues make the drug's effects begin before the drug is even taken.
2)the body alters neurochemistry or physiology to metabolize the drug before the drug is even taken.
3)the reward system preactivates the dopamine response.
4)drug addicts are fearful of new contexts.
2
Of the following, which schedule of reinforcement leads to fastest extinction?

1)fixed
2)partial
3)interval
4)continuous
4
As discussed in the text, Bandura's study of children's play habits with the "Bobo" doll provided evidence that

1)learning is dependent on consequences.
2)meme-based learning can be transmitted observationally.
3)aggressive behavior can be learned through observation.
4)intracranial self-stimulation can activate reward circuits
3
Token economies are an example of the ways mental health hospitals and other training centers use

1)shaping.
2)primary reinforcement.
3)continuous reinforcement.
4)secondary reinforcement.
4
Which of the following is a learned behavior rather than a biological constraint?

1)an ant following a food trail through a maze
2)a horse rearing up in order to receive a carrot
3)a raccoon picking up and rubbing a coin
4)a pigeon flapping its wings in response to a loud noise
2
Skinner's earliest work was conducted with rats in

1)mazes.
2)shoe boxes.
3)cages.
4)operant chambers.
1
When slight differences in the form of conditioned stimuli still produce the same conditioned response, the learning phenomenon of ________ is occurring.

1)generalization
2)discrimination
3)second-order conditioning
4)operant conditioning
1
Based on what you know about the dopamine system and the Rescorla-Wagner model, giving someone a dopamine agonist (to increase dopamine) while pairing a light and delicious food would

1)reduce the typical change in prediction error.
2)not affect the typical change in prediction error.
3)increase the typical change in prediction error.
4)allow them to better predict errors.
3
Evidence for observational learning in nonhumans is present in all of the following examples EXCEPT

1)lab-raised monkeys becoming fearful of a snake after watching a wild monkey's reactions.
2)a puppy learning to get into the cupboard with the dog food after watching an older dog open the door.
3)animals that injure rather than kill their prey in order to teach their young how to hunt.
4)a cat learning to come at the sound of a can opener because the sound predicts food.
4
Layla wants to teach a mouse to put half its food in a small box. Its reward will be to get twice as much food later. Why will this be difficult?

1)Mice are not responsive to positive reinforcement.
2)Mice cannot process quantities.
3)Layla would need to select a special breed of mouse.
4)Evolutionary adaptations make the mouse want to keep all its food.
4
Negative reinforcement and negative punishment are similar in that both

1)produce an increase in the probability of a behavior.

2)produce a decrease in the probability of a behavior.

3)involve the administration of a stimulus.

4)involve the removal of a stimulus.
4
The Premack principle explains why

1)shaping desirable behaviors leads to accurate conditioning.
2)a favored activity can be used to reinforce a less favored activity.
3)reward is preferred to punishment for effective learning.
4)the law of effect works.
2
Curing a child's phobia of spiders by presenting the child with a spider and candy is an example of

1)extinction.
2)habituation
3)counterconditioning.
4)mirror neuron activity.
3
The key to whether presentations of a stimulus will lead to sensitization or habituation is whether
the stimulus is
1)potentially harmful or rewarding.
2)likely to be repeated.
3)novel.
4)a sound.
1
John wants to teach his pet to do a trick. Based on the partial-reinforcement extinction effect, what type(s) of reinforcement should he use if he wants to ensure enduring, stable behavior?

1)continuous
2)partial
3)first continuous, then partial
4)first partial, then continuous
3
Behaviorism has helped psychologists gain an understanding of drug tolerance by showing that

1)cues in the environment predictive of the drug can produce physiological reactions related to the drug.
2)drugs produce physiological changes in the user.
3)punishment is an effective but controversial treatment for overcoming drug withdrawal.
4)drug therapies such as methadone need to be conditioned to be effective.
1
A startling noise will always cause the human eye to blink. If one has learned to associate a blue light with a startling noise, the resulting blue-light-elicited eye blink is known as

1)an unconditioned stimulus.
2)a conditioned response.
3)an unconditioned response.
4)a conditioned stimulus.
2
The best definition of learning is that learning

1)results entirely from natural development rather than experience.
2)must result in adaptation of behavior, but does not have to be enduring.
3)always results in adaptations in behavior.
4)is relatively enduring and results from experience.
4
You want your dog to learn to lie down when you are about to give him a treat. If you first reinforce his behavior when he sits, then when he sits and stays, then when he lies down, you are using the technique called
1)shaping.
2)Pavlovian conditioning.
3)the Premack principle.
4)negative reinforcement.
1
Receiving a reduced jail sentence for good behavior is a form of

1)positive reinforcement.
2)negative reinforcement.
3)positive punishment.
4)negative punishment.
2
Who emphasized that conditioning processes were the basis for how animals learned to adapt to their environments?

1)John Locke

2)Charles Darwin

3)Ivan Pavlov

4)Sigmund Freud
3
Taking away a child's video games for bad behavior is a form of

1)positive reinforcement.
2)negative reinforcement.
3)positive punishment.
4)negative punishment.
4
You wish to train your dog to come when you ring a bell, but you want the dog to quickly learn to stop coming once you run out of treats. What reinforcement schedule would most rapidly reduce the dogs learned behavior once there is no food to reward him?

1)partial reinforcement

2)variable ratio

3)continuous reinforcement

4)fixed interval
3
What causes extinction?

1)The conditioned response is no longer rewarding to the organism.
2)The unconditioned stimulus no longer evokes a response from the organism.
3)The organism learns that the conditioned stimulus no longer predicts the unconditioned stimulus.
4)Spontaneous recovery fails to occur.
3
Which of the following terms is used to describe the removal of a stimulus?

1)positive
2)negative
3)reinforcement
4)punishment
2
Learning that takes place in the absence of reinforcement is known as

1)economic learning.
2)nonoperant conditioning.
3)cognitive acquisition
4)latent learning.
4
The term ________ is used to describe intermittent reinforcements.

1)partial reinforcement
2)continuous reinforcement
3)periodic reward
4)occasional punishment
1
What does the occurrence of spontaneous recovery tell you about the functional properties of extinction?
Question 1 options:

1)Extinction is a form of new learning, but it only inhibits rather than deletes the learned association between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus.
2)Extinction is an adaptive response to delete spurious information from memory.
3)Extinction is a useful tendency to try to readapt old learning strategies to novel problems.
4)Extinction is the basis of cognitive learning when applied to new contexts.
1
ou want your dog to stop barking unnecessarily so you take him to a dog trainer. The trainer, who is well versed in associative learning theory, tells you that the key to good training is figuring out how to increase the desired behavior. According to the trainer, which of the following is the best approach?

1)positive reinforcement when the dog is barking
2)negative reinforcement when the dog is barking
3)positive punishment when the dog is quiet
4)negative reinforcement when the dog is quiet
4
Studies of the role of dopamine have shown that which of the following pairs are distinct processes?

1)liking and wanting
2)liking and loving
3)needing and wanting
4)wanting and loving
1
In what technique are successive approximations used?

1)shaping
2)taste aversion
3)extinction
4)punishment
1
Yu-Ting vividly remembers the day that her husband took her completely by surprise when he proposed to her. She believes that she remembers every detail of the proposal. The research suggests that this ________ memory is ________ ordinary memories.

1)photographic; more accurate than

2)photographic; as accurate as

3)flashbulb; more accurate than

4)flashbulb; as accurate as
4
As a research participant, you study this list of words: curtain, book, anger, dirt, plant, hunger, paper, sadness, sunshine, music, disease, surprise, fired, love, test, pizza, electricity. When you are later asked to recall the list, the ________ effect would suggest that you are most likely to have trouble remembering ________.


1)chunking; book

2)chunking; pizza

3)serial position; music

4)serial position; curtain
3
When Jon visits his grandmother's house, he always thinks about his childhood. Something about the way her house smells triggers the memory. This phenomenon is referred to as


1)context-dependent memory.

2)a network of association.

3)memory nodes.

4)mnemonics.
1
Aldo cannot get the answer to a chemistry problem, even after sitting at his desk for an hour. He gets up and goes for a walk. Suddenly, the answer comes to him, even though he appears to have stopped thinking about it for a while. This phenomenon is called ________ learning.

1)insight
2)latent
3)cognitive map
4)extinction
1
Research by Shepard Siegel and colleagues has shown that tolerance to a drug's effects is most likely to be greatest in which setting?

1)where the drug is most frequently used
2)where the drug has not been used before
3)where there are the most other people using the drug
4)Tolerance is generally the same under all locations.
1
Learning without direct reinforcement is known as

1)delayed learning.

2)classical conditioning.

3)partial reinforcement.

4)latent learning.
4
You watch a news report about a crime that occurred in a certain neighborhood and become fearful when you next visit that neighborhood. This is an example of

1)Pavlovian conditioning.
2)operant conditioning
3)observational learning.
4)the promotion of violence by the media.
3
When conditioning occurs due to the pairing of a neutral stimulus with a conditioned stimulus (CS), resulting in a CS-CS learned association, this process is known as

1)stimulus generalization.
2)second-order conditioning.
3)additive conditioning.
4)summation.
2
Primary reinforcers

1)come first in second-order conditioning.
2)satisfy biological needs.
3)are the first behaviors to be rewarded in shaping.
4)represent symbolic value.
2
An actor sometimes forgets his next line while on stage. He is experiencing


1)blocking.

2)absentmindedness.

3)schema failure.

4)memory bias.
1
The working of memory is frequently compared to the actions of a computer. However, human memory differs from that of a computer because human memories

1)are entered by sensory input.
2)often differ in how often they last over time.
3)become stronger over time.
4)"live" in one place in the brain.
2
Alex sees a girl stealing a candy bar in a convenience store. When the police question him, Alex says the thief was wearing a red shirt. Later in the interrogation, the officer asks what candy the girl in the blue shirt stole. Months later, when Alex testifies in court, he describes the girl as having worn a blue shirt. Alex's testimony at the trial shows the influence of

1)suggestibility.
2)cryptomnesia.
3)source misattribution.
4)the sleeper effect.
1
Posttraumatic stress disorder is an example of

1)retrograde amnesia.
2)persistence.
3)anterograde amnesia.
4)blocking.
2
Alex sees a girl stealing a candy bar in a convenience store. When the police question him, Alex says the thief was wearing a red shirt. Later in the interrogation, the officer asks what candy the girl in the blue shirt stole. Months later, when Alex testifies in court, he describes the girl as having worn a blue shirt. Alex's testimony at the trial shows the influence of

1)suggestibility.
2)cryptomnesia.
3)source misattribution.
4the sleeper effect.
1
If someone asks you who is running for president, you will answer from your ________ memory. If someone asks who you voted for in the last election, you could answer from your ________ memory.

1)episodic; semantic
2)semantic; episodic
3)procedural; explicit
4)explicit; procedural
2
Jon is trying to remember his class schedule from last semester, but he keeps thinking of his current classes instead. This phenomenon is an example of which type of interference?

1)retroactive
2)proactive
3)blocking
4)absentmindedness
1
According to levels of processing theory, information that is encoded more deeply is remembered better than information that is encoded less deeply, because information encoded more deeply

1)has greater rehearsal.
2)is stored longer in short-term memory storage.
3)is more meaningful.
4)is entered into long-term memory more logically.
3
Attitude formation falls under which memory category?

1)implicit
2)explicit
3)semantic
4)episodic
1
Many people who have been convicted of crimes based on eyewitness testimony are later found, through DNA evidence, to be not guilty. Which of the following statements is a common reason for why eyewitness testimony may lead to false convictions?

1)Eyewitnesses tend to remember evidence that confirms their stereotypes.
2)Eyewitnesses are usually not questioned seriously enough by the defense.
3)Eyewitnesses frequently lie to make their stories more dramatic.
4)Judges instruct juries to prioritize eyewitness testimony over other evidence.
1
Absentmindedness is often driven by

1)memory decay.
2)interference.
3)failing to pay attention.
4)amnesia.
3
Four witnesses see a truck hit a small car. If they all saw the same thing, who is likely to give the highest estimate of the truck's speed when testifying in court?

1)Sue, who was asked, "How quickly was the truck going when it hit the car?"
2)Bob, who was asked, "How quickly was the truck going when it smashed into the car?"
3)Tom, who was asked, "What speed was the car going when the accident happened?"
4)both Sue (who was asked, "How quickly was the truck going when it hit the car?") and Bob (who was asked, "How quickly was the truck going when it smashed into the car?")
2
Suzanne goes into therapy because she is continually anxious and has trouble sleeping due to disturbing nightmares. Her therapist diagnoses Suzanne with posttraumatic stress disorder and encourages her to talk about distressing childhood memories. Eventually, Suzanne recalls having been abused by her uncle as a child. The problem that this ________ memory poses is that ________.

1)repressed; her therapist has implanted a false memory
2)repressed; no one will believe that her kind uncle was abusive
3)recovered; it will distract her from her real problems
4)recovered; it is difficult to know whether her memory is accurate
4
In a memory experiment, participants in Group A are asked to just listen to a list of words. Group B is asked to count the number of words that begin with the letter e. Group C is asked to repeat each word as they hear it. Group D is asked to use each word in a sentence. According to the ________ model of memory, ________ would later remember the most words from the list.

1)level of processing; Group A
2)spreading activation; Group B
3)spreading activation; Group C
4)level of processing; Group D
4
Sets with similar terms