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CLT Final

Terms in this set (184)

The entire English race wherever found, as in Europe, the United States, or India.
Germanic people (like Norse)
b) poem, Old English language
b) poem set in Scandinavia

The Anglo-Saxon language spoken from approximately 450 to 1150 A.D. in what is now Great Britain.

northern England
Christianization of England: begins ca. 600 [Christian poem...preceding Christian time]

poem set in;
A country in northern Europe, home of the Viking people.

Setting: S. Sweden/Denmark

Setting: S. Sweden/Denmark

Beowulf's father, Hygelac's brother-in-law, and Hrothgar's friend.

Ecgtheow is dead by the time the story begins, but he lives on through the noble reputation that he made for himself during his life and in his dutiful son's remembrances.

God in Beowulf - always in the singular ... monotheistic Christian god - removes all other gods from polytheistic version?
- unknown Christian author
- a monk or priest (educated)... assumed it's a man

a person holding religious beliefs other than those of the main world religions

virtue of pagan heroes
lines 175-88 - pities the pagan heroes because they don't know the pagan god

- A hero who fights Grendel, Grendel's Mother and a fire breathing dragon
- protagonist
- son of Ecgtheow
- nephew of Hygelac

Beowulf's people

- Beowulf's uncle
- king of the Geats
- husband of Hygd.

Hygelac heartily welcomes Beowulf back from Denmark.

King of the Danes

a native or inhabitant of Denmark
- Grendel's victims

Hrothgar's[king of the Danes] mead hall

- adviser to Hrothgar [king of danes]
- One of Hrothgar's warriors
- jealous of Beowulf
- lent his sword to Beowulf to fight Grendel's mother

- A demon descended from Cain
- Grendel preys on Hrothgar's warriors in the king's mead-hall[ Heorot].
- Because his ruthless and miserable existence is part of the retribution exacted by God for Cain's murder of Abel, Grendel fits solidly within the ethos of vengeance that governs the world of the poem.
- demon descended from Cain
- terrorizes Herot
- killed by Beowulf
- Monster

Grendel's mother

Monster that goes on a rampage in the land of the Geats.

- Beowulf's homeland
- where the 3rd battle takes place between Beowulf and the monster
- Wiglaf kills the monster and he is Beowulf's only worthy warrior

- A young kinsman and retainer of Beowulf who helps him in the fight against the dragon while all of the other warriors run away.
- Wiglaf adheres to the heroic code better than Beowulf's other retainers, thereby proving himself a suitable successor to Beowulf.
- Relative and follower of Beowulf

- Beowulf's childhood friend, whom he defeated in a swimming match.
- Unferth alludes to the story of their contest, and Beowulf then relates it in detail.

sword given to Beowulf by Unferth

praise, glory
[what people say about you once you died, based on what you did while you were alive]

- The last word in the poem Beowulf.
- In Old English means
'most yearnful for glory', which in the poem was Beowulf
[keenest to win fame] - refers to Beowulf himself;

what he tries to achieve against Grendel's mother...but against the dragon tries to protect his people?

Creation myth... poet singing about how Christian god is creating the world... which annoys Grendel

unknown Christian author

God in Beowulf - always in the singular ... monotheistic Christian god - removes all other gods from polytheistic version?

A follower of a polytheistic religion in ancient times.

The Norwegian language, especially in its medieval form

Invaders of Europe that came from Scandinavia

medieval Scandinavia, Vikings

A region in northwestern France on the English channel

Iceland/Icelandic

-where most of Norse mythology sources come from
-preserved myths longer, Christianized the latest

national parliament of Iceland

-nothern Icelandic work of the thirteenth century
-collection of traditional poems dealing with Norse mythology
-written in old Icelandic.

- A work by Snorri Sturluson ?
- Creation of universe and coming of Norse gods explained in this work.
- Consists of 4 sections

Snorri Sturluson

Author of the Prose Edda

- Deluding of Gylfi
section of Prose Edda from Norse mythology.
- deals with the creation and destruction of the world of the Norse gods, and many other aspects of Norse mythology..

name of the man who Gylfi disguises himself as:

disguises himself as an old man named
Gangleri (which means "strider")

Swedish king.

a) Æsir (magical newcomers)
b) disguises himself = Gangleri ("strider") [magical himself, disguises himself as an old man]

(magical newcomers)
live in great hall, in north of Sweden

fertility gods

a) Njord (sea god) = father of twins :
- Frey = god, fertility of earth
- Freyja = goddess, sexual desire

(sea god) = father of twins

b) Frey = god, fertility of earth
c) Freyja = goddess, sexual desire

god, fertility of earth

-goddess of sexual desire
-giants are always pursuing her

giants = jötnar
a) not always gigantic
b) family

He is a god of war, death, wisdom, poetry, and knowledge, and rides the eight-legged horse Sleipnir.

king of Æsir
b) god of death (see Valhalla) and cleverness
c) Odin's horse = Sleipnir [8 legs]

god of knowledge
1. two ravens, Hugin ("Thought") and Munin ("Mind/Memory")
2. tell Odin news
b) god of prophecy (two stories)
story #1: sacrifices himself
1. hangs on Yggdrasil [ash tree]
2. 9 days
story #2: sacrifices eye
1. Mimir's Well = wisdom
2. root of Yggdrasil [ash tree]

a) hall in Asgard
b) for souls (warriors slain in battle)
c) Odin in charge

d) Valkyries
1. female spirits of battle
2. valkyrja = "chooser of the slain"
e) warriors await Ragnarok [series of events]
1. battle each other daily
2. feast on boar Saehrimnir
3. drink mead (from goat Heidrun)

**4. Valhalla = Norse idea of best afterlife
e) at Ragnarok, warriors + Æsir = good

- home of the Norse gods
- home of Æsir [are not gods]
- "Æsir enclosure"

- Beautiful women who carried dying warriors to Valhalla.
- female spirits of battle
- valkyrja = "chooser of the slain"

- boar
in the Norse afterlife
- is rejuvinted everday so that soldiers may feed from him

goat
in Norse afterlife who provides mead for soldiers

"The 8 legged horse who came from Loki as a gift to Odin

raven of thought

-one of Odin's ravens
-"mind/memory"

ash tree
a. World Tree
b. supports universe
c. different levels

storm god
b) son of Odin
Norse god of thunder

a) trickster god - they create drama, love storytelling
b) purely mythic (no worship)
c) son of giant and goddess
d) outsider (not really one of Æsir)
e) shape-shifter

- Ferocious wolf
- Loki's son

- monstrous serpent and child of Loki
- thrown into the ocean surrounding Midgard
- so large that it surrounds the entire world

Midgard Serpent

- Jormungand
- Sea monster
- offspring of Loki
- slays, and is slain by, Thor at Ragnarok.

a) underworld realm (below Asgard/Midgard)
b) for souls (old age, disease)
c) Hel (queen of Hel) in charge
d) Hel's face = half blue-black, half flesh color
e) Hel = place of gloom, cold
f) at Ragnarok[series of events] ,
souls from Hel + jötnar[giants] = evil

- in the beginning
= the void (Ginnungagap)
= empty space; nothingness

= cold (in north) realm

= fiery (in south) realm

{Niflheim = cold (in north)} + {Muspell = fiery (in south)}

= Ymir
= frost giant = out of the ice...

- the first cow.
- She arose from the thawed frost
- gave forth 4 streams of milk for the giant Ymir to drink.
- She licked the salty ice until a male figure appeared [Buri]
...His descendants would take care of creation.

- Ancestor of the Norse gods
- Created by the cow Audmula licking him from ice.
b) Buri (= first of Æsir)

- Buri's son
- Bestla's husband
- father to: Odin, Vlli, Ve

- Wife of Buri
- Mother of Odin, Vili, and Ve

- the only frost giant who didn't drown from the flood [myth] of Ymir's blood along with his wife

- Bergelmir and wife... "wooden box" (lur) used as a boat
- Assumed that both, have recreation... more frost giants
** [ends of flood myth, usually ends with creation]

- "wooden box"
- It served as a floating vessel for Berglemir and his wife.
...They were able to survive the flood using by using it as a floating vessel.

- Home of the humans
- "middle enclosure"
- (humans live here)

- "outer enclosure"
- (giants live here)

-Gard and yard - enclosed places

Odin brothers create humans from trees
("ash") - 1st men

Odin brothers create humans from trees,
("elm") - 1st women

- the name of the third fetter that blinded Fenrir
- thin and made by dwarves who were master craftsmen
- very strong (all fetters are named!)

- close connection to Fenrir
- Fenrir held by Gleipnir
- Fenrir bites off Tyr's hand

- A giant who used magic to best the gods in many categories
- but even then he nearly lost

Test by Utgard-Loki:
Loki: eating contest

(& loses to Logi = fire)

- good and beautiful god
- son of Odin
- mother makes him invulnerable to all things except mistletoe
- mistletoe kills him when thrown by his brother Hod
- trapped in Hel until Ragnarok
-returns from hell after Ragnarok

- Loki goes to blind god Hod (Loki gives mistletoe to Hod)... why aren't you doing things to your brother
- kills Baldr by throwing

- Son of Odin
- Rode to Hel to try and rescue his brother Balder.

god Hermod rides Sleipnir to Hel [accidental death goes to Hel]

- Thökk = Loki
- Giantess.
- Everyone agrees to weep for Baldr[son of Odin/killed by Hod with mistletoe] to return from Hel *except for her.*
- Turns out, she was Loki in disguise.

wife of Loki [collects bowl of snake venom]

("end of gods") = series of events leading to [NOT A PLACE]
a) death of most of the gods
b) world's destruction by fire
c) in future; has not yet happened ... still waiting

. signs of Ragnarok is coming:

a) 3 winters, no summers
b) humans turn wicked (war, murder, incest)
c) sun, moon swallowed by wolves [2 wolves...?]
d) 2 wolves = originally just Fenrir [1]?

Rainbow bridge connecting Midgard and Asgard

- guards Bifrost (blows horn for VI[6].)
- Asgard side

- Heimdall blows his horn, signaling the big battle

- giant from Muspell
- leads evil forces over Bitfrost which breaks(breaks the rainbow Bridge) --> final battle
- kills Frey
- sets fire to world which ends Ragnarok

Plain in Asgard where the final battle will occur

- Tyr kills/killed by Garm,
- dog (= Fenrir? - close connection to him)

- Son of Odin and the giantess Grid who will avenge Odin's death after Ragnarok.
- kills Fenrir (with leather from sandals creates a huge leather shoe used by Vidar)
- survivor

- son of Odin
- survivor

- Son of Thor
- Brother of Magni
- survivor

- Son of Thor
- Brother of Modi
- survivor

new home for the gods created by Vidar, Vali, Moli, and Magni after Ragnarok

Hoddmimir's Wood

(forest)
- two humans hid/took refuge from fire
- [as not all gods' die...not all humans die]

As the Greek Chaos and the Chinese Hun Tun can mean empty space, so can the Norse:

(Ginnungagap)
the void= empty space; nothingness

Both Flood myth and Ragnarok have following in common except?

They both take place in the distant past
[Ragnarok occurs in the future]

Common :
- myths of destruction/apocalyptic
- feature (re)creation
- affects human beings

King and Land

Early Dynastic Period
(ca. 3100-2600 BCE)
= Dynasties 1-3

(ca. 2600-2100)
= Dynasties 4-8 [Great Pyramid]
- cultural flowering

(ca. 2000-1650) = Dynasties 11-13 - one king grabs all the rule again

(ca. 1550-1000)
= Dynasties 18-20 [Tutankhamun]
- one king grabs all the rule again/when Egypt becomes a superpower in the world... controlled most territory

- New Kingdom
- A pharaoh of Egypt that is famous for his tomb that was discovered. The tomb was largely untouched and was full of treasure.
-(ca. 1550-1000) = Dynasties 18-20

- early god
- falcon
- assoc. with: sky & sun

- when grown, Horus battles, defeats Seth
- Horus becomes king of Egypt

kings of Egypt =

avatars of Horus
[Egyptian kings are not gods; they are the vessel/avatar of Horus]

"the Distant One"/way up in the sky

Egyptian word for "sun" - [unknown of the vowels]

- *overall most important god*
- often assoc. w/other gods (e.g., Horus)

"Eye of Re" = solar disc
[separate god]

-serpent/force of chaos in the underworld
-battles the sun every night, but *loses because the sun rises every day*

a) falcon god too
... not identical to horus different god
b) "Horus of the two horizons"

- scarab beetle (dung)
- [... idea of "rebirth" seem magical]
- [uses front legs... while dung beetles usually use their hind legs]

- Goddess of love and joy
- morphed from Eye of Re... transforms into a different god] - not bed exterminator god
1. cow goddess
2. connected to female sexuality/motherhood
3. mother (or wife) of falcon god (elder Horus)
4. Hat-hor = "house of Horus"

- Hathor merges into Sekhmet

a. lion goddess [connected to sun too]
b. goddess: plague/healing & war

"reverse flood myth"

- beer/liquid is used to save people and not destroy them
- Re has second thoughts of killing humans... beer dyed red
- Sekhmet thinks this is blood... drinks it all and becomes so drunk and forgets to kill humans

city of worship for sun god

earliest Egyptian creation myth
(= Old Kingdom)

- waters of chaos
- he is the primordial waters
b. [later, exists on edges of universe]

= "the all"
a. creative force
b. appears on mound (but preexists it)- chooses to manifest
c. coeval with Nun
d. assoc. with sun (esp. evening)
e. Atum = patron god of Heliopolis ("sun city")

god of air
- Atum produces Shu out of himself [parthenogenesis]

- Tefnut (goddess of moisture)
-Atum produces Tefnut out of himself [parthenogenesis]

(earth god)

Shu and Tefnut mate, produce Geb [brother and sister]

(sky goddess)

Shu and Tefnut mate, produce Nut [brother and sister]

- God
- Geb + Nut = Osiris

- marries his sister Isis
- becomes king of Egypt
- Osiris goes into chest, Seth seals chest shut
- becomes king of underworld

1. king{ship} of underworld [holds {crook and flail} (whip) w/ crossed arms]
2. first mummy (Isis and Anubis)
3. mummiform
4. blue/green skin (connected to fertility)

How are underworld gods connected to fertility?
- Things grow up from the earth, under the earth is the underworld...

God

Geb + Nut = Seth

- Seth marries his sister Nephthys
- trickster
- force of chaos
- tricks Osiris into chest

Egyptian goddess

Geb + Nut = Isis

1. queen of underworld
2. throne {on her head} (in hieroglyphs)
3. magical {brings Osiris back momentarily}

goddess

Geb + Nut = Nephthys

married to Seth [bro]

(nine gods)
= Atum, {Shu, Tefnut}, [Geb, Nut], (Osiris, Isis, Seth, Nephthys)

[Nu/Nun - chaotic waters left out bc dangerous primordial waters]

= center of royal craftshops

Patron god of Memphis = Ptah

- god of craftsmen
- patron god of Memphis
- Ptah creates world (incl. Ennead, but Ptah creates everything)
-> creates things through his "heart" (mind) and "tongue" (speech)

(40-120 CE)
Greek writer (Roman Empire)
Author of: On Isis and Osiris

On Isis and Osiris

no full Egyptian account of myth of Isis and Osiris

b) best account
1. Plutarch

- Egyptian underworld
[goes west, bc the sun sets towards the west & over the edge of flat earth
- west=death]

[misunderstanding: Egyptians aren't obsessed with death, but life]

a) sustaining spirit of person (= life force)
b) spiritual/ghostly double of person
c) needs sustenance in afterlife [feed your ka] [1. actual offerings (food/drink) and 2. paintings/models of food/drink]

d) resides in heart [while alive, ka is in your heart]
e) for dead, ka resides in tomb
1. inside mummy
2. = reason for mummification - so your ka can recognize your body
f) Horus = ka [life force] for kings
1. hieroglyph for ka [touch down symbol from football]
2. "Horus name" of king - showed as a falcon usually

a) character/personality of person - what makes you, you
b) ba-bird
c) for living, with breath of life - ba-bird enters your body
d) for dead, flies about (tomb, underworld) - exhale last breath of life, ba-bird flies away
aiming for eternity within Egyptian paradox

state of akh - end goal for Egyptian afterlife
a) transfigured soul
b) necessary for survival in afterlife
c) contains [ka, ba, shadow, name]
d) magical spells = ensure transformation
1. with your mummy
2. paint them on tomb walls/ within/around coffins

a) inseparable from person
b) ceases to be (if demon devours shadow)
... protect yourself from the demon who eats shadows

a) essence (individuality) of person
b) preservation of name (tomb) - kept tombs secret so no one could obliterate your name
c) ceases to be (if name obliterated) - erase any sources of name, ceases to have an afterlife

[carved on the inside of pyramids]
a) Old Kingdom royal tombs
b) EXCLUSIVE TO kings {royalty}

[outside/inside of coffins]
a) coffins in Middle Kingdom
b) royal and non-royal dead {only if you had the money}
c) transformation into akh possible for non-royals
d) builds upon #1 [pyramid texts]

Book of the Dead

[collection of magical spells... not about death]
a) New Kingdom tombs (written on papyrus - Egyptian paper)
b) royal and non-royal dead {If you could afford it}
c) builds upon #1 and #2[Coffin Texts & pyramid texts]
d) proper name =
*"The Book of Coming Forth by Day" (i.e., like sun) {book of rebirth}*

1. jackal god
2. mummifying god [teams up with Isis to mummify Osiris]
3. escorts souls of dead [soul-escorter]
4. weighs the heart of the deceased... to check purity
a. feather of Maat (Order/Truth)
b. if heart heavier, than feather of Maat
c. ...then eaten by monster/demon (Amamet/Ammit)
d. ... & soul is damned [one way to become a damned soul in the underworld]

(Order/Truth)
Ostrich feather on head [shut]

- hybrid monster in the underworld
- Depicted as having the head of a crocodile, the body of a leopard and the legs of a hippo.
- Fed on the hearts of damned souls....[if heart heavier, than feather of Maat]
c. ...then eaten by monster/demon (Amamet/Ammit)

1. seen as an ibis-headed (ibis) OR a baboon
3. god of wisdom and writing
4. serves as scribe for Osiris in the underworld - for the akh souls and the damned souls
[cf. Santa Claus]

Protestation of Guiltlessness

- last magical spell you have
1. negative confession [I have not, did not do,... etc]
2. includes: "I have not taken the loaves of the blessed (dead)."
...[can't take the food from someone's tomb, bc their ka will starve to death]

how do Egyptians differ from norse view of afterlife?

Egyptians:
- only one soul escorter [Anubis];
- tested of purity of heart for afterlife;
- only one afterlife realm [and lasts forever/permanent]

Norse:
- two afterlife realms [Hel & Valhala?] [souls are impermanent there]
- tested in battle for courage

how do Egyptians compare to norse view of afterlife?

Egyptian damned souls and the akh souls battle[every night] alongside Re

With others alongside with Ragnarok [just once]

Odyssey - Homer
ca. 750-700 BCE - poem

soul/spirit
("breath")

= all about crossing boundaries
1. trickster god
2. messenger god (caduceus = messenger's staff) [Olympus to Earth]
3. god of travel
4. god of thieves [bc speed & bc he is a trickster & crosses boundaries]

Hermes' role as conductor of souls to the underworld

The ferryman of the underworld, who conveyed the souls of the dead across the river Styx.
[cf. Epic of Gilgamesh Urshanabi]

[Styx]
river in the underworld

god's oath sworn on Acheron (if broken)
a. coma = 1 year
b. exile from other gods = 9 years

[Acheron]
- river in the underworld

god's oath sworn on Styx (if broken)
a. coma = 1 year
b. exile from other gods = 9 years

3-headed dog guarding the entrance to Hades

a) at entrance of Erebos/Hades
b) "reverse guard dog"
- doesn't have a problem letting you in, but you can't leave
c) three heads [he can watch all directions]
... {cf. Indian mythology Rig Veda, guard dog with 4 eyes}]; snake for tail

proper name for realm of where the dead go =

1. king of Erebos/Hades
2. also called Plouton ("Wealthy One")[= Roman Pluto]
- what's Hades wealthy in? souls, all the minerals of the Earth [gold, silver...]

later, (House of) Hades = Erebos [cf. Norse myth Hell named after Hel]

a) queen of Erebos/Hades
b) daughter of Zeus and his sister Demeter (goddess of grain/agriculture)
- Relationship between Hade [uncle] and Persephone [niece]
c) Persephone = aka Korē

Goddess of agriculture

Mom of Persephone {+Zeus}

Homeric Hymn to Demeter

[style of Homer... but not written by him, past his time]
1. Homeric hymns = in style of Homer
2. Hades abducts niece Persephone
3. distraught Demeter[mom] searches all over the world for Persephone[daughter]
- ... stops doing her job (famine on earth, crops on earth begin to die)
4. Zeus decides to intervene
a. Persephone =
- 1/3 year with Hades [has to spend part of the year bc tricked by Hades, with pomegranate seed],
- 2/3 year with Demeter
b. seasons (aetiology myth) - 1/3 of year [winter - things don't grow]; 2/3 growth

cornucopia - horn of plenty [Hades holds bc fertility god] - crops grow UP from earth

paradise
~ positive ~
- The good part of the underworld

Isles of the Blessed (Homer, Odyssey)
Isles of the Blessed (Hesiod, Theogony)

Isles of the Blessed

paradise
The good part of the underworld

Elysion Field(Hesiod, Theogony)

- King of Sparta
- a few selected heroes [get there thru connections]
- Within: Elysion Field (Homer, Odyssey)/Isles of the Blessed (Hesiod, Theogony) ~ positive

- mortals who have offended the gods in someway.
- These sinners were eternally punished in Erebos/Tartaros

"cosmic sinner" against gods
~negative~
= offense is unknown?
a. roll boulder up a hill
b. boulder rolls back down the hill once it reaches the top
Cyclical

"cosmic sinner" against gods
~negative~
= giant (tries to rape Leto, mother of a.)
a. Apollo and Artemis (archers) [cf. Baal Cycle Baal and Anat - deadly]
b. lies on ground (2 vultures eat his liver every day; cf. Prometheus/eagle eats his liver)

"cosmic sinner" against gods
~negative~

*= feeds son, Pelops, to gods*
a. wants to test the gods, feeds him to the gods... all gods know not to eat human except Demeter...
b. distraught Demeter (eats shoulder = replaced by ivory) - Pelops missing shoulder
c. "tantalized" (fruit blown away by wind, water never able to drink)

- Tantalus's only son killed, boiling, and served to the gods
- restored to life by the gods

A Greek poet
author of: Iliad and the Odyssey

a long, adventurous voyage; a quest

Odysseus encounters underworld [ ~700 BCE]

consult soul of seer Teiresias = to find way home to Ithaca

Teiresias = drinks blood and temporarily gives his ability of prophesy

Home of Odysseus

- Odysseus' late helmsman: Find and cremate body! & then bury the ashes...
- without a proper funeral won't go to underworld... in a "limbo"

- other souls drink blood too [souls of dead to living... they're separated/unknown of updates]
- Mother of Odysseus
- (Odysseus' mother) = embrace (3 times - insubstantial, can't embrace) - didn't know mother died

other souls drink blood too [souls of dead to living... they're separated/unknown of updates]
- (asks about son Orestes)
- Odysseus: "idk"

Son of Agamemnon

other souls drink blood too [souls of dead to living... they're separated/unknown of updates]

- I would rather be the poorest man on earth vs. king of dead
b. asks about son Neoptolemos ... Odysseus Took his son to Troy
- son was a brave warrior, you would be proud - Achilles strides happily from news
c. asks about father Peleus... unknown of update

Son of Achilles
Odysseus Took his son to Troy
- son was a brave warrior, you would be proud - Achilles strides happily from news

Father of Achilles

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