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BIO 212-The Harbinger of Spring in Ohio Part 2

Terms in this set (22)

what the relative oxidation state of carbon atoms in a molecule?
-4
how does pyruvate enter the mitochondrion?
active transport
what is the importance of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex?
links glycolysis and the citric acid cycle (by converting pyruvate to acetyl-CoA)
list the substrates and products of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
substrates: 2 pyruvates from glycolysis, NAD+, and CoA; products: 2 NADH molecules are produced per original glucose and 2 CO2 gas molecules are released (and acetyl-CoA)
name the key regulatory enzyme of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
acetyl-CoA
name the key regulatory enzyme of the Kreb's cycle
citrate synthase
name the key regulatory enzyme of the electron transport chain
cytochrome C oxidase
describe the major regulators of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex?
NADH inhibits
describe the major regulators of the Kreb's cycle?
citrate synthase is the key regulatory enzyme and is mostly regulated by substrate availability (both OAA and acetyl CoA)
describe the major regulators of the electron transport chain?
...
what are the major protein complexes of the electron transport change?
Protein Complex I: NADH-Coenzyme Q oxidoreductase
Protein Complex II=Succinate-Coenzyme Q Oxidoreductase
Protein Complex III=Reduced coenzyme Q-cytochrome C oxidoreductase
Protein Complex IV=Cytochrome C Oxidase
how does each protein complex of the electron transport chain contribute to the overall reaction?
electrons from NADH or FADH2 move from less electronegative electron carrier (lower affinity for e-) to a more electronegative electron carrier down the chain, which releases free energy
distinguish between substrate-level phosphorlyation and chemiosmosis relative to ATP production
substrate-level phosphorlyation: 2 ATP are needed for glycolysis and 4 are generated from substrate-level phosphorlyation, so we end with 2 ATP. 2 NADH molecules are generated, giving about 4-6 more ATP, ends with 6-8 ATP made. chemiosmosis produces 26 ATP (if use FAD) or 28 ATP (if you use NADH)
describe the ATP synthase complex and name it's constituent parts
ATP synthase is the enzyme that makes ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate. Works like an ion pump running in reverse. Uses the energy of an existing ion gradient to power ATP synthesis. Power source for ATP synthase is a difference in the concentration of H+ on opposite sides of the inner mitochondrial membrane. the process where energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane is used to drive cellular work such as the synthesis of ATP is called chemiomosis.

1. H+ ions flowing down their gradient enter the stator, which is a channel anchored in the membrane
2. H+ ions enter binding sites within the rotator, changing the shape of each subunit so that the rotor spins within the membrane
3. Each H+ ion makes one complete turn before leaving the rotor and passing through a second channel in the stator into the mitochondrial matrix
4. Spinning of the rotor causes an internal rod to spin as well. the rod extends like a stalk into the knob below it, which is held stationary by part of the stator.
5. when the rod turns, it activates a catalytic site in the knob that produces ATP from ADP and inorganic Phosphate
provide a detailed energy accounting of the complete oxidation of glucose organized by constituent pathways involved (e.g., glycolysis, pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, Kreb's cycle, and mitochondrial electron transport chain)
...
what is an oxidizing agent? what is a reducing agent?
oxidizing agent is the reactant that is being reduced. reducing agent is the reactant that is being oxidized
what is a reduction and what is oxidation?
oxidation is when you lose electron; reduction is when you gain electrons
what is the difference between fermentative pathways and respiratory pathways?
fermentative pathways use organic terminal electron acceptor (like pyruvate in rbc) and respiratory pathways use inorganic terminal electron acceptors (like O2 gas)
what does aerobic cellular respiration involve?
the combustion of cellular fuel molecules (oxidation)
what action does transport protein have?
secondary active transport
what happens in pyruvate dehydrogenase complex?
Pyruvate reacts with NAD+ and CoA (coenzyme A and pyruvate are the reducing agents-bc they are oxidized) to form NADH and CoA. The main reducing agent is pyruvate and the main oxidizing agent is NAD+
where does NADH inhibit?
it's allosteric inhibitor that slows down the krebs cycle and dihydrogenase; inhibits at 4 places: pyruvate dehydrogenase, citrate synthase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
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