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ANT 202 Midterm 1

Terms in this set (134)

the time during the development of human culture before the appearance of the written word

a technology for storing, manipulating and communicating data

Cultural Anthropology

living peoples and their cultrues

linguistic anthropology

studies of human language

physical or biological anthropology

concerned with human biology, genetics and human origins

study of ancient things that are the byproducts of human activites

material culture

The physical manifestations of human activities; includes tools ,campsites, art, and structures. The most durable aspects of culture

an object made by human beings; often refers to a primitive tool or other relic from an earlier period

natural objects, such as bones,teeth, and shells that have survived from earlier cultures

archaeological discovery that can't be moved

where archaeological discoveries have been found

the remains (or an impression) of a plant or animal that existed in a past geological age and that has been excavated from the soil

a garbage mound left by prehistoric people

human skeletal remains

remains of humans or human ancestors resulting from either accidental or intentional burial or some other preservation activity

a relation resulting from interaction or dependence

a concept that explains the surroundings of an artifact that has been found

the natural layering of cultural deposits and natural soil layers that build up on a site over a long period of time.

Cultural Resource Management (CRM)

The branch of applied archaeology aimed at preserving sites threatened by dams, highways, and other projects.

three age system

Stone, Bronze, and Iron Ages

second part of the Stone Age beginning about 750,00 to 500,000 years BC and lasting until the end of the last ice age about 8,500 years BC

latest part of the Stone Age beginning about 10,000 BC in the middle east (but later elsewhere)

approximately the last 63 million years

last 2 million years

2 million -12,000 years ago

12,000 years ago to present

earth deposit made by flood

Hominidae (family)

a group of human related genera defended from a common ancestor

Homininae (subfamily)

a group of human related species descended from a common ancestor

Hominini (tribe)

human organisms that can successfully breed and produce genetically viable offspring

basal paleolithic

2.6-1.8 MYA australopitheciens, homo habilis and oldowan tools

Several species within the genus Australopithecus, who lived from 1.1 to 2.5 million years ago in eastern and southern Africa; known for the rugged nature of their chewing apparatus (large back teeth, large chewing muscles, and a bony ridge on their skull tops for the insertion of these large muscles).

Found only in south africa, aka australopithecus africanus - TAUNG BABY
small skulls and jutting out faces

homo heidelbergensis
.6 MYA

Hoax in which bone fragments of modern ape paired with a human skull were passed off as evidence of the earliest human ancestor as a "missing link"

Lower Paleolithic

Old Stone Age beginning with the earliest Oldowan tools spanning from about 200,000 or 250,000 to 2.6 million years ago.

a period during an ice age of being colder

Period of glacial retreat; temps are warmer, ice sheets are smaller, and sea level is higher

supraorbital tori

The separation between areas of the Old World in which Acheulean technology occurs and those in which it does not

Middle Paleolithic

The middle part of the Old Stone Age, associated with Mousterian tools, which Neandertals produced using the Levallois technique.

Upper Paleolithic

Refers to the most recent part of the Old Stone Age, associated with early modern Homo sapiens and characterized by finely crafted stone and other types of tools with various functions

a norm forbidding sexual relations or marriage between certain relatives

practice of eating one's own kind

gender division of labor

Labor divided between man and woman, hunting and gathering etc.

Levallois technique

a middle paleolithic technique that made use of prepared cores to produce uniform flakes

The stone tool culture in which Neandertals produced tools using the Levallois technique.

General term for the large game animals hunted by pre-Holocene and early Holocene humans

the hole in the base of the skull through which the spinal cord passes.

the rock that had been struck to make flakes come off it

fragment, bit, chip - from the core

a stone used for striking cores to produce flakes or bones to expose marrow

projectile point

A triangular-shaped sharp-tipped flaked tool that was originally attached to a wooden shaft. Examples include arrowheads, harpoon heads, dart tips, and spear points. They range in size and shape.

Stone tools shaped for chopping and cutting found in the Olduvai Gorge, the oldest

Acheulean handaxe

one of the first tools used by prehistoric people, multi-purpose tool

a stone tool that has been flaked on two faces or opposing sides forming a cutting edge between the two flake scars

pebble with likeness of female made by homo erectus during middle paleolithic

Mousterian flake tools

tool made through breaking off a large flake from a core that had been shaped

Venus figurines

Small Paleolithic statues of women with exaggerated sexual features.

for making winter clothes; evidence of more advanced tool-making

Hand Axes, flints, extinct species discoveries : proclamation by the British

hominid footprints were found in Tanzania
3.5 MYA
probably left by Australopithecines.

a gorge in northeastern Tanzania where anthropologists have found some of the earliest human remains, Louis and Mary Leakey

site in java where Dubois discovers the femur and skull cap of the Homo. Erectus

1.6 MYA
found Java

China cave site
.8-.4 MYA
found fire pits
likely homo erectus, 1000 cc

Israeli team
evidence fire - charcol/ash
.8 MYA

The location in Germany where 400,000-year-old wooden spears were discovered.

Ambrona and Torralba

found in Spain
0.4-0.2 MYA
hand axes and elephant bones; hunting of large animals?
but, near swamp area, so maybe scavenged the elephants

homo erectus (antecessor)
1.2 MYA
northern Spain
1000 cc
evidence cannibalism

Sima de Los Huesos

homo heidelbergensis
.4 MYA
pit of bones
1100 cc
around 32 people

Israel
1.4 mya
Developed Oldowan
Acheulean

Boxgrove, England

.5 MYA
southern England, Acheulian tools in association with animals bones

The Valley in Germany where the first Neanderthal remains were found

Neanderthal burial site--individual buried in cave with flowers (pollen)
.1 MYA
Iraq

A cave in southwestern France that contains Paleolithic paintings

Cave in the southern tip of Africa where ancient carved blades from animal bones were found. The blades were decorated.

a site in Spain where prehistoric paintings appear on the ceiling of a cave

Grotte de Chauvet, France

Painted late Ice Age cave with remarkable depictions of lions, rhinoceroses, and other animals, dating to as early as 31,000 BC

used the Bible to calculate the Earth's age (6000 yrs)

Largely developed paleontology, the study of fossils. Advocated catastrophism.

Father of Geology

discoverer of Old Stone Age or Lower Palaeolithic tools in association with large extinct animals

Louis and Mary Leakey

anthropologists that were the discovers of the bones of early man, they defined a creature called homo erectus

killer ape hypothesis

discovered the earliest hominid fossil - Sahelanthropus tchadensis

Donald Johanson

anthropologist who searched for fossils in Ethiopia; found the skeleton of Lucy

worked on Lucy (Australopithecus afarensis) and found Ardi, (Ardipithecus ramidus)

South Africa, Found Taung baby

made new study: Lucy died from a fall

Zeresenay Alemseged

found Salaam, "Lucy's child"
same species: australopithecus afarensis

David Lordkipanidze

found homo erectus

best-known excavations were at the Neanderthal site at Shanidar Cave in Iraq

Dendrochronology

The process of counting tree rings to determine the age of a tree

Radiocarbon Dating

a chemical analysis used to determine the age of organic materials based on their content of the radioisotope carbon-14

Potassium-argon dating

radiometric technique using the decay of K to Ar in potassium-bearing rocks; estimates the age of sediments in which fossils are found.

Archeomagnetism

Alignment of particles in cultural deposits with the earths magnetic field for dating

study of deposits from the air, like the pollen in the cave

O18/O16 paleoclimatic

measuring the ratio tells the temperature of a given time period

reconstructing facial features from the broken bones given

Sahelanthropus tchadensis

The earliest pre-australopithecine species
central Africa
7 MYA
possible bipedalism

Orrorin tugenensis

east Africa
6 MYA
possible bipedalism

Ardipithecus ramidus (Ardi)

East Africa
4.4 mya
lived wooded environment

Australopithecus afarensis

3-4 MYA
Eastern Africa
most famous is Lucy

Australopithecus africanus (Gracile Line)

gracile line
small brain almost 500 cc
Taung Child

Paranthropus (Robust line)

2-1.2 MYA
large jaw and protruding brows

2.4-1.8 MYA
found in Olduvai Gorge
by Leakeys
600 cc
less prognathic

homo heidelbergensis

.9-.3 MYA
similar to homo erectus
found through mauer mandible
1100-1300 cc

Upright man
1.9-.1 MYA
900-1250cc
very robust, large eyebrow ridges

Homo sapiens idaltu

found Ethiopia
.16 MYA
found tim white
1450 cc
gracile

Homo sapiens neanderthalensis

sophisticated tools
fire
clothing
hunted animals
200-35k yrs ago
1450 cc

Homo sapiens sapiens/Cro-magnon

modern human beings

.3 MYA
560 cc male
465 cc female

Medieval Concept of Order

James Usshur, earth created 6000 years ago

Uniformitarianism

A principle that geologic processes that occurred in the past can be explained by current geologic processes

relative dating

Method of determining the age of a fossil by comparing its placement with that of fossils in other layers of rock

absolute dating

A technique used to determine the actual age of a fossil

law of superposition

The top rock layer and its fossils is the youngest and the bottom is the oldest.

scale used by paleontologists to represent evolutionary time

natural selection

A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.

people inhabiting a new land

A trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce

social complexity

a situation in which different social and business systems interact with one another

the ability to walk upright on two legs

Killer Ape Hypothesis

Raymond Dart
Proposed that hunting was what drove human evolution.

active scavenging

fighting off predators for food

passive scavenging

taking what's left after carnivores leave

Belief in afterlife

possibly evidenced in Neanderthals in burials; definitely w/ humans

Out of Africa Theory

also called the replacement theory; this theory refers to when Homo sapiens sapiens began spreading out of Africa to other parts of the world about 100,000 years ago and replacing populations of earlier hominids in Europe and Asia

Multi-Regional Theory

Idea that early man developed independently in different regions

lifeways of homo erectus

used tools, technology, and culture to hunt and gather food to survive

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