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Psych of Physical Health Final Review

Terms in this set (542)

Behavioural Medicine

Branch of medicine concerned with the relationship between health and behaviour (focus is usually remediation)

Health Psychology

The application of psychological principles to the diagnosis and treatment of illness as well as to people's attempts to maintain health & well-being, evolution of behavioural medicine

Early Stages of Health Psychology (4)

1. Behaviourism
2. Cognition and Personality
3. Coping Styles
4. Psychoneuroimmunology

Health is affected by what we do, not what we think

Theory that many illnesses are caused by the activity of microorganisms/bacteria

N. Miller explained medical non-compliance by

1. Gradient of Reinforcement
2. Delayed Gratification

Gradient of Reinforcement

The gradual weakening of behaviour the further it gets in time from the reinforcement of that behaviour

Delayed Gratification

There's a lag time between behaviour & the reinforcement

Conditions that are not accompanied by palpable symptoms or sensations

Behaviourism (Researcher)

Cognition and Personality (Researcher)

Coping Styles (Researcher)

Psychoneuroimmunology (Researcher)

Cognitive Restructuring

Changing the way people interpret stressful situations

Study of the relationship between psychological state and immune functioning

Immunocompetence

Extent to which our immune system is functioning properly to ward off microorganisms

Biopsychosocial Approach

Integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis

Biomedical Model

Approach suggesting that heath is understood best by biology

Prominent Theories in Health Psychology (3)

1. Motivational Models
2. Behavioural Enaction Models
3. Multi-stage Models

Motivational Models (3)

1. Health Belief Model
2. Theory of Reasoned Action
3. Theory of Planned Behaviour

Motivational Model

Behaviour follows intention - we must intent to do something before we do it

Health Belief Model

Analyzes behaviour in terms of that belief that a health threat exists and a given course of action will affect the threat

Health Belief Model (2 Beliefs that Influence Action)

1. Response Efficacy Belief
2. Cost-Gain Belief

Response Efficacy Belief

Perception that a threat reducing strategy will work

Cost-Gain Belief

An individual's assessment of that cost associated with the course of action compared to the benefit of the behaviour to the individual's health

Theory of Reasoned Action

Theory that intention comes before behaviour, that our intention is influenced by out beliefs about the behaviour and subjective norms

Subjective Norms

Beliefs regarding what others that we should do and the extent to which we are motivated to go along with them

Theory of Planned Behaviour

behaviour is preceded by intention and intention is influenced not only by subjective norms and beliefs about the efficacy of the behaviour, but also by the belief that one is actually capable of performing the behaviour

Behavioural Enaction Models (2)

1. Gollwitzer's Implementation Intention Model
2. Bagozzi's Goal Theory

Gollwitzer's Implementation Intention Model

People who have an implementation plan are more likely to engage in that behaviour

Bagozzi's Goal Theory

Similar to Gollwitzer's but considers a person's thought about the nature of the goal & expressions of impressions about the goal

focus on independence, self-reliance

Sees themselves as part of a greater whole

Multi-Stage Models (2)

1. Health Action Process Approach (HPA)
2. Stages of Change Model (Transtheoretical Model)

Multi-Stage Models

Provide a step-by-step explanation for how someone develops intention & then carries the intention through to behaviour (both short- and long-term)

Heath Action Process Approach Phases (2)

1. Motivational Phase
2. Volitional Phase

HAPA Motivational Phase

Person develops expectations regarding the outcomes being considered

HAPA Volitional Phase

Includes planning, action, and maintenance of the change

Stages of Change Model (Transtheoretical Model)

1. Pre-contemplation
2. Contemplation
3. Action
4. Maintenance
5. Termination
6. Relapse

Father of stress research

Stress (Hans Selye)

Non-specific mental or somatic results of any demand upon the body

Strain (Physics)

Response to tension/force exerted by one body against another

Positive, yet stressful experience

Negative stress

Strategies that an individual employs to deal with stresses caused by ever-changing demands of the enviornment

3 Ways to Take in Study of Stress

1. Response Based
2. Stimulus based
3. Cognitive Transactional

Stress Literacy

Degree to which an individual (or community) understands the effects of stress

Homeostasis (Researcher)

Dynamic physiological response to maintain a stable internal state in spite of the demands of the enviornment

Fight-or-Flight Response

Body's autonomic reaction when faced with a perceived threat

Tend & Befriend Response

Challenge to fight-or-flight response - females have additional behavioural component involving social and nurturing behaviours
Biobehavioural alternative to fight-or-flight response

Establishing social networks

Environmental demands placed upon us that cause us to feel stressed

Long-term consequences of exposure to stress & causes physiological problems

Nervous System (2)

1. Central Nervous System
2. Peripheral Nervous System

Central Nervous System (2)

1. Brain
2. Spinal Cord

Peripheral Nervous System (2)

1. Somatic Nervous System
2. Autonomic Nervous System

Somatic Nervous System

Autonomic Nervous System

Autonomic Nervous System (2)

1. Sympathetic Nervous System
2. Parasympathetic Nervous System

Sympathetic Nervous System

Responsible for fight-or-flight response

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Responsible for returning the body to balance; "rest and digest"

Physical Response to Stress (2)

1. Sympathetic Adrenal Medullary System
2. Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal Axis

Sympathetic Adrenal Medullary System

Activates fight-or-flight response by releasing adrenaline and noradrenaline from adrenal medulla (located within adrenal which is on top of the kidneys)

Hypothalamic Pituitary Axis

Delayed response to stress, tends to balance things out and minimize initial impact of stress

Stress hormone; not responsible for causing stress. Rather, its responsible for returning body back to homeostasis.

Hypothalamus Location

Inside the brain

Pituitary Gland Location

Base of the brain

Adrenal Gland Location

Above the kidneys

Thyroid Gland Location

Pancreas Location

In-between the kidneys

Helps maintain homeostasis in body through regulatory functions - eating, drinking, sexual behaviour (all affected by stress)
Where stress response begins in nervous & endocrine system

Fast-acting & increases with mental stress; has powerful impact on heart function & blood pressure

Prolonged and increases with physical activity

Affect the response of the sympathetic system (adrenaline, noradrenaline), responsible for fight-or-flight response

Endocrine System

Responds to stress more slowly but can persist for weeks; controls glandular responses to stress

Pituitary Gland

Master Gland
Controls other glands through the release of hormones - sends messages through hormones which triggers other glands to activate during stress response

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Acts on adrenal gland and eventually involved in release of up to 30 stress hormones
Released by pituitary gland

Responsible for releasing glucocorticoids and catecholamines

Key player in fight-or-flight response through release of thyroxine, which increases blood pressure and respiration; increasing blood pressure provides oxygen to our brain and other organs which helps us get out of danger when we need our muscles

Hormone that makes people anxious/feel agitated, increases release of fatty-acid fuels that are metabolized in the stress response

Secretes insulin and glucagon in response to blood sugar levels

Responsible for storing blood sugar (saves it for when we need it in stress response)

Responsible for releasing blood sugar (an important source of energy during flight-or-flight response)

Sympathetic Adrenal Medullary System (3)

1. Hypothalamus
2. Sympathetic Nervous System
3. Adrenal Medulla

Hypothalamic Pituitary Axis (3)

1. Hypothalamus
2. Pituitary Gland
3. Glucocorticoids

Outer portion of adrenal glands
Releases glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids
Supplies hormones to body that provide energy and increase blood pressure, but can adversely affect body's ability to resist and recover from disease

Glucocorticoids

Provides energy to the system by converting stored protein and fats to glucose
Cortisol

Mineralocorticoids

Regulates minerals in body during stress by increasing blood pressure
Aldosterone

Transcends fight-or-flight response and adds emotions such as aggression, fear, anxiety, sexual arousal, pain; system of brain that is responsible in-part for emotion in stress response

Reticular Formation

Complex system running through middle of brain stem that performs several functions during stress response; serves as filtering system between brain & body and tells us what's important during times of stress

General Adaption Syndrome (Researcher)

General Adaption Syndrome (3)

1. Alarm
2. Resistance
3. Exhaustion

Disease of Adaption

Health problems that are the result of long-term neurological and hormonal changes caused by ongoing stress

Stress-Diathesis Model

Predisposing factors interact with stressors to trigger a stress response. Examines interaction between environment vs. heredity (nature vs. nurture). We're pre-wired based on our genetics on how we deal with stress inherently.

Criticisms of GAS

Narrow biological focus (animal studies)
Neglects psychosocial influences that are unique to humans
Brought about Stress-Diathesis Model

Allostatic Load

Extension of body's attempt to maintain homeostasis

Promotes coping & adaption by maintaining stability through change. If adaptive process is used too frequently/not managed well, consequence is allostatic load.

Cognitive Transactional Models

Models that emphasize the relationship between a person and their environment, the appraisal the individual makes of the situation

Cognitive Appraisals (3)

1. Primary Appraisal
2. Secondary Appraisal
3. Reappraisal

Primary Appraisal

Initial evaluation of situation

Primary Appraisals (3)

1. Irrelevant
2. Benign-Positive
3. Stressful

Irrelevant (Primary Appraisal)

A cognitive process by which an event is appraised by having no implication for the individual's well-being

Benign-Positive (Primary Appraisal)

A cognitive process by which an event is appeared to involve outcomes that are positive and may enhance well-being

Stressful (Primary Appraisal)

A cognitive process by which an event is appraised to involve harm/loss, threat, or challenge at time of primary appraisal

Harm/Loss Appraisal

Significant physical or psychological loss

Threat Appraisal

Involves anticipation of harm or loss

Challenge Appraisal

Though event is perceived to be stressful, focus is excitement and potential for growth (more likely when an individual feels in control of the situation)

Secondary Appraisal

Individual's evaluation of their ability to cope with a situation following their primary appraisal; thinking about if coping strategies will work/if you'll be able to do them
Helps determine emotional reaction to event

Continuous experience in which existing appraisals of the situation ate changed or modified on basis of new info

Defensive Appraisal

Self-generated coping strategy attempting to reinterpret past events more positively or view current threats or losses as less threatening

Factors in Appraisal (3)

1. Vulnerability
2. Person Variables
3. Situation Variables

Vulnerability (Factor in Appraisal)

Adequacy of individual's resources (physically)
When things of value are threatened (psychologically)

Person Variables

Commitments, beliefs that interact with situation variables to affect the appraisal of a situation's stressfulness

What's important to an individual

Pre-existing notions that determine meaning given to the environment

Situation Variables

Variables that interact with person variables to influence appraisal of a situation
Taps into our higher order of thinking; asking what does the situation mean? What are the consequences?
Novelty, predictability, event uncertainty, imminence, duration, temporal uncertainty

Extent to which an individual's previous experience with a situation influences the appraisal process

Characteristic of environment that allows an individual to prepare for an event and thus reduce stress involved

Event Uncertainty

Inability to predict probability of event, increasing stress

Interval during which event is being anticipated

Situational factor involved in stress appraisal; time during stressful event occurrence

Temporal Uncertainty

Lack of knowledge about when an event will occur, causing stress

Type A Behaviour Patterns

Characterized by impatience, urgency, aggressiveness, hostility, competitiveness
Higher risk for coronary heart disease & others

Type B Personality

Relaxed and calm, less competitive, not overly reactant to time impediments, rarely displays hostility

Wright's Multi-Causal Pathway

Type A behaviour in combination with family history of coronary heart disease, lifestyle risks, and anger identified as core factors for heart disease

Social Dominance

A set of controlling behaviours, including the tendency to cut off and talk over the interviewer

Coping Response

An intentional physical or mental act that is initiated in response to a stressor

Stress Response

Response that reflects a spontaneous emotional or behavioural reaction to stress rather than deliberate attempt to cope

The objective of a coping response, which is usually to reduce the impact of stress

Result of coping response

Coping Functions (2)

1. Problem Focused Coping
2. Emotion Focused Coping

Problem Focused Coping

Aim: To solve the problem
Coping by actively addressing stressors associated with the disease such as cancer and its treatment

Problem Focused Coping Types (2)

1. Proactive Coping
2. Combative Coping

Proactive Coping (Problem Focused Coping)

Potential stressor anticipated and acted on in advance to prevent or decrease impact

Combative Coping

People react to an unavoidable stress in a manner designed to help cope better

Emotion Focused Coping

Aim: to control emotions
Coping by finding ways to reduce emotional impact of disease without trying to cure it

Personal Resources

Increases one's ability to cope with stress
Social support, personal control

Collection of interpersonal resources people have at their disposal to them them avoid or cope with difficult situations; acts between the event and recipient or between the response to stress and the outcome

Social Support Forms (3)

1. Emotional
2. Informational
3. Tangible

Emotional (Social Support)

Support provided by people who take the time to understand out fears and frustrations, who help calm us during anxious times, help lift our moods or distract us from our worries

Informational (Social Support)

The provision of information that might include treatment options or typical recovery times for treatment or injury

Tangible (Social Support)

Help with daily demands of living such as meals and getting rides to the doctor

Stress Buffering Hypothesis

Theory that social support has an indirect effect and acts as a buffer to protect individuals from the negative effects of stress

Personal Control

A factor that influences a person's ability to cope with stress; can be achieved behaviourally (can do something to physically control situation) or cognitively (can tap into your beliefs that you're actually in control of the situation)

Positive Psychology

Approach that encourages psychologists to use fewer negative or problem-focused frameworks and to focus more on effective human functioning

Positive Psychology Techniques (3)

1. Laughter
2. Downward Comparison
3. Re-framing Events

Good outcomes in spite of serious threats to adaption

Stress Management Techniques

Techniques that have been developed specifically to help people cope with stress either directly or indirectly

Relaxation Techniques

Techniques to reduce anxiety to manageable levels so that energy can be used to positively influence performance based on the principal that we can't be relaxed and tense at the same time
Induces hypo-metabolic response
Inhibits hyper-metabolic response

Hypo-metabolic Response

State of body in which heart slows, blood pressure drops, breathing is slow & easy, muscle tension decreases

Hyper-metabolic Response

A psychological state in which the metabolic rate is higher than normal as occurs in the fight-or-flight response

Progressive Muscular Relaxation (PMR)

A technique in which a person achieves relaxation by flexing and gradually relaxing muscle groups

A form of relaxation where one attempts to focus attention fully on a single thought or image

The recording of physiological measures through electronic instruments that produce immediate feedback concerning a subject's physiological state in attempt to modify physiological processes

Valsalva Maneuver

Muscle control to produce changes in circulatory patterns; used by people who claim to "stop their hearts"

Systematic Desensitization

Combines relaxation and gradual exposure to fear inducing stimulus to help cope with fear and anxiety

A technique used to reduce stress associated with fear-provoking situations, in which observing a model coping well with a situation facilitates a similar response by the observer in a similar situation

Participant Modelling

A technique used to reduce stress in which after an individual observes a model coping with an anxiety provoking situation, the person is encouraged to engage in the behaviour while receiving reassurance from the model

Cognitive Restructuring

A technique whereby maladaptive, stress-producing cognitions are identified and replaced with ones that are more appropriate

Stress Inoculation Training

a technique designed to help people cope effectively with stressful events; includes reconceptualizing events in less stressful ways, improving coping strategies, and applying the reconceptualized cognitive and behavioural approach to relevant stressors

Independent Variable

Manipulation, some physiological state, naturally occurring or experimentally induced

Dependent Variable

Usually a measure of immunocompetence; variable used to measure if the treatment had any effect

Ways to Measure Immune System Function (2)

1. Enumerative Assay
2. Functional Tests of Immunity

Enumerative Assay

Lab test done to count cells (typically white blood cells) as they exist in the bloodstream; looks at minimum number of cells for adequate immune function and balance between different types of cells

Functional Tests of Immunity

Observes cells in action to assess immune system at work

Functional test performed outside the body; mitogen stimulates activity

a relatively harmless substance that stimulates immune cell activity as though the immune cell were acting against an invading cell or antigen

Functional test performed inside the body; measure antibody production

White blood cell

Natural Killer Cells

Perform a seek and destroy function

Ways NK Cells are Measured (2)

1. Proliferation or production
2. Effectiveness

NK Cell Cytotoxic Activity Assay

Test in which the proliferation and effectiveness of NK cells is measured after they have been exposed to diseased cells

Destroying tumour cells by exposing them to NK cells

Stressor that is immediate in duration & proximity

Suppresses both non-specific and specific immunity
Ex. martial problems, chronic disease, job loss

Adverse condition in which demands of the situation are perceived to be greater than our ability to cope with them

Human Early Learning Partnership (HELP)

Collaborative, interdisciplinary research network based out of UBC, studies a range of topics from early brain development to family policy

Biological Imbedding

Process by which experience has permanent effects in the expression of genetic coding

Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)

One of the largest investigations of childhood abuse and neglect and later life heath and well-being

Biological Embedding of Childhood Adversity Model

Children who experience adversity become predisposed to behaviours that increase risk for ill health

Upper Respiratory Tract Infection

Common illness affected (or worsened or started) by stress

Stress Intrusion Score

A measure of the impact of a stressful event has on a person's life

Autoimmunie Disease

Development of antibodies that attack the body's own tissue (eg. rheumatoid arthritis, insulin-dependent diabetes, multiple sclerosis)

Short-term conditions

Enduring characteristics

Giving-Up-Given-Up Complex

Accelerated rate of decline after patients give up hope for survival

Increase the body's capability to produce inflammation (which helps heal wounds & fight infection), released when there is a strong stressor

Basic Models of Interaction (3)

1. Active-Passive
2. Guidance-Cooperation Model
3. Mutual Participation Model

Active-Passive Model

Situation in which patients are unable to participate in their care or make decisions because of their medical condition

Guidance-Cooperation Model

Communication in which the patient seeks advice from the physician and the physician answers the questions that are asked but the physician is responsible for determining the diagnosis and treatment

Mutual Participation Model

The patient and physician make joint decisions about every aspect of care; ideal relationship between physician and patient

Basic Models of Interaction (Researcher)

Szasz and Hollander

Communication Patterns (5)

1. Narrowly Biomedical Communication
2. Expanded Biomedical Communication
3. Biopsychosocial Communication
4. Psychosocial Communication
5. Consumerist Communication

Narrowly Biomedical Communication

Mainly biomedical talk, closed ended medical questions, little discussion of psychosocial issues, least preferred by patients and physicians

Expanded Biomedical Communication

Includes numerous closed-ended medical questions and moderate levels of biomedical and psychosocial exchange between the physician and the patient

Biopsychosocial Communication

Biological, psychological, sociological factors are all involved in any given state of health or illness

Psychosocial Communication

Substantial psychosocial exchange between physician and patient
This collaborative model is preferred by patients

Consumerist Communication

The use of the physician as a consultant who answers questions rather than asking them
Some research showed that physicians were especially satisfied with this pattern, reporting that these visits make good use of their time

Top 10 Physician Attributes Contributing to Patient Satisfaction

1. Always honest and direct
2. Listens to me
3. Encourages me to lead a healthier lifestyle
4. Does not judge, understands, supports
5. Someone I can stay with as I grow older
6. Tries to get to know me
7. Acts as a partner maintaining health
8. Treats both serious and non-serious conditions
9. Attends to emotional and physical health
10. Can help with any problem

Calgary-Cambridge Observation Guide (6)

1. Initiating the session (establishing rapport, identifying reasons for consultation)
2. Gathering info (exploration of problems, understanding patient's perspective, providing structure)
3. Building relationship (developing rapport, involving patient)
4. Providing structure (summarizing what has been said)
5. Explanation and planning (providing the correct amount and type of info, aiding accurate recall and understanding, achieving a shared understanding)
6. Closing the session

Technical language used by the physician that is sometimes unintelligible to the patient

Non-Discrepant Responses

Matches the vocabulary and sophistication of the patient

Multi-Level Explanations

Explanations that use medical jargon followed by further explanation using everyday language; educate patient in medical terminology

Patient Deception (Patient Behaviour Leading to Faulty Communication)

Withholding info from physicians

Lack of Info Seeking (Patient Behaviour Leading to Faulty Communication)

Most patients refrain from voicing questions or doubts

Patient Behaviours Leading to Faulty Communication (3)

1. Patient Deception
2. Lack of Information Seeking
3. Trouble Remembering

Social Concordance

Based on similarity with respect to shared characteristics between dyad members in a specific interaction (gender, race, age, culture similarities)

Degree to which patients carryout the behaviours and treatment that physicians and other health professionals recommend

Failure to follow advice of healthcare professional

Creative Non-Adherence

Patient's intentional modifying or supplementing of recommended treatment regimen

Measures a Researcher Can Use to Measure Non-Adherence (7)

1. Ask health professional
2. Ask patient
3. Ask other people
4. Watch for appointment non-attendance
5. Count pills
6. Watch for treatment non-response
7. Examine biochemical evidence

Factors That Predict Non-Adherence (8)

1. Changes in longstanding habits
2. Complexity and duration
3. Side effects
4. Severity of illness
5. Patient characteristics
6. Socioeconomic factors
7. Physician characteristics
8. Physician-patient interaction

Improving Patient Adherence (3)

1. Educational Strategies
2. Behavioural Strategies
3. Social and Emotional Support

Contingency Contacting

Behavioural strategy for improving adherence - negotiating a series of treatment activities and goals and rewards

Healthy Adherer Effect

Greater adherence to health promoting behaviour, such as medical adherence, is indicative of overall healthy behaviour

Principles Used to Assess Quality in Health-Related Websites (8)

1. Authority
2. Complementarity
3. Confidentiality
4. Attribution
5. Justifiability
6. Transparency of authorship
7. Transparency of sponsorship
8. Honesty in advertising

Physical Activity

Expenditure of energy, either purposely or without intention, as a result of bodily movements

Exercise Psychology

The study of the influences that sport and exercise have on one's psychology and behaviour

Sport Psychology

The study of the influence of psychological factors in sport behaviour

Parameters of Physical Activity (4)

1. Type
2. Frequency
3. Intensity
4. Duration

Type (Physical Activity)

Physiological systems that are used in a particular activity such as aerobic, strength, endurance, flexibility

Frequency (Physical Activity)

How much the activity is performed over a time period

Intensity (Physical Activity)

The load imposed on physiological systems by an activity

Duration (Physical Activity)

Temporal length of physical activity

Physical Fitness

Physiological functioning that influences the ability to be physically active

Forms of Physical Fitness (5)

1. Cardiorespiratory endurance
2. Muscular endurance
3. Muscular strength
4. Body composition
5. Flexibility

Activity that involves rules or limits, a sense of history, an aspect of winning and losing, an emphasis on physical exertion in the context of competition

Health-Illness Continuum

Death > Illness > Heath > Perfect Health

Components on Health Illness Continuum (5)

1. Mental
2. Physical
3. Emotional
4. Social
5. Spiritual

A positive experience that is associated with activities such as hobbies, playing a musical instrument, and exercise

Passive Leisure

A positive experience that is associated with lack of activity (e.g., listening to music, daydreaming)

Forms of Activity (5)

1. Isometric
2. Isotonic
3. Isokinetic
4. Anaerobic
5. Aerobic

Contracting muscles without moving body

Exercise that uses weights or calisthenics to place tension on a muscle through shortening or lengthening a muscle group; weight-training

Exercise that places tension on a muscle group through complete range of motion (eg. leg press)

Exercise, such as sprinting, in which intense effort is expanded over a short period of time resulting in oxygen debt

Involves the increased consumption of oxygen over an expended period of time (ex. jogging)

An individual's perception of his or her ability to succeed at a particular task at a specific time

Transcendence Accomplishments

Experiencing the upper reaches of performance achievements

Sources of Efficacy Expectations (4)

1. Performance accomplishments
2. Vicarious Experience
3. Verbal Persuasion
4. Emotional Arousal

Performance Accomplishments

Actual experiences of mastery, considered to be the most influential source of self-efficacy

Vicarious Experience

Experience gained through observing or visualizing others perform the skill, which can alert to one's own capabilities and raise one's self efficacy

Verbal Persuasion

Verbally persuading others that they have the skills to perform a particular task

Emotional Arousal

Source of efficacy expectation in which individuals assess their emotional level and evaluate their capabilities accordingly

Psychological Skills

Arousal or attentional control implemented to enhance performance

Psychological Methods

Techniques used to develop psychological skills

Relaxation Skills

Techniques to reduce anxiety to manageable levels so that the energy can be used to positively influence performance; based on the principle that we cannot be relaxed and tensed at the same time.

Progressive Muscular Relaxation

Individual progressively relaxes each muscle in their body to release tension and evoke a state of relaxation

Sport psychology concept to describe one of the methods that athletes use to correct bad habits, focus attention, modify activation, increase confidence and efficacy, and maintain exercise behaviour

Rational Emotive Behavioural Therapy

Involves the modification of irrational thought by identifying patterns of faulty reasoning (absolute thinking, overgeneralization, catastrophization)

External Imagery

A technique in which an individual becomes a passive and third-person observer of his or her own actions

Internal Imagery

A technique in which an individual imagines being inside his or her body, experiencing a given situation

Psychoneuromuscular Theory

Imagery causes the actual pattern to be rehearsed and therefore practiced

Motivational strategy for improving performance

Goal Perspectives (2)

1. Ego Orientation
2. Task Orientation

Ego Orientation

Characterized by success and failure (goal is to win) - success often coming at expense of other people

Task Orientation

Focus is on effort and individual's performance rather than other's (goal is to do better than last time)

Types of Goals (3)

1. Outcome
2. Performance
3. Process

Concerned with the results (wins/losses)

Performance Goals

Outcomes that can be achieved independently of others (don't need to compete against someone else to achieve these goals)

Specific processes during a performance

Tendency to be highly aware of one's internal and external experiences in the context of an accepting, non-judgemental stance towards those experiences

Closed head injury; bruising of the brain that can result in severe neurological deficits, permanent disability, and even death

Acceleration-Deceleration Injury

A type of concussion that occurs when an immobile head is hit by a moving object or a moving head hits an immobile object

Rotational Injury

A type of concussion resulting from a blow to the side of the head

Second-Impact Syndrome

Results when an athlete who has suffered a concussion returns to activity too soon and receives another blow to the head that can result in much greater trauma to the brain than that initially experienced

Post-Concussion Syndrome

Symptoms experienced subsequent to a concussion, such as memory problems, difficulties in concentration, headaches, dizziness, and irritability

Stages of Reaction Model

1. Denial and isolation
2. Anger
3. Bargaining
4. Depression
5. Acceptance

Cognitive Appraisal Position

The emotional and behavioural responses to an injury will depend on the individual's appraisal of the event and their choice of coping strategies

Factors that Initiate Smoking (4)

1. Parental modelling
2. Peer Influence
3. Cigarette advertising
4. Personal Characteristics

Why People Continue Smoking (4)

1. Positive-affect smoker
2. Negative-affect smoker
3. Habitual smoker
4. Addictive smoker

Positive-Affect Smoker

Smoking to attain a positive mood (increased simulation, relaxation, or gratification of sensorimotor needs

Negative-Affect Smoker

Smoking to reduce negative affect (smoking buffers feelings of anxiety, distress, fear, guilt)

Habitual Smoker

Smoking without the awareness of doing so (unconscious act)

Addictive Smoker

Someone who has a psychological dependence, feelings of withdrawal when not smoking

Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS)

Smoke that is in the air we breathe because of others' smoking

Passive Smoking

The breathing of environmental tobacco smoke

Nicotine Replacement Therapy

Smoking cessation technique that provides some form of nicotine to replace that previously obtained through smoking

Aversion Therapy

Therapy that includes pairing the behavior that one is attempting to eliminate with some unpleasant stimulus so that the undesired behavior will elicit negative sensations

(Aversion Therapy)
Instead of just smoking one, someone chain smokes 3 or 4 & becomes sick of it so they associate smoking with throwing up, headaches, nausea (rarely used)

(Aversion Therapy)
When a person smokes, they're shocked and made uncomfortable

Aversive Scenes

(Aversion Therapy)
People are directed to think of an aversive scene that includes beginning to smoke followed by something disgusting

Self-Management Strategies (3)

Strategies used to help people overcome the environmental conditions that perpetuate smoking
1. Self-monitoring
2. Stimulus control
3. Behavioral contracting

Self-Monitoring

People track where they smoke, when, who they're with. how smoking affects their mood

Stimulus Control

Removing the ques that lead people to smoke

Behavioural Contracting

Involve reward and punishment for the behaviours that you engage in

Ethanol (ethyl alcohol)

Depressant drug; the alcohol used in beverages

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD)

Describes the range of permanent disabilities caused by prenatal exposure to alcohol

Disease Model (of problem drinking)

Theory suggests alcoholism is a disease resulting from the physical properties of alcohol

Gamma Alcoholism

Loss of control once drinking begins

Delta Alcoholism

Inability to abstain from alcohol

Alcohol Dependency Syndrome Model

Theory that states that people don't exercise control over their drinking for a variety of reasons and this leads to problem drinking

Characteristics of Alcohol dependency Syndrome (2)

1. Alcohol becomes the top priority of the individual
2. The individual develops an increased tolerance for alcohol, so they need to drink more alcohol to feel and experience the effects of the drug

Tension Reduction Hypothesis

People drink alcohol because of its tension reducing properties

Stress Response Dampening Effect

People don't respond as strongly psychologically or physiologically to stressors if they've been drinking

Self-Awareness Model

Drinking inhibits the use of normal, complex information processing strategies such as memory and info acquisition, making people less self-aware

Alcohol Myopia Model

Characterized by a drinker's decreased ability to engage in insightful cognitive processing

Social Learning Model

People drink because they experience positive reinforcement for doing so or because they observe others drinking and they model the behavior

3 Distinct Forms of Relapse

1. Negative Affect
2. Social Pressure
3. Ques/Craving

Stages of Change Model for Treatment and Prevention

1. Precontemplation
2. Contemplation
3. Preparation
4. Action
5. Maintenance
6. Relapse (wouldn't apply since we're looking at the person's decision to use a drug)

Composed of leaves, flowers, small branches
TCH - intoxicating agents, responsible for the "high"
Effects: disturbances in short-term memory, judgement, and time perception; long-term use is a risk factor for a diagnosis of schizophrenia

Drugs that dramatically affect perception, emotions, and mental processes; can cause hallucinations
Ex. MDMA (ecstasy), LSD, PCP, Psilocybin, Salvia divinorum
Effects: Dramatically affects perception, emotions, and mental processes; short-term - increase blood pressure, heart rate, temperature, impaired motor skills, dizziness, nausea; long-term - persistent speech problems, memory loss, depression, anxiety
MDMA can be used to treat PTSD

Stimulant extracted from cocoa plant indigenous to South America; smoked though nasal passages, injected
Effect: sense of well-being, heightened attention, powerful euphoria, lasts 15 to 30 minutes and when effects wear off, user is fatigue, sluggish, has a strong desire to use again

A drug that increases alertness, decreases appetite and the need for sleep, and my produce intense feelings of euphoria and strong sense of well-being

Excess of body fat that may impair health (BMI of 30.0 or greater)

Body Mass Index

Measure of obesity calculated by dividing one's weight in kg and height in meters squared

Set-Point Theory

Individuals have a set point at which their body weight is the weight they're going to be at

Hormone that responds to weight loss by increasing hunger levels until the person's weight returns to its ideal or target level

Internality-externality Hypothesis

For people of normal weight, the feelings of hunger and satiety come from within in the form of internal stimuli, People who are obese are more likely to determine their hunger level in response to external stimuli.

Social Facilitation Approach

People tend to eat more when in the presence of others

Modelling or Matching Effect

People tend to eat the same amount as those in their presence

Impression Management Approach

When people believe they're being observed, they'll eat less than when they believe no one is watching

Radical surgical intervention to control obesity; small pouch is created at the bottom of the esophagus to limit food intake

Gastric Banding

Minimally invasive surgical procedure that involves placing a band around the stomach, so the person feels full after consuming only a small amount of food

Bulimia Nervosa

Eating disorder that involves recurrent episodes of binge eating followed by purging; Impact: anemia, digestive tract inflammation, heart arrhythmias, dental damage

Anorexia Nervosa

Eating disorder characterized by a dramatic reduction in food intake and extreme weight loss due to an extreme fear of gaining weight; Impact: hair loss, fine hair growth, risk of osteoporosis

Binge-Eating Disorder

Compulsive overeating or binging; unlike bulimia nervosa, BED uses no compensatory measure or purge to counteract the binge; Impact: obesity, comorbid psychiatric disorders

An illness with a defined beginning and end; episodic in nature

Chronic Condition

A condition that doesn't go away or get better

Symptoms that are constant

Produce discouragement and fear

Symptoms that are lessened or in remission

Symptoms that are unpredictably erratic

Produce anger and frustration

Symptoms that are relentlessly progressive

Produce exhaustion and overwhelm

Study and treatment of cancer

Sites of Cancer

Types of cancer as defined by the location of the tumor

Spread of cancer

Subcategories of Physical Problems in Cancer (2)

1. Illness caused (eg. fatigue, pain - most common)
2. Treatment caused (eg. side effects of chemotherapy)

Intrusive Cognitions

Unwanted thoughts, often visual in nature, related to the patient's ideas about cancer and death

Emotion Approach Coping

Coping by facing emotional responses to a disease and dealing effectively with those responses (addressing emotions, dealing with them, venting)

Traditional Modalities of Treatment (4)

1. Radical Surgery (Slash)
2. Radiation Therapy (Burn)
3. Chemotherapy (Poison)
4. Hormone Therapy

Radical Surgery (Slash)

Cancer surgery that requires the removal of a considerable amount of normal tissue

A potential physical result of having cancer surgery that can have serious physiological consequences

Radiation Therapy (Burn)

A form of cancer treatment in which radiation is used to shrink or destroy tumors

Chemotherapy (Poison)

Treatment used in addition to surgery/radiation therapy when it is suspected that cancer has metastasized, or to help prevent it from doing so

Anticipatory Nausea

Nausea that is felt before a chemotherapy treatment begins, explained ion terms of classical conditioning

Antiemetic Medication

Medication intended to reduce nausea and vomiting - given to some patients in chemotherapy

Adjuvant Therapy

Therapy used in conjunction with other therapy

Hormone Therapy

Used for prostate and breast cancer
Reduces the existence of tumor-stimulating hormones

Family-orientated care

In comprehensive cancer care, family becomes the patient because for virtually every cancer patient there is a family and a collection of close friends who are also affected by the disease

Help-intended communication

Communication that includes support, especially emotional support

Often a nurse, community worker, or social worker who help patients diagnosed with serious illnesses find their way through the sometimes complicated world of hospitals and treatment

Social Comparison

Monitoring the options and experiences of others to determine what is right and wrong, normal, and abnormal; also includes subsequent info to help with decision making

Upward comparison

comparing oneself with those who are better off

downward comparison

the act of comparing oneself to people who are worse off

Post-traumatic Growth

positive psychological or lifestyle outcome resulting from an experience with a life-threatening illness

Benefit Finding

Attitude or technique often referred to as finding the "silver lining in the cloud" which appears to aid in post-traumatic growth

Diabetes Pathology

Pancreas produces too little insulin, which is needed to help the body use sugar for energy

Insulin-dependent diabetes (Type 1)

Condition in which a person produces very little or no insulin and as a result is required to take insulin on a daily basis, usually self-administered injection

Non-insulin dependent diabetes (Type 2)

A condition in which a person does not produce enough insulin or is not able to use insulin effectively

Gestational Diabetes

Temporary condition affecting 2 to 4% of pregnant women

Low blood sugar

Major Goals to Help Diabetes (2)

1. Ensure cooperation with the disease management regimen
2. Treat psychological distress

Cardiovascular Conditions (3)

1. Myocardial Infarction (MI)
2. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
3. Angioplasty

Myocardial Infarction (MI)

Heart attacks caused by lack of blood flow to the heart

Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG)

Procedure in which arteries from other parts of the body often legs which are grafted into the coronary artery system to bypass blocked arteries

Procedure in which a bubble-like device is inserted into the artery at the point of the blockage thus expanding and allowing for better blood flow

Myocardial Ischemia

Lack of blood flow to the heart muscle; treated by bypass surgery and angioplasty

Cardiac Invalidism

Anxiety regarding a subsequent heart attack that causes patients to curtail their activity levels far more than required by their actual disease status

Cognitive Reappraisal and Restructuring

therapy sometimes used with cardiac patients, in which they learn to think differently about the things that make them angry, and to make behavioural changes such as learning to control their breathing

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

A virus that gradually breaks down the body's immune system, making it susceptible to a host of other infections, eventually resulting in AIDS

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

A disease caused by HIV; after infection, the body's compromised immune system makes it susceptible to a host of other infections

Highly Active Antiretroviral Treatment (HAART)

a treatment for AIDS that has been shown to significantly increase life expectancy

Protease Inhibitor

Medication that can significantly prolong the lives of people living with AIDS

Phenomenologically

According to a person's own report on the phenomenon

Multidimensional Measures of Quality of Life

Assessment that includes specific aspects of quality of life such as physical, emotional, and social

Global Measures of Quality of Life

A general or overall assessment of quality of life without focusing on specific aspects

Reactions to Impending Death Researcher

Elizabeth Kubler-Ross

Reactions to Impending Death (5)

denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance

Refusing to acknowledge the potential seriousness of a potential diagnosis or condition

Often in response to feeling of unfairness; can be directed at healthcare professionals, family, others

Buying more time by taking on altruistic problems to striving to make improvements

Can be associated with giving up, feelings of helplessness or hopelessness

Being at peace with one's situation and possibly viewing death as relief

Emotions attendant upon the loss of a close friend or loved one; this group is clearly an at-risk population

Deep sorrow, usually in response to bereavement

6 R's of Mourning

Recognizing the loss, reacting to the separation, recollecting and re-experiencing the relationship with the deceased, relinquishing old attachments, readjusting to the new world without the deceased person in it

Benefits to Experiencing Pain (3)

1. Survival value
2. Learn to avoid injuries
3. Set limits on activity and enforce inactivity and rest

Afferent (Sensory) Neurons

Nerve cells that conduct impulses from a sense organ to the central nervous system, or from lower to higher levels in the spinal cord and brain

The afferent nerve endings that respond to pain stimuli

The afferent peripheral fibres that are associated with transmitting sharp, distinct pain

The afferent peripheral fibres that are associated with transmitting diffuse, dull, or aching pain

Gate Control Theory Researchers

Melzack and Wall

Gate Control Theory

Suggests that a neutral mechanism in the dorsal horns of the spinal cord acts like a gate that can increase or decrease the flow of nerve impulses from peripheral fibres to the CNS, thereby influencing the sensation of pain

Central Control Trigger

A specialized system of large-diameter, rapidly conducting fibres that activate selective cognitive processes that then influence, by way of descending fibres, the opening and closing of the gate

Phantom Limb Pain

The experience of pain in an absent body part

Neuromatrix Theory Researcher

Neuromatrix Theory

An extension of the gate control theory, with greater emphasis placed on the brain's role in pain perception; a genetically determined network of brain neurons generate patterns, processes info that flows through it and produces the pattern that is felt as a whole body

Conducted a study on rats to demonstrate neurochemical basis of pain and pain inhabitation; implanted electrode in rat brain, applied clamp on tails to ensure rats could feel pain, tested whether the stimulation would block pain; Rates with electrodes in the mid-brain didn't exhibit pain

Periaqueductal Gray Area

An area of the midbrain that is involved in pain perception

Stimulation-Produced Analgesia (SPA)

Freedom from pain as a result of electrical analgesia

Endogenous Opioids

Opiate-like substances produced within the body that regulates pain

Pain that lasts less than 6 months and serves to warn of impending tissue damage or the need for convalescent rest

Pain lasting longer than 6 months

Chronic Recurrent Pain

Intermittent intense episodes of acute pain followed by relief

Chronic Intractable Benign Pain

Continuous pain that varies in intensity

Chronic Progressive Pain

Continuous pain that gradually intensifies as a person's condition worsens

Respondent Pain

Pain that occurs in response to noxious stimulation or tissue damage

Pain that is reinforced by a person's environment

Alterations in behavior by a person experiencing pain to either reduce the pain or prevent it from getting worse

The point at which the intensity of a stimulus is perceived as painful

Pain Threshold Level

Duration of time or intensity at which a person is willing to endure a stimulus beyond the point where it began to hurt

Electromyograph (EMG)

An instrument that assesses pain by measuring electrical activity in muscles

Autonomic Activity

The physiological processes that cannot be consciously controlled, such as heart rate, respiration, blood pressure, hand surface temperature, skin conductance

Electroencephalograph (EEG)

An instrument that assesses pain by measuring electrical activities in the brain

Evoked Potentials

Electrical responses produced by stimuli; change in EEG voltage when stimulus is detected

A scale on which people rate pain by choosing the number that best indicates the degree of pain they're experiencing from a series of numbers in boxes ranging from "no pain" to :worst pain imaginable"

Verbal Descriptor Scale

A rating scale on which people are asked to describe their pain by choosing the phrase that most closely resembles the pain that they are experiencing

Visual Analog Scale (VAS)

A rating scale on which people report their pain by marking a point on a line anchored by the phrase "no pain" and by a phrase such as "worst pain imaginable"

Peripherally Acting Analgesics

Non-narcotic over the counter medicines (aspirin, Tylenol, Advil) that are used to decrease pain by reducing inflammation at the site of the tissue damage; these drugs inhibit the synthesis of neurochemicals in the peripheral nervous system that facilitates transmission of pain impulses

Centrally Acting Analgesics (narcotics or opioids)

Pain-killing medications that operate on the CNS by imitating the body's endogenous pain relief system

Pain-killing drugs that work by binding to opiate receptors in the CNS - Centrally acting analgesics are narcotics

Local Anesthetics

Pain-relieving chemicals like novacane and litocane that can be applied topically but are much more effective when injected at the site where the pain originates (often found in dental procedures)

(Local Anesthetic) Medications, such as barbiturates, that affect pain indirectly by reducing anxiety and helping the patient sleep

(Local Anesthetic) Medicines such as diazepam (Valium) that affect pain indirectly by reducing patient anxiety

Antidepressants

(Local Anesthetic) Medications that reduce the depression and anxiety that frequently accompany pain; it is also believed that they affect pain-related neurotransmitters

Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Simulation (TENS)

Pain control technique that involves placing an electrode on the surface of the skin to where the patient feels pain and applying electrical stimulation

An ancient Chinese pain control technique that involves the insertion of fine needles to create stimulation of the peripheral nerves

Physical Therapy

Therapy involved in the rehabilitation of muscle, bole, joint, or the results of nerve disease

Swedish Massage

Slow, gentle stroking movements to warm and relax tissue and stimulate blood circulation

Shiatsu Massage

Sustained massage pressure on specific points of the body; according to the beliefs of the practitioners, Shiatsu massage releases blockages in the flow of energy through the body

Pain management technique in which patient focuses attention on something other than sensation of pain

An altered state of consciousness that involves 3 components: relaxation, distraction, and suggesting that the pain is diminishing

Stages of Delay (4)

1. Appraisal Delay
2. Illness Delay
3. Behavioural Delay
4. Medical Delay

Appraisal Delay

The time it takes for a person to decide that a symptom is a sign of illness

The time between recognizing that ones is ill and deciding to seek medical care

Behavioural Delay

The time that lapses between the decision to seek medical care and acting on this decision by making an appointment

Interval between making an appointment and first receiving medical care

A person who goes to the hospital for a procedure or test but does not stay overnight

Day care patient

A person who goes to the hospital for a procedure or test that is more involved but does not say overnight

Total Institution

An institution that takes responsibility for the total care of its inhabitants

Behaviour counter to recommendations in response to feeling that one has lost personal control over health behaviours the non-compliant behaviours and attitudes of patients who perceive hospital rules and regimens to be unacceptable challenges to their freedom

Empowering Care

Patient care that yields independence and results in learned mastery

Disempowering Care

Patient care that yields dependence and results in learned helplessness

Uniformity Myth

Belief that all patients should receive the same amount if information in their preparation for a hospital stay regardless of their personal styles of coping with stress

Depersonalization

The taking away of one's individuality

The tendency to see people as objects or body parts rather than human beings

Patient-Centered Approach

Approach in which patients and families become active members of the treatment team

The sorting and classifying of patients to determine priority to determine priority of need and proper location and means of treatment

Psychoeducational Care

Includes self-care info, further procedures, and typical patterns of recovery

Patient-Controlled Analgesia (PCA)

Analgesic administration that is independently controlled by the patient

Lock-Out Interval

The time period between allowable dosages, when PCA is used. A device is set by a practitioner to control this period.

Stages in the ICU (3)

1. Incommunication Stage
2. Readaption Stage
3. Reflection Stage

Incommunication Stage

Period in the ICU during which the patient is either unconscious or barely conscious

Readaption Stage

Period in the ICU when the patient consents a struggle to recover and recognizes his/her dependency on machines

Reflection Stage

Period during which a patient in the ICU tries to piece together his/her recent experience

Relocation Stress (Translocation Stress)

The stress caused by being separated from those things that were keeping patients alive - the one-on-one care and technology

Expertise Model

Model in which the physician and the intensive care team are assumed to be the best informed and most objective, and therefore best equipped to make end-of-life decisions

Negotiated Model

Decision-making model that allows decision making to be shared among the practitioners, patient, and family

Discharge Planning

A process in which post-hospital care is organized and risks such as social problems and lack of support are assessed

Palliative Care

Care intended to maintain quality of life best as possible for a patient who is in the advanced stages of an illness. Focus is the control of pain and other symptoms as opposed to the cure of the illness.

Progressive Illness

A condition that will continue to worsen, in spite of treatment

Advanced Illness

Used to describe a stage of illness at which death is imminent

Used to describe the deliberate ending of a patient's life to relieve suffering

Do-Not Resuscitate Order

An order given by a physician indicating that CPR and other interventions are not to be used if the patient stops breathing

Mixed Management Model of Care

The preparation of a patient for eventual death while at the same time providing life-sustaining treatments

A measure of the extent to which hospital procedures, in physical sense, involve piercing the skin or entering the body with instruments or, in a psychological sense, have the potential to cause embarrassment

Result that indicates abnormality when none exist

Benign Breast Biopsy

A false-positive result that leads women with abnormal mammograms being called back for a biopsy procedure, and the results show no evidence of malignancy

A condition that is similar to compassion fatigue and includes symptoms of physical exhaustion, depersonalization of patients, and feelings of discouragement and low accomplishment

A significant source of stress for physicians from the fact that the consequences of medical decisions are uncertain

A prediction of how a medical condition will change in the future

Physician Impairment

A state in which stress-related symptoms interfere with physician's abilities to perform their jobs

The role that most lay people think is the primary task of nurses

The role that most lay people think is the primary task of physicians

Advanced-practice nursing

Nursing that includes teaching, consultation, and research within a specialty area where superior clinical skills and judgement are acquired through a combination of experience and education

Compassion Fatigue

A lack of energy among health care professionals, particularly nurses, who are constantly working in an environment in which suffering is common

The reaction to the discrepancy between a training environment and an actual work environment

Social Factors in Stress

The elements of a person's social network, such as family, friends, and co-workers, that affect ability to cope with job stressors

Personal Factors

Personal characteristics, such as high self-esteem and clear sense of control, that make some people better able to cope with the stressors of the job

Psychological Empowerment in Stress

A personal factor in stress that can include finding work meaningful, having a sense of autonomy, feeling competent, and having a positive impact

Job Strain Model

A model that suggests a job with high strain is one that includes high demands and low control

External Reinforcement

The encouragement and praise from physiotherapists, friends, family and practitioners needed by rehabilitation patients for their successes

Self-Reinforcement

Praising one's self or rewarding one's self for accomplishments

Efficacy Beliefs

The extent to which one thinks a course of action will actually work

The explanations people give for events such as their successes and failures

Social Ecological Model

A model acknowledging that the individual is influenced by a collection of larger, interrelated, and cumulative contexts, such as organizations, communities, governments

The study of changing patterns of health and (mostly) disease across populations and geographic areas

The first identified instance of a medical problem

Social Determinants of Health

Factors such as housing, employment, socioeconomic status, and food availability affect the health of populations

Upstream Causes

Reminds health care providers and psychologists to pay attention to factors that may seem distant from the specific complaint affecting the patient; these distal causes must be addressed with seriousness in order to construct interventions

Healthy Immigrant Effect

The tendency for recent non-European immigrants to report their health as being above average upon arrival to Canada but then they report deterioration of their health over time

The values, behaviours, practices, and assumption learned from our membership in groups that share them (culture is learned)

Culturally Competent Care

Care that enables individuals, agencies, and systems to work effectively in cross0cultural situations; it involves first developing as understanding of cultural factors and then designing systems that effectively acknowledge those factors; it begins with the ability to critically reflect one's own culturally based assumptions about one's self and others

Paraprofessional

Local people who received training at intuitions such as Nunavut Arctic College; may work with comminutes who only have one nurse and have physicians fly in monthly

Historical Trauma

Negative health effects of mass trauma such as war and colonization that can be experienced for generations

Harm Reduction Strategy

Attempts to reduce the harmful effects of behavior when faced with the reality that health-compromising behavior cannot be eliminated from a population

View that holds that if a method yields positive results, it should be employed

View that holds that some methods are not right even if they have statistics behind them

Specific Immunity

The immune system's ability to remember and recognize a pathogen and produce immune cells to deal with it

Obesogenic Neighborhood

Neighborhoods designed in such a was as to increase the likelihood its inhabitants will be obese

Proximity, density, connectivity, land use mix

Factors that are used to determine the healthiness of a built environment.

straight line distance between 2 points

Just how close to that straight line you can travel on (determined by street design and sidewalk availability)

Ratio of dwellings to land area (increases likelihood that people will walk or cycle)

Number of different types of use featured in an area, from residential to entertainment, etc.

Health Promotion (Textbook)

Strategies intended to maintain health of large populations

Health Promotion (WHO)

The process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve their health

A New Perspective on the Health of Canadians Minister

A new Perspective on the Health of Canadians

Identified lifestyle as an important factor in health and wellbeing

Achieving Health for All: A Framework of Health Promotion Minister

Achieving Health for All: A Framework for Health Promotion (3)

Primary responsibility for health is on the individual, not healthcare system
1. Take care of ourselves
2. Take care of each other
3. Take care of our environment

Three-Level Framework for Health Promotion Researcher

Medical Level of Health Promotion

The orientation is disease based and the goal is disease treatment

Public Health Level of Health Promotion

The orientation is behavioural based, and the goal is disease prevention (social determinant of health)

Socioenvironmental Level of Health Promotion

The orientation is towards social change and public health policy (social determinant of health)

Behaviours such as exercise, diet, voluntary screening, and regular medical check-ups that people engage in to promote their health

Pap Test (Pap Smear)

A test done to screen for cervical cancer - the most efficient screening tool

Responsibility to family, friends, loved ones, and even society as a whole; when it comes to health and safety

A collection of interpersonal resources that people have at their disposal to help them avoid or cope with difficult times in their lives

Naturally Occurring Support

The support we obtain from friends, relatives, co-workers, and others in our own social networks

Agency Provided Support

Social support by agencies and organizations that have been formed to fill the void when naturally occurring support is either lacking or unavailable

The attempt to change people's attitudes and beliefs

A cognition in which a person evaluates some object or idea (involves words such as good or bad and verbs such as like or dislike)

Central Route to Persuasion

The use of logic, facts, and reason to affect someone's attitude

Peripheral Route to Persuasion

Attempts to affect attitude by appealing to emotion

The attempt to change people's behavior by presenting frightening accounts of what could happen to them if they continue a given behavior or if they don't adopt a behavior

Threat Perception

The belief that a threat is real and we are vulnerable to it

Drive-Reduction Theory

Suggests we are driven to reduce the tension brought about by deprivation or other negative states

Response Efficacy

The perception that a threat-reducing strategy will work

A individual's perception of his or her ability to succeed at a particular task at a specific time

Self-Accountability

The extent to which a person feels personally responsible for a given emotion or situation

Message Framing

The extent to which positive or negative aspects of an outcome are emphasized in a health promotion message

Loss-Framed Message

Emphasize the negative effects of engaging in behavior

Gain-Framed Message

Emphasize the positive effects of engaging behavior

Precede-Proceed Model

Designed as a way to facilitate and analyze health promotion programs for the planning stages through their implementation and impact

Precede-Proceed Model Phases (9)

1. Social diagnosis
2. Epidemiological diagnosis
3. Behavioral and environmental diagnosis
4. Educational and organizational diagnosis
5. Administrative and policy diagnosis
6. Implementation
7. Process evaluation
8. Impact evaluation
9. Outcome evaluation

Arbitrary Standards

Based on decisions made by some outside body regarding what a community needs

Experimental Standards

Based on what experience has told the community it needs

Historical Standards

Based on comparisons to other programs or to the program in question at an earlier time in its experience

Normative Standards

Determine a program's impact by assessing national averages in areas such as literacy, mortality, and morbidity

Scientific Standards

Draw similar statistical comparisons but with data published in scientific literature

Propriety Standards

Take ethics and legalities into account

Feasibility Standards

Used to evaluate a program based on its practicality or sustainability

Co-production Process

A process whereby the responsibility for health is shared among centralized health bureaucracies, individuals, and communities

Polysubstance Use

using multiple drugs whether at the same time in sequence using one drug to combat the negative effects of another

Information-Motivation-Behavioral Skills Model

Maintains that there are a number of steps that one must go through to successfully achieve safe-sex practices

Body Dismorphic Disorder

A condition in which individuals who suffer from eating disorders do not perceive their bodies accurately

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