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Antibiotics - https://www.sciencewithsusanna.com/antibiotics

Terms in this set (21)

4 modes of antibiotic action
1. inhibit DNA replication
2. inhibit cell wall formation
3. inhibit protein synthesis
4. inhibit a metabolic pathway
Which antibiotic is often prescribed if someone is allergic to penicillin or amoxicillin?
erythromycin (or possibly vancomycin)
What are some risks of aminoglycosides?
VIII cranial nerve damage - hearing loss and/or ringing in the ears and vertigo. This can be temporary or permanent.

Kidney damage - serum creatinine levels will rise
Why might aminoglycosides be more likely to have a toxic side effect than many other antibiotics?
They act on protein synthesis, which can affect host cells as well as bacterial cells.
How does pencillin work?
They inhibit the building of protein cross-links in peptidoglycan layers, destabilizing the cell wall.
What antibiotic is often prescribed for Methicillin-
Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)?
vancomycin
Red Man Syndrome
rash on the upper body caused by the overly rapid infusion of vancomycin. The toxic abx causes massive mast cell degranulation (they release all their histamine) which leads to leaky vessels in the upper body.
Where do the majority of our antibiotics come from?
Soil microbes such as Streptomyces.
10 main classes of antibiotics
Cell Wall Inhibitors:
*Penicillins (includes amoxicillins)
*Cephalosporins
*Glycopeptides (such as vanco)
*Carbapenems

Inhibit Protein Synthesis:
*Macrolides (such as erythromycin)
*Aminoglycosides (such as gentamycin)
*Tetracyclines
*Lincomycins (such as clindamycin)

Inhibit DNA replication:
*Fluoroquinolones (such as Cipro)

Inhibit metabolic pathways:
*Sulfonamides (such as Bactrim)
How do these types of abx work?
*Penicillins (includes amoxicillins)
*Cephalosporins
*Glycopeptides (such as vanco)
*Carbapenems
inhibit cell wall formation
How do these abx work?
*Macrolides (such as erythromycin)
*Aminoglycosides (such as gentamycin)
*Tetracyclines
*Lincomycins (such as clindamycin)
inhibit protein synthesis
How do fluoroquinolones and metronidazole act?
They inhibit bacterial DNA replication.
Which antibiotic class is particularly associated with tendon damage and rupture?
fluoroquinolones (e.g. Cipro)
How do sulfonamides (e.g. Bactrim) work?
inhibit the metabolic pathway for folic acid synthesis in bacterial cells
What is a broad spectrum antibiotic?
*inhibits a wide range of microbes, and acts against both Gram positive and Gram negative.
What is a narrow spectrum antibiotic?
one that is effective against a relatively small group of microbes.
What are three examples of narrow spectrum antibiotics?
macrolides (erythromycin)
penicillin
vancomycin

pretty much all the other famous abx are broad spectrum
Why does abx use disrupt normal flora?
Abx, particularly broad spectrum ones, wipe out the normal flora on the skin, in the GI tract, the reproductive tract, and the respiratory tract.
How does abx use lead to yeast and other abx-associated infections?
By disrupting/diminishing normal flora, opportunistic pathogens such as Candida albicans can overgrow.
*Examples: Thrush, vaginal yeast infections, and Clostridium difficile
Which two antibiotics are most strongly associated with C.dif infection? (Note - all of them can lead to C.dif, but these two are probably the worst offenders)
clindamycin
fluoroquinolones (e.g. Cipro)
Which abx are usually prescribed for C.dif?
metronidazole (Flagyl)
vancomycin
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