Human Growth and development (Part 13): PSYCHOANALYTIC AND PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACHES (p. 106)

Psychodynamic theories (2)

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Although many different theories, but they all emphasize unconscious motives and desires, as well as the importance of childhood experiences in shaping personality.

This theory explains the origin of the personality.

Psychoanalytic Theory

Originally developed by Sigmund Freud, a client is seen as the product of his past and treatment involves dealing with the repressed material in the unconscious.

According to this theory, personalities arise because of attempts to resolve conflicts between unconscious sexual and aggressive impulses and societal demands to restrain these impulses.

Freud believed that behavior and personality derive from the constant and unique interaction of conflicting
psychological forces that operate at three different levels of awareness: the preconscious, the conscious, and the unconscious.

What are the three different levels of awareness in Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory

conscious- contains all the information that a client is paying attention to at any given time.

preconscious- contains all the information outside of a client's attention but readily available if needed—thoughts and feelings that can be brought into consciousness easily.

unconscious- contains thoughts, feelings, desires, and memories of which clients have no awareness but that influence every aspect of their day-to-day lives. Freud proposed that personalities have three components: the id, the ego, and the superego.

conscious in Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory

contains all the information that a client is paying attention to at any given time.

preconscious in Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory

contains all the information outside of a client's attention but readily available if needed—thoughts and feelings that can be brought into consciousness easily.

unconscious in Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory (2)

contains thoughts, feelings, desires, and memories of which clients have no awareness but that influence every aspect of their day-to-day lives.

Freud proposed that personalities have three components: the id, the ego, and the superego.

What are the 3 components of personalities in Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory

Id- A reservoir of instinctual energy that contains biological urges such as impulses toward survival, sex, and aggression.

Ego- The component that manages the conflict between the id and the constraints of the real world.

Superego-The moral component of personality. It contains all the moral standards learned from parents and society.

Id (2)

A reservoir of instinctual energy that contains biological urges such as impulses toward survival, sex, and aggression.

is unconscious and operates according to the pleasure principle, the drive to achieve pleasure and avoid pain.

Ego (5)

The component that manages the conflict between the id and the constraints of the real world.

Its job is to determine the best course of action based on information from the id, reality, and the superego.

When the it is comfortable with its conclusions and behaviors, a client is said to be ego-syntonic. However, if a client is bothered by some of his or her behaviors, he or she would be egodystonic (ego alien).

Some parts are unconscious, whereas others are preconscious or conscious.

operates according to the reality principle—the awareness that gratification of impulses has to be delayed in order to accommodate the demands of the real world. Its role is to prevent the id from gratifying its impulses in socially inappropriate ways.

Superego (2)

The moral component of personality. It contains all the moral standards learned from parents and society.

It forces the ego to conform not only to reality, but also to its ideals of morality. Hence, it causes clients to feel guilty when they go against society's rules.

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Verified questions

accounting

Pro-Weave manufactures stadium blankets by passing the products through a Weaving department and a Sewing department. The following information is available regarding its June inventories.

	Beginning Inventory	Ending Inventory
Raw materials inventory	$120,000	$185,000
Work in process inventory-Weaving	300,000	330,000
Work in process inventory-Sewing	570,000	700,000
Finished goods inventory	1,266,000	1,206,000

The following additional information describes the company’s production activities for June.

Raw materials purchases (on credit)                     $500,000          Labor used    
Factory payroll cost (paid in cash)                      3,060,000          Direct-Weaving$1,200,000
Other factory overhead cost (Other accounts credited)      156,000          Direct-Sewing                      360,000

Materials used                                                              Indirect                         1,500,000
Direct-Weaving                                          $240,000          Overhead rates as a percent of direct labor
Direct-Sewing                                               75,000          Weaving                                80%
Indirect                                                   120,000          Sewing                                150%
                                                                            Sales on credit$4,000,000

Prepare journal entries dated June 30 to record indirect labor usage.

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accounting

Create the following table similar to the one in the previous Exhibit.

\begin{aligned} \dfrac{\text{Assets}}{\text{Cash + Accounts Receivable}}&=\dfrac{\text{Liabilities}}{\text{Accounts Payable}}+\dfrac{\text{Equity}}{\text{Common Stock}-\text{Dividends + Revenues}-\text{Expenses}}\\ \end{aligned}

Then use additions and subtractions to show the dollar effects of each transaction on individual items of the accounting equation (identify each revenue and expense type, such as commissions revenue or rent expense).

The company paid an assistant $1,400 cash as wages for the period.

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psychology

What are the three basic parts of a neuron?

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accounting

(Note: This is a variation of P 19-12, modified to include convertible bonds and contingently issuable shares.) On December 31, 2017, Dow Steel Corporation had 600,000 shares of common stock and 300,000 shares of $8 \%$ , noncumulative, nonconvertible preferred stock issued and outstanding. Dow issued a $4 \%$ common stock dividend on May 15 and paid cash dividends of $\$ 400,000$ and $\$ 75,000$ to common and preferred shareholders, respectively, on December 15, 2018.

On February 28, 2018, Dow sold 60,000 common shares. In keeping with its long-term share repurchase plan, 2,000 shares were retired on July 1 . Dow's net income for the year ended December 31,2018 , was $\$ 2,100,000$ . The income tax rate is $40 \%$ . Also, as a part of a 2017 agreement for the acquisition of Merrill Cable Company, another 23,000 shares (already adjusted for the stock dividend) are to be issued to former Merrill shareholders on December 31, 2019, if Merrill's 2019 net income is at least $500,000. In 2018, Merrill's net income was $\$630,000$

As part of an incentive compensation plan, Dow granted incentive stock options to division managers at December 31 of the current and each of the previous two years. Each option permits its holder to buy one share of common stock at an exercise price equal to market value at the date of grant and can be exercised one year from that date. Information conceming the number of options granted and common share prices follows: